颅内深静脉血栓形成的临床特点

目的探讨颅内深静脉血栓形成的临床表现、影像特征,提高对该病的认识。方法回顾分析2例颅内深静脉血栓形成的临床资料并结合文献分析该病病因、临床表现、影像学特点与治疗方法。结果颅内深静脉血栓形成临床表现多样,缺乏特异性,本组2例影像学均表现为双侧丘脑、基底节病变,经头MRV证实为颅内深静脉血栓形成,给予抗凝治疗,症状缓解。结论本病发病因素多,临床表现复杂,头MRV检查是重要确诊手段,及时合理抗凝治疗,可获得良好疗效。     

DSA在烟雾病诊断中的临床应用研究

目的探讨烟雾病DSA检查的影像学表现及临床意义。方法回顾性分析26例确诊烟雾病患者临床及DSA影像学资料。结果26例患者DSA影像学特征如下:脑底异常烟雾状血管网形成;受累动脉狭窄或闭塞;丰富侧支循环形成。其中单/双侧大脑前、中及后动脉均存在不同程度的狭窄或闭塞性病变者24例(92.3%);双侧颈内动脉床突上段狭窄或闭塞者18例(69.2%),单侧者7例(26.9%)。结论烟雾病患者有显著的DSA影像学特征,DSA是诊断烟雾病的主要手段,临床上对疑似病例应早行DSA检查明确诊断。     

影像学表现为双侧丘脑病变的临床病例分析

目的 探讨影像学表现为双侧丘脑病变患者的临床特点、影像学表现、诊断及治疗,以提高对影像学表现为双侧丘脑病变相关疾病的认识。方法 收集2015年6月至2019年12月就诊于我院的影像学表现为双侧丘脑病变的6例患者的临床资料,分析相关疾病的特点。结果 6例患者影像学均出现双侧丘脑病变,但临床诊断各异。例1为基底动脉尖综合征,例2为双侧丘脑梗死(percheron动脉闭塞),例3为大脑深静脉血栓形成,例4为急性播散性脑脊髓炎,例5为Wernicke脑病,例6为肝豆状核变性。结论 影像学表现为双侧丘脑病变的病因很多,根据患者的临床特点、影像学表现,同时结合患者其他的辅助检查等进行鉴别,以避免误诊的发生。     

丘脑静脉性梗死的临床和影像学分析

目的探讨丘脑静脉性梗死的临床和影像学表现,以提高对该病的认识。方法 8例经临床证实为静脉窦血栓引起的丘脑静脉性梗死,收集其临床及影像学资料并进行回顾性分析。结果 8例患者均进行MRI平扫、DWI和SWI检查,均经DSA确诊。5例双侧丘脑、基底节区长T_1长T_2信号;1例双侧丘脑长T_1长T_2信号,伴胼胝体膝部短T_1信号;1例双侧丘脑、基底节区长T_1长T_2信号,伴右侧丘脑短T_1信号;1例双侧丘脑稍长T_1稍长T_2信号,并累及右侧基底节区和中脑,DWI呈高信号,ADC呈稍低信号。1例胼胝体膝部、1例右侧丘脑SWI图像上为低信号出血,2例梗死区内灶状出血。MRV与DSA检查结果相一致,5例为双侧横窦、上矢状窦、直窦、窦汇血栓形成;1例为双侧横窦、上矢状窦、直窦、大脑大静脉血栓形成;1例为右侧横窦、乙状窦血栓形成;1例为右侧横窦、直窦血栓形成。结论临床上遇到双侧丘脑病变,要考虑静脉性梗死的可能。MRI平扫联合MRV是静脉窦血栓引起的丘脑静脉性梗死诊断及随访的首选检查方法。SWI可清晰显示微出血,是MRI平扫和MRV极好的补充。     

硬脑膜动静脉瘘导致双侧丘脑病变(附2例报告及文献复习)

目的报道2例硬脑膜动静脉瘘(DAVF)导致的双侧丘脑病变病例。方法收集2例经数字减影血管造影(DSA)明确的DAVF导致的双侧丘脑病变患者的临床和影像学资料,结合文献复习进行分析。结果病例1,男性,63岁,因反应迟钝、懒言少动近2个月就诊,头颅MRI见双侧丘脑异常信号。DSA见直窦区域DAVF,行动静脉栓塞术,每年随访反应迟钝依然存在,但生活基本能自理。病例2,男性,63岁,因记忆力下降、反应迟钝1个月收治入院。头颅MRI见直窦内少许条状等信号,考虑直窦血栓,伴大脑深静脉梗死可能,继发左侧丘脑出血。DSA见直窦-窦汇区DAVF,予瘘口栓塞术,术后2个月随访,生活自理能力已完全恢复。结论 DAVF导致丘脑病变临床少见,起病隐匿,临床表现或影像学表现相似的疾病较多,诊断困难。遇有进行性认知功能下降,且影像学检查有双侧丘脑病变伴有肿胀出血者,应考虑DAVF可能。     

以丘脑病变为影像学特征的脑静脉窦血栓形成临床分析

对3例以丘脑病变为影像学特征的脑静脉窦血栓形成患者的临床资料和发病特点进行回顾分析,均存在脑静脉窦血栓形成危险因素(急性脱水、产褥期);临床主要表现为头痛、恶心呕吐、记忆力减退、偏瘫、昏迷等。MRI检查可见单侧(1例)或双侧(2例)丘脑病变,脑血管造影(MRV和DSA)显示病变部位累及直窦(3例)、下矢状窦(2例)、上矢状窦(1例)和横窦(1例)。对于呈急性发病的单侧或双侧丘脑病变,尤其是存在脑静脉窦血栓形成危险因素的患者,应首先考虑脑静脉窦血栓形成之可能。     

大脑深静脉血栓形成7例临床与MR

目的探讨大脑深静脉血栓形成(DCVST)的病因、临床表现及诊断。方法回顾性分析7例经MR证实为大脑深静脉血栓形成的临床资料并复习有关文献。结果首发症状多为头痛,易伴精神症状,均有不同程度的意识障碍。结论脑静脉血栓形成的病因与脑静脉窦血栓形成(VST)的病因相似,无特征性临床表现,常进展迅猛,病死率高。MR是理想的诊断手段。     

表现为双侧丘脑病变的硬脑膜动静脉瘘的临床特点(附1例报告)

目的探讨以双侧丘脑病变导致认知功能减退起病的硬脑膜动静脉瘘(dAVFs)的临床、影像学特点和鉴别诊断、诊治方法。方法分析1例dAVFs患者的临床资料,结合国内外文献进行分析讨论。结果本例患者临床表现为进展性的认知功能减退,MRI T_2相见双侧丘脑高信号,经DSA确诊为dAVFs,行血管内栓塞治疗后症状基本恢复。本研究系统检索了具有相似影像学表现的dAVFs相关文献报道30例,其临床表现以记忆力减退最为显著,部分伴有精神行为异常,经介入治疗或手术治疗大多预后良好。结论以双侧丘脑受累表现为认知功能减退的dAVFs报道较少,临床中出现类似病例应考虑到该诊断。     

连续40例出血型烟雾病的DSA影像学分析

目的探讨烟雾病患者的DSA影像学诊断特征。方法回顾性分析40例烟雾病病例的DSA影像学表现,40例患者均经CT诊断为颅内出血,均经DSA确诊。结果双颈内动脉末段狭窄闭塞22例,一侧颈内动脉末段狭窄闭塞8例,一侧大脑中动脉狭窄闭塞3例,双侧大脑前动脉和一侧大脑中动脉狭窄闭塞1例,双侧大脑前动脉狭窄闭塞3例,双侧大脑中动脉狭窄闭塞1例,一侧大脑中动脉及对侧大脑前动脉狭窄闭塞2例,均伴颅底异常血管网形成。结论DSA为诊断烟雾病的金标准,DSA检查可清楚显示烟雾病血管狭窄闭塞的部位、侧支循环情况及是否合并动脉瘤,据其表现可指导进一步治疗。     

脑小静脉疾病（连载3）

第三节脑深静脉系统血栓形成脑深静脉系统血栓形成主要是指发生于大脑内静脉、Rosenthal基底静脉和 Galen静脉的血栓形成。DCVST 与皮质静脉血栓形成的危险因素差异不明显，凡能引起静脉血流异常，如静脉壁炎症反应或渗出、静脉本身闭塞或狭窄、血液处于高凝状态的因素均可导致；二者均可伴发于静脉窦血栓形成，但也均可单独发生；二者相比，深静脉血栓形成更多见于女性，单纯性DCVST的男女之比为1：8.3。     

Environmental factors in the development and progression of late-onset Alzheimer＇s disease

Late-onset Alzheimer＇s disease （LOAD） is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder characterized by gradual loss of synapses and neurons, but its pathogenesis remains to be clarified. Neurons live in an environment constituted by neurons themselves and glial cells. In this review, we propose that the neuronal degeneration in the AD brain is partially caused by diverse environmental factors. We first discuss various environmental stresses and the corresponding responses at different levels. Then we propose some mechanisms underlying the specific pathological changes, in particular, hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal axis dysfunction at the systemic level; cerebrovascular dysfunction, metal toxicity, glial activation, and Aβ toxicity at the intercellular level; and kinase-phosphatase imbalance and epigenetic modification at the intracellular level. Finally, we discuss the possibility of developing new strategies for the prevention and treatment of LOAD from the perspective of environmental stress. We conclude that environmental factors play a significant role in the development of LOAD through multiple pathological mechanisms.     

高血压脑出血的显微外科治疗进展

高血压脑出血（Hypertensive intrac-rebral hemorrhage,HICH）是具有高发病率、高病死率、高致残率的急性脑血管疾病,占所有脑卒中患者的10%-20%,早期病死率可高达49.4%。随着人口老龄化,其发病率逐年提高;而外科手术的干预,使其病死率有所下降,但致残率居高不下。如何提高手术疗效和患者生存质量,一直是神经外科医师努力的方向。微侵袭血肿清除术因其手术创伤小,恢复快,是目前国内治疗高血压脑出血的重要手段。     

神经内镜联合亚低温治疗高血压基底节区脑出血

目的 探讨神经内镜联合亚低温在治疗高血压基底节区脑出血中的临床应用价值.方法 回顾性分析我院神经内镜治疗高血压基底节区脑出血患者40例的临床资料,并对治疗结果进行分析.结果 神经内镜治疗组22例(甲组),神经内镜联合亚低温治疗组18例(乙组),术后3个月根据GCS评分,甲组恢复良好1例,中残4例,重残6例,植物生存6例,死亡5例;乙组恢复良好4例,中残8例,重残3例,植物生存1例,死亡2例,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05).两组颅内压比较第1天两者差异不明显,但第2、3天亚低温组颅内压明显降低.结论 神经内镜是治疗高血压基底节区脑出血较为有效的手术方式,联合亚低温治疗能有效降低颅内压,改善术后神经功能恢复,具有较好的临床应用价值.     

Total saponins of Panax ginseng effects on proliferation and differentiation of human embryonic neural stem cells and in a Parkinson’s disease mouse model

BACKGROUND： Total saponins of Panax ginseng （TSPG） exhibits neuroprotection against Parkinson＇s disease in the substantia nigra. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the effects of TSPG on human embryonic neural stem cells （NSCs） proliferation and differentiation into dopaminergic neurons using in vitro studies, and to observe NSC differentiation in a mouse model of Parkinson＇s disease, as well as behavioral changes before and after transplantation. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： In vitro neural cell biology trial and in vivo randomized, controlled animal trial were performed at the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chongqing Medical University between September 2004 and December 2007. MATERIALS： TSPG （purity 〉 95%） was isolated, extracted, and identified by Chongqing Academy of Chinese Materia Medica. Recombinant human basic fibroblast growth factor （bFGF） and recombinant human epidermal growth factor （EGF） were purchased from PeproTech, USA. A total of 25 C57/BL6J mice, aged 18-20 weeks were included. Twenty were used to establish a Parkinson＇s disease model with i.p. injection of MPTP （1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine） and TSPG alone or combined with interleukin-1 （IL-1）-treated NSCs prior to transplantation into the corpus striatum. The remaining five mice were pretreated for 3 days with TSPG prior to MPTP injection, serving as the TSPG prevention group. METHODS： Primary NSCs were isolated, cultured and purified from embryonic cerebral cortex. Immunocytochemistry was employed to detect specific antigen expression in the NSCs. In vitro experiment： （1） to induce proliferation, NSCs were treated with TSPG, EGF＋bFGF, or TSPG＋EGF＋bFGF, respectively; （2） to induce dopaminergic neuronal differentiation, NSCs were treated with TSPG, IL-1, or TSPG＋IL-1, respectively. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： In vitro experiment： the effects of TSPG on NSCs proliferation were evaluated with flow cytometry and MTT assay. Tyrosine hydroxylase expression was determined by immunocytochemistry assay to observe effects of TSPG on dopaminergic neuronal differentiation. In vivo experiment： differentiation of grafted NSCs in the mouse brain was determined by immunohistochemical staining. Behavioral changes were evaluated by spontaneous activity frequency, memory function, and score of paralysis agitans. RESULTS： （1） NSCs were cultured and passaged for more than three passages. Immunocytochemistry revealed positive nestin staining, as well as neurofilament protein and glial fibrillary acidic protein. （2） TSPG significantly increased NSC proliferation, in particular when combined with EGF and bFGF, which was twice as effective as FGF or bFGF alone. TSPG also induced dopaminergic differentiation in NSCs, in particular when TSPG was added together with IL-1, resulting in an effect five times greater than that of IL-1 alone. （3） At day 30 following transplantation, most NSCs in the TSPG prevention group differentiated into dopaminergic neurons, and the scores of paralysis agitans, spontaneous activity, and memory function were significantly increased compared with TSPG alone or TSPG＋IL-1 groups （P 〈 0.05）. CONCLUSION： TSPG stimulated NSC proliferation, in particular when combined with FGF and bFGF. TSPG significantly induced dopaminergic neuronal differentiation of NSCs, and the effect was greater when combined with IL-1. In addition, TSPG greatly improved behavior in the Parkinson＇s disease mouse model following NSC transplantation. Following NSC transplantation, TSPG pretreatment exhibited superior efficacy over either TSPG alone or TSPG in combination with IL-1, in terms of behavioral improvements in the Parkinson＇s disease mouse model.     

Disrupted structural and functional brain connectomes in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer＇s disease

Alzheimer＇s disease （AD） is the most common type of dementia, comprising an estimated 60-80% of all dementia cases. It is clinically characterized by impairments of memory and other cognitive functions. Previous studies have demonstrated that these impairments are associated with abnormal structural and functional connections among brain regions, leading to a disconnection concept of AD. With the advent of a combination of non-invasive neuroimaging （structural magnetic resonance imaging （MRI）, diffusion MRI, and functional MRI） and neurophysiological techniques （electroencephalography and magnetoencephaJography） with graph theoretical analysis, recent studies have shown that patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment （MCI）, the prodromal stage of AD, exhibit disrupted topological organization in large-scale brain networks （i.e., connectomics） and that this disruption is significantly correlated with the decline of cognitive functions. In this review, we summarize the recent progress of brain connectomics in AD and MCI, focusing on the changes in the topological organization of large-scale structural and functional brain networks using graph theoretical approaches. Based on the two different perspectives of information segregation and integration, the literature reviewed here suggests that AD and MCI are associated with disrupted segregation and integration in brain networks. Thus, these connectomics studies open up a new window for understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of AD and demonstrate the potential to uncover imaging biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and treatment evaluation for this disease.     

墨蝶呤还原酶基因与精神分裂症相关性的研究进展

墨蝶呤还原酶（SPR）催化四氢生物蝶呤（BH4）从头合成途径的最后一步反应。SPR基因遗传缺陷或突变可导致BH。的合成紊乱,影响单胺类神经递质（如多巴胺、5-羟色胺及谷氨酸等）的合成或释放,进而参与包括精神分裂症在内的多种神经精神系统疾病的发生发展过程。此外,SPR基因敲除小鼠表现出持续增强的自主活动等类精神分裂症症状,说明该基因在精神分裂症的发病中扮演重要的角色。进一步研究SPR基因及其单核苷酸多态性的功能,可为阐明精神分裂症的发病机制提供重要的线索,也为新一代抗精神病药物的研制及开发开拓新的视野。现对SPR基因与精神分裂症的相关研究做一综述。     

Dysfunctional autophagy in Alzheimer＇s disease： pathogenic roles and therapeutic implications

Neuronal autophagy is essential for neuronal survival and the maintenance of neuronal homeostasis. Increasing evidence has implicated autophagic dysfunction in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer＇s disease （AD）. The mechanisms underlying autophagic failure in AD involve several steps, from autophagosome formation to degradation. The effect of modulating autophagy is context-dependent. Stimulation of autophagy is not always beneficial. During the implementation of therapies that modulate autophagy, the nature of the autophagic defect, the timing of intervention, and the optimal level and duration of modulation should be fully considered.     

Oxidative stress in Alzheimer＇s disease

Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer＇s disease （AD）, a devastating disease of the elderly. The brain is more vulnerable than other organs to oxidative stress, and most of the components of neurons （lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids） can be oxidized in AD due to mitochondrial dysfunction, increased metal levels, inflammation, and β-amyloid （Aβ） peptides. Oxidative stress participates in the development of AD by promoting Aβ deposition, tau hyperphosphorylation, and the subsequent loss of synapses and neurons. The relationship between oxidative stress and AD suggests that oxidative stress is an essential part of the pathological process, and antioxidants may be useful for AD treatment.     

Wnt信号通路与骨髓间充质干细胞增殖及分化的关系

骨髓间充质干细胞（bonemarrow—derived mesenchymal stem cells,BMSCs）是骨髓中不同于造血干细胞的一类细胞,其来源丰富,取材简便,易分离、纯化、培养,在一定的条件下可以迅速体外扩增,具有多向分化潜能,可以通过不同的方法被诱导分化成骨细胞、软骨细胞、肌细胞、神经胶质细胞、神经元细胞等,而且它具有低免疫源性,向病变部位迁移的能力,