高地应力特长大断面隧洞围岩稳定监测与分析

对大埋深高地应力大断面引水隧洞开挖围岩稳定问题,运用隧洞施工理论和监测技术与方法,充分结合工程实际,采用断面收敛仪、多点变位计、振弦式锚杆应力计等监测仪器及方法对围岩收敛变形、隧洞围岩深部变形以及锚杆轴力等围岩稳定进行监测和分析。结果表明：大埋深软L弱围岩地质条件下,隧洞会产生大变形,即使是在初期支护的作用下,净空收敛的量值和速率在测试初期也是很大：隧洞开挖效应对左右边墙锚杆的轴力变化影响较大,而对拱顶锚杆的轴力变化影响较小;洞室开挖侧墙水平应力释放容易导致高边墙产生片帮、剥落,在开挖时应加强高边墙的位移和应力监测,适时进行支护。     

大断面软弱地层隧道施工围岩变形试验及预测

针对大断面碳化泥质板岩隧道在施工过程中极易发生塌方、拱架扭曲变形以及频繁换拱的特点,在小盘岭隧道进出口段选择多个监测断面作为试验段进行现场试验研究。分别对净空收敛变形、拱顶下沉、围岩压力、锚杆轴力、喷射混凝土应变、钢拱架支撑应力、二次衬砌混凝土应变、二次衬砌背部围岩压力进行测试。研究结果表明,隧道持续变形一般到48 d才能稳定,并且累计变形量很大,拱顶沉降最大能达到334 mm,累计收敛值最大能到318 mm。在控制围岩变形方面,对支护参数的监测发现:采取0.5 m的开挖步距,采取I20钢支撑,以及采取隧道衬砌背后的径向注浆,能有效的降低围岩变形及衬砌结构的受力。同时利用BP神经网络方法,能够比较准确的预测隧道围岩在施工过程中的拱顶沉降及围岩收敛,对隧道的开挖具有较大的指导作用。     

郑万高铁苏家岩隧道应力应变施工技术研究

针对高铁隧道IV, V级软弱围岩采用的大断面开挖工法,为确保作业安全,现场在围岩变形量测的基础上,对围岩、锚杆、钢架、初期支护混凝土、二衬混凝土进行了应力应变监测,切实掌握隧道开挖后,围岩、初期支护结构、二衬的各阶段受力状态,通过二者数据的对比分析,掌握软弱围岩条件下围岩变形速率、受力状态及稳定性评价,从而判断施工是否安全,可为类似作业工法提供经验借鉴。     

高地应力软弱围岩隧道初期支护受力特性的现场监测研究

由于作用在初期支护上的围岩压力大,高地应力软弱围岩隧道开挖后经常出现围岩大变形、喷混凝土开裂、钢架扭曲等破坏现象,影响隧道的施工和长期运营安全。依托宜万铁路堡镇隧道,通过对围岩压力、初期支护喷混凝土应力、钢架应力、锚杆轴力和围岩深部位移等的现场监测,得到围岩压力与初期支护体系各子构件的力学特性,讨论其随时间的演化特性和沿隧道横断面的空间分布规律,指出围岩压力、钢架应力、喷混凝土应力随开挖进程存在急剧变化阶段,受施工扰动的影响显著,敏感性依次降低,沿洞周分布总体表现出“上部大,下部小”等特征。研究方法和结论为建立科学合理的高地应力软弱围岩隧道支护结构设计方法具有一定的指导和借鉴意义。     

高地应力软岩隧道中型钢与格栅支护适应性现场对比试验研究

结合正在修建的兰新铁路第二双线LXS-7标存在极高地应力的大梁隧道,系统开展型钢钢架与格栅钢架在高地应力软岩隧道支护中适应性的现场对比试验研究。现场设置型钢钢架支护段与格栅钢架支护段各20 m,通过现场试验及三维数值仿真模拟,对施工过程中的围岩位移、初支钢架应力、围岩-初期支护接触压力进行对比分析,结果表明：(1)在高地应力软岩隧道支护中,型钢钢架对沉降及水平位移的约束作用较强,但支护后期变形呈现台阶式增长趋势,支护设立2个月后仍无明显收敛趋势。相应地,支护结构承受了较大的围岩压力,试验断面围岩-初期支护接触压力最大值为336 kPa,钢架应力较大;二衬施作后围岩变形仍在增加,对二衬结构会有一定影响。(2)格栅钢架属于柔性支护,初期支护设立一周后拱顶累计变形达350 mm,可较好地释放高地应力区围岩应力与变形,但支护内力及变形急剧增加无法收敛。(3)为更好地控制围岩变形,在格栅支护设立一周后增设工字钢套拱作为后期刚性支护,围岩变形曲线呈现明显收敛趋势,洞室变形稳定至446 mm。断面围岩-初期支护接触压力实测最大值为190 kPa,有效地控制支护的变形与格栅应力。(4)试验表明,现场采用“先柔后刚”的支护原则,即先架立格栅后加设套拱对高地应力软岩隧道进行支护,可有效控制软岩大变形及支护内力,结构合理。经济性分析也表明,此支护形式具有较好的经济性,是一种可适用于高地应力软岩隧道的支护结构。     

浅埋黄土隧道衬砌结构受力分析

 通过对三十里铺隧道的现场测试,研究浅埋黄土隧道一衬和围岩接触应力、锚杆轴力、喷射混凝土表面应变、二衬中钢筋应力和浇注混凝土应变随时间变化规律及分布特征。结果表明,围岩释放应力最大值在7～10 d,位置在拱腰处;锚杆轴力稳定时间为30 d左右,且在空间上出现压应力区;喷射混凝土表面应变较大且常出现跳跃性变化;二衬钢筋应力初期为拉应力;边墙处的稳定时间为6～8 d后,拱顶处30 d后仍然递减;二衬混凝土应变由初期的拉应变向压应变变化。隧道衬砌的受力分析结果为支护系统的优化提供依据,对同类工程的设计提供借鉴。     

浅埋黄土隧道衬砌结构受力分析

通过对三十里铺隧道的现场测试,研究浅埋黄土隧道一衬和围岩接触应力、锚杆轴力、喷射混凝土表面应变、二衬中钢筋应力和浇注混凝土应变随时间变化规律及分布特征。结果表明,围岩释放应力最大值在7～10 d,位置在拱腰处;锚杆轴力稳定时间为30 d左右,且在空间上出现压应力区;喷射混凝土表面应变较大且常出现跳跃性变化;二衬钢筋应力初期为拉应力;边墙处的稳定时间为6～8 d后,拱顶处30 d后仍然递减;二衬混凝土应变由初期的拉应变向压应变变化。隧道衬砌的受力分析结果为支护系统的优化提供依据,对同类工程的设计提供借鉴。     

基于围岩稳定性的大断面隧道初期支护优化

文中依托郑州—万州(郑万)铁路客运专线的新庄岭隧道工程,采用现场实测、数值计算、理论分析等手段对隧道稳定性和初期支护各组成部分的支护效能进行了研究。首先,通过对初期支护中喷射混凝土、型钢钢架、锚杆三个组成部分的应力进行监测,分析测试数据发现各组成部分的强度未得到充分发挥,在此基础上基于经济性提出相应的初期支护优化对策。然后,采用有限元极限状态法对优化后初期支护的隧道稳定性进行了分析,借助位移、应力和塑性区等指标证明初期支护优化对策的可靠性。最后,基于隧道三度空间分布特征,确定了该隧道的D_Ⅰ-E-D_Ⅱ空间,发现本段新庄岭隧道的实际埋深处于E空间范围,从理论角度证明了现场测试和数值计算结果的合理性。初期支护的优化工作和方法可以在保证工程安全的基础上,提升其经济效益,以资类似工程提供借鉴。     

“S”型时态曲线下隧道支护参数研究

隧道初期支护设计对隧道工程的重要性不言而喻,在现场监测"S"型时态曲线中,存在三个变形阶段,对不同变形阶段进行隧道初期支护参数研究分析,有利于提高施工安全性和隧道稳定性。本文基于现场监控量测"S"型时态曲线,结合数值模拟和"S"型时态曲线的变化特征,采用收敛加速度判断法,建立12种工况对上下台阶锚杆长度、喷射混凝土厚度进行支护参数研究分析;结果表明增加喷射混凝土厚度、适当降低下台阶锚杆长度和增长上台阶锚杆长度有利于提高了围岩的整体性,降低围岩变形,有效减小拱腰处应力集中。因此Ⅴ级围岩条件下,对于时态曲线呈"S"型的,在变形加剧阶段,增加上台阶锚杆长度和喷射混凝土厚度能够有效提高初期支护效果。     

基于围岩-支护特征理论的高地应力软岩隧道初期支护选型研究

结合正在修建的兰新铁路第二双线LXS-7标的极高地应力大梁隧道,开展型钢钢架与格栅钢架支护机理研究。在综合考虑喷射混凝土时间硬化效应对初期支护强度的影响基础上,基于围岩-支护特征理论综合分析型钢钢架及格栅钢架的支护机理及其适应性,探索高地应力软岩隧道工程中不同刚度支护的力学响应过程,绘制高地应力软岩隧道几种可能的围岩-支护特征曲线,为高地应力软岩隧道合理支护形式的确定提供理论依据,并提出适合于围岩大变形的合理支护形式,以及控制高地应力软岩隧道大变形的合理措施。     

浅析高速公路工程招投标中的最低评标价法

结合目前高速公路施工项目招投标活动的实际情况,阐述了最低评标价法的概念,归纳了其优点及存在问题,对完善最低评标价法提出几点策略,以期促进招标投标市场更加规范有序。     

Place-Making in Megaprojects in Melbourne

This article analyses state-led place-making practices in Melbourne. The two levels of government that influence planning in Melbourne make much of the city as ‘culturally vibrant’ and ‘creative’, and have incorporated creative city-inspired place-making principles into many layers of the planning system. An examination of the development of two mixed-use megaprojects in central Melbourne reveals however that ideals of culturally engaging public places, and indeed of creative landscapes for middle-class consumption, wither in the face of more basic imperatives for economic development. In these case studies the ‘creative city’, no matter how the idea is interpreted, has little traction either as a set of inclusive place-making principles or as a gentrification strategy. The article concludes that the creative city-inspired place-making objectives in the planning system at both state and local levels are ambiguous in their overall intents and completely unsupported by statutory controls. Such place-making objectives as are realised are the compromised results of the interplay of uncoordinated decisions, delivered at the pleasure of the developer.     

Pathogens in septage in Vietnam

Septage is widely acknowledged as a major source of infectious pathogens while disposal of septage, and the operation and maintenance of septic tanks, is not regulated in many developing countries. Twenty untreated septage and septage sludge samples were taken from Can Tho City, Vietnam to examine their pathogen content, and indicator micro-organisms. Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. were detected in all samples, regardless of sludge storage time. Phages were detected in 80% of samples. Salmonella spp. were detected in 70% of the untreated septage and 60% of septage sludge samples. Concentrations of phages and bacteria tested in septage sludge after many years of tank storage were much higher than the expected levels. Helminth ova were present in 95% of untreated septage samples with an average of 450 ova l^− 1, and were detected in all septage sludge samples with an average of 16,000 ova l^− 1. Twelve varieties of helminth ova were identified. More helminth ova varieties in higher concentrations were found in septage than those reported from stool samples. The varieties' frequency ranged from 10% to 50% and Ascaris lumbricoides predominated. Results show that pathogens and indicator micro-organisms, especially helminth ova, accumulate in sludge. Thus helminth ova should be considered when septage sludge is treated and used for agriculture. Proper health protection measures must be applied for people handling septage.     

新时期广东城市化的新特点

新时期广东城市化出现以下特点:知识源导向、城市由单体向群体化发展、产业集群推动、政府主导自上而下的集约化发展、城镇化向城市化转变、由重“数量”发展向重“质量”发展的转变。     

谈城市历史保护规划的误区

由于缺乏起码的历史文化知识,忽视历史文化遗产的保护,错误的决策导致了建设性的破坏,要加强城市保护的教育,培养合格人才。     

浅谈我国工程项目建设成本控制存在的问题

结合目前我国施工企业工程项目成本管理现状,对工程项目成本管理过程中存在的问题进行了较详细的分析,并提出了一些解决问题的办法,以做好项目成本控制工作,进而增强企业经济实力。     

浅谈建筑施工临时用电安全

针对由于建筑施工临时用电安全管理的不完善和不规范操作而导致大量工伤事故频频发生的问题,为消除用电安全隐患,对建筑施工临时用电安全管理进行了归纳和分析,并提出了整改意见,以确保现场人员及电气设备的安全运行。     

Perchlorate exposure in lactating women in an urban community in New Jersey

Perchlorate is most widely known as a solid oxidant for missile and rocket propulsion systems although it is also present as a trace contaminant in some fertilizers. It has been detected in drinking water, fruits, and vegetables throughout New Jersey and most of the United States. At sufficiently high doses, perchlorate interferes with the uptake of iodine into the thyroid and may interfere with the development of the skeletal system and the central nervous system of infants. Therefore, it is important to quantify perchlorate in breast milk to understand potential perchlorate exposure in infants. In this study we measured perchlorate in breast milk, urine, and drinking water collected from 106 lactating mothers from Central New Jersey. Each subject was asked to provide three sets of samples over a 3-month period. The average ± SD perchlorate level in drinking water, breast milk, and urine was 0.168 ± 0.132 ng/mL (n = 253), 6.80 ± 8.76 ng/mL (n = 276), and 3.19 ± 3.64 ng/mL (3.51 ± 6.79 μg/g creatinine) (n = 273), respectively. Urinary perchlorate levels were lower than reference range values for women of reproductive age (5.16 ± 11.33 μg/g creatinine, p = 0.03), likely because of perchlorate secretion in breast milk. Drinking water perchlorate levels were ≤ 1.05 ng/mL and were not positively correlated with either breast milk or urine perchlorate levels. These findings together suggest that drinking water was not the most important perchlorate exposure source for these women. Creatinine-adjusted urine perchlorate levels were strongly correlated with breast milk perchlorate levels (r = 0.626, p = < 0.0005). Breast milk perchlorate levels in this study are consistent with widespread perchlorate exposure in lactating women and thus infants. This suggests that breast milk may be a source of exposure to perchlorate in infants.     

安康市工程施工企业未来几年人才需求调查

为了不断提高工程类专业的办学质量,对安康市区主要施工企业或项目经理部未来几年人才需求状况进行了调查,同时提出相关建议,以期培养更多的该类专业人才,满足施工企业需求。