铂族金属络合物稳定性与原子结构的关系

对具有相同价态与配位体及相应几何构型的铂族元素络合物稳定性进行对比,观察到存在着重铂族络合物比轻铂族络合物热力学稳定性更强,动力学惰性更高的规律。这可用元素周期数对络合物 d 轨道能级分裂△值的影响以及铂族元素第一电离势的差异来解释。“镧系收缩”使重铂族元素有效核电荷高于轻铂族,它们对配位体的吸引作用也大于轻铂族,并从原子结构特征进行说明。用本文观点可解释铂族元素具有不同最稳定氧化态的原因及其化学冶金中若干反应现象。     

关于铜不能置换Ir（Ⅲ）氯配离子的讨论

指出用热力学数据,反应自由能变化△F°、贵金属配离子还原为金属的标准电极电位E°、以及贵金属氯配离子的不稳定常数K不稳,都不能解释铜置换贵金属的速度顺序。围绕铜不能置换铱(Ⅱ)的原因,讨论了热力学与动力学两种研究的目的、特点和局限性,并着重指出贵金属配离子热力学稳定性与动力学惰性的差异。     

再论轻重铂族元素配合物化学性质之差异

深入讨论了重铂族离子有效核电荷Ｚ＾＊及ｄ轨道能级分裂△０值高于轻铂族的原因。用文献中大量可比资料，再次论证重铂族配合物的热力学稳定性和动力学惰性高于轻铂族配合物。     

铜捕集法回收铂族金属的理论及实验研究

对还原熔炼铜捕集法从失效汽车催化剂中回收铂族金属的基础理论进行研究并进行实验验证。计算整个过程可能发生的反应ΔG_T~Θ-T方程式。分析表明,铂族金属氧化物优先于氧化铜被还原为金属态,实际还原熔炼温度应低于1500℃;计算含MgO的CaO-Al_2O_3-SiO_2熔炼渣体系相图及黏度,熔炼过程应控制CaO、SiO_2的量来实现渣型的选择;结合从铜-铂族金属相图,铜能与铂、钯、铑连续固溶形成合金;从理论上证实铜捕集法从失效汽车催化剂中回收铂族金属的可行性;通过实验验证,结果表明在适宜的条件下,铂、钯、铑回收率分别为98.2%、99.2%、97.6%。     

《贵金属》季刊学术顾问简介

陈景院士陈景院士(1935,3,9—)贵金属冶金专家。云南省大理市人,1958年毕业于云南大学,昆明贵金属研究所研究员。长期从事贵金属化学冶金及其应用基础理论的研究;20世纪60年代完成了国家急需的硝酸工业废铂催化网再生和工业试验研究;80年代初,发明了活性铜粉置换分离金钯铂铑铱的方法并成功应用于生产;解决了铑铱分离及提纯的技术难题;提出了“重铂族配合物的热力学稳定性及动力学惰性均高于轻铂族配合物”的规律;归纳提出铂族金属氧化还原反应、沉淀反应、亲核取代反应及络阴离子的溶剂萃取分类等规律。多次获得国家及省部级奖励,“从二次…     

铂族金属配合物的光化学研究概论

概述铂族金属配合物的光化学研究包括激发去活和光化学反应，重点讨论光配体取代反应，光异构化反应和光氧化还原反应，举例说明了铂族金属配合物光化学的实际应用。     

固态还原铁捕集法回收铂族金属二次资源

研究固态还原铁捕集法回收铂族金属二次资源。结果表明:在铁精矿与铂族金属二次物料质量比为1.5:1,还原温度1220℃,还原时间6 h,还原剂配比9%,添加剂配比10%的条件下所得产物经湿式磁选,获得含铂族金属铁粉,其中Pt、Pd和Rh含量分别为110.4、27.3和52.1 g/t,Pt、Pd和Rh回收率分别为98.6%、91.7%和97.6%。该过程的机理主要在于固态还原过程中微量铂族金属优先转化为原子态或原子团簇,与新生金属Fe中自由电子键合在一起,同时,新生γ-Fe与Pt,Pd和Rh具有相同的晶体结构和相近的晶胞参数,从而形成合金;铁氧化物还原为Fe,Fe原子通过扩散方式凝聚在一起形成晶核粒子,Fe晶粒不断聚集长大,还原产物通过球磨磁选分离,实现铂族金属的回收。     

金／铂族金属触媒——混合金属体系表现出更高的活性

近来，研究黄金触媒的热潮使研究人员对于在黄金里加入其它金属的效果也产生了兴趣。这些研究的结果表明，黄金与铂族金属的组合在一系列的反应中都表现出比单独的黄金或铂族金属更多的优越性，从而具备了工业应用的潜在可能。这些发现有望被运用在化学处理、污染控制和燃料电池领域。本文叙述了一系列借助铂族金属和黄金组合优势的催化工艺，并重点讲述了近期会议中一些值得关注的报告。[编者按]     

铂族金属的资源,应用与开发

本文介绍铂族金属的特性以及矿藏资源在世界各国的分布情况。此外，对三种主要铂族金属在汽车工业、珠宝首饰、生物医学、燃料电池、航空航天、航海、信息、激光、能源、催化剂、新材料以及体育运动等方面的应用现状进行了详细的叙述。预测了铂族金属到２０００年的开发和展望。     

铂族金属均相催化剂的研究和应用

铂族金属均相催化剂是一类特殊结构的金属配合物,具有均相催化氢化反应、羰基加成反应、酰氢化反应、烯烃氧化反应、C-C合成反应等的作用, 在现代化学和制药工业中得到重要的应用.涉及的催化机理主要包括氧化加成、分子内配体重排、配体迁移和插入、还原消除.论文介绍和讨论了铂族金属均相催化剂的历史、应用、催化机制和最新的进展.     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

新型的治疗阿尔茨海默氏症药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2,2,2-三氯)-乙基-1-醇烟酸醋对体外神经细胞的作用

目的: 观察本实验室合成的一种治疗阿尔茨海默氏症(AD)的药物(1-二甲基磷酰基-2, 2, 2 -三氯)-乙基^-1-醇烟酸醋(NMF),对体外培养的皮层神经细胞活性的影响以及对海人藻酸(KA)所致的神经损伤的保护作用。方法: 采用体外培养皮层神经元的方法,解剖分离 15 d胚胎小鼠皮层神经细胞, 接种于 96孔板,48 h 后加药并培养 72 h,以 MIT 法 观察 NMF 对小鼠皮层神经细胞活性的影响;同时将接种于 24 孔板的细胞预先给予 NMF,d 3 时加或不加KA处理后,以台盼蓝染色鉴别并计数死、活细胞,可得出细胞的存活率。结果: NMF 明显促进胎鼠皮层神经元活性,其中 NMF1、0. 1、10nmol·L^-1促进神经元活性增殖率分别高达 34.7%、37.4%、36. 7%, NMF 明显促进正常胎鼠皮层神经元存活卒,与对照组比较,10nmol·L^-1 NMF 对皮层神经元的存活率分别提高 39.3%、73.5%。 NMF能显著 对抗 KA 所致的神经元损伤,与 KA 损伤组相比, NMF0.1、10、10nmol·L^-1对损伤皮层神经元的保护率分别为 77.30%、80.10%、84.15%。结论: NMF 明 显促进胎鼠皮层神经元的洁性、提高正常皮层神经元,的存活卒,并能有效地保护KA所致的神经元损伤,提示 NMF 是一种很有潜力的治疗 AD 的药物。     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

THERMODYNAMICS STUDY ON THE DECOMPOSITION OF CHROMITE WITH KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

INFLUENCE OF HEAT TREATMENT ON DAMPING BEHAVIOUR OF THE MAGNESIUM WROUGHT ALLOY AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Three-Dimensional Growth of Coherent Ferrite in Austenite: A Molecular Dynamics Study

Coherent second phase often exhibits anisotropic morphology with specifi c orientations with respect to both the second and the matrix phases. As a key feature of microstructure, the morphology of the coherent particles is essential for understanding the second-phase strengthening eff ect in various industrial alloys. This letter reports anisotropic growth of coherent ferrite from austenite matrix in pure iron based on molecular dynamics simulation. We found that the ferrite grain tends to grow into an elongated plate-like shape, independent of its initial confi guration. The fi nal shape of the ferrite is closely related to the misfi t between the two phases, with the longest direction and the broad facet of the plate being, respectively, consistent with the best matching direction and the best matching plane calculated via the Burgers vector content(BVC) method. The strain energy calculation in the framework of Eshelby's inclusion theory verifi es that the simulated orientation of the coherent ferrite is energetically favorable. It is anticipated that the BVC method will be applicable in analysis of anisotropic growth and morphology of coherent second phase in other phase transformation systems.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.