预处理对汽车用Al-Mg-Si合金组织和晶间腐蚀行为的影响

采用拉伸试验、晶间腐蚀试验、电化学测试、光学显微镜、透射电镜等方法手段研究了Al-Mg-Si合金在不同预处理条件下经烤漆处理后的微观组织与晶间腐蚀行为的演变规律。结果表明,随着预变形量的增加,试验合金晶界析出相的数量密度和尺寸相应地减小,而晶内析出物(β″相)的析出数量增加,尺寸减小,以致不同的预处理试验合金具有不同的综合性能。由预应变和预时效组成的预处理工艺有利于提高Al-Mg-Si合金的综合性能,其晶间腐蚀抗力和烘烤硬化性能都得到显著提高,这主要归因于合金在烤漆过程中不产生无析出区,形成的晶界析出物数量少而不连续,以及基体强化相β″相通过消耗大量溶质原子而充分地析出。     

时效前的预变形对喷射成形2195铝锂合金组织与性能的影响

研究了时效前的预拉伸变形量对喷射成形2195铝锂合金时效析出行为及力学性能的影响规律.结果表明:2195合金经固溶处理后直接时效,组织以 δ′(Al3Li)相+少量T1(Al2CuLi)相为主,晶界处分布着大量断续分布的颗粒析出相组织(富AlCu相及AlCuFe相).时效前的预拉伸变形在合金基体中引入的大量位错成为T1...     

Cu-2.0wt%Be合金中晶界析出相对弹性性能的影响

本文对Cu-2.0wt%Be合金晶界处不连续析出相的形貌及其与热处理参数之间的关系进行了研究,利用正交试验设计的方法选取热处理参数,制备微观结构差距较大的样品,从中筛选所需样品研究了晶界反应物对滞弹性行为的影响。不连续析出相主要存在于晶界处,主要由γ相和α基体相组成。根据极差分析结果,影响晶界反应量的热处理参数主要为二级时效温度,其次为一级时效时间和二级时效时间。滞弹性行为分析表明,晶界反应量对样品加载过程中的变形量影响较大,这是由于不连续析出形成的γ相与基体为非共格关系,在γ相周围存在原子无序区域,位错在此处的湮灭引起原子重排,因此晶体产生滑移,造成合金塑性变形。而无晶界反应物的晶界两侧交错排列着γ’相,位错容易在此处塞积,阻碍晶体滑移。     

Cu-2.0% Be合金中晶界析出相对弹性性能的影响

对Cu-2.0%Be(质量分数)合金晶界处不连续析出相的形貌及其与热处理参数之间的关系进行了研究,利用正交试验设计的方法选取热处理参数,制备微观结构差距较大的样品,从中筛选所需样品研究了晶界反应物对滞弹性行为的影响。不连续析出相主要存在于晶界处,主要由γ相和α基体相组成。根据极差分析结果,影响晶界反应量的热处理参数主要为二级时效温度,其次为一级时效时间和二级时效时间。滞弹性行为分析表明,晶界反应量对样品加载过程中的变形量影响较大,这是由于不连续析出形成的γ相与基体为非共格关系,在γ相周围存在原子无序区域,位错在此处的湮灭引起原子重排,因此晶体产生滑移,造成合金塑性变形。而无晶界反应物的晶界两侧交错排列着γ′相,位错容易在此处塞积,阻碍晶体滑移。     

高钨K416B镍基合金蠕变期间细小碳化物析出行为及热力学分析（英文）

通过蠕变测试和组织形貌观察,研究K416B合金中细小碳化物的析出行为。结果表明:在高温蠕变期间,纳米级M6C碳化物沿基体内和γ/γ′界面不连续析出,其中,随着蠕变进行,细小M6C碳化物析出数量逐渐增多,且粒状M6C相自γ基体析出的共格界面为{100}和{111}晶面。热力学分析表明:在蠕变过程中,合金在轴向拉伸应力下变形时,元素C在基体中的溶解度减小,并在应力集中处偏聚,与W、Co等碳化物形成元素结合,促使细小M6C碳化物从γ基体中析出。     

一种铸造镍基高温合金在热处理过程中的相析出行为和拉伸性能（英文）

研究一种铸造镍基合金(IN617B合金)在固溶处理和长期时效处理过程中的相析出行为和拉伸性能。在铸态的组织中,Ti(C,N)、M6C和M23C6为主要析出相,而经过固溶处理后,除少量Ti(C,N)残余外,绝大部分碳化物固溶到基体中。在700°C长期时效过程中,合金中相的析出行为主要包括3个方面:(1)晶界处M23C6碳化物的形貌由膜状转变成颗粒状,同时由于界面能的降低和元素向晶界的扩散,颗粒碳化物逐渐粗化;(2)晶内棒状M23C6碳化物具有择优生长方向[110],并与基体γ之间存在共格关系;(3)γ?颗粒可以通过限制碳化物形成元素的扩散来阻碍晶内M23C6碳化物粗化。在时效5000 h后,合金的抗拉强度明显增加,而合金的塑性明显下降。该合金具有稳定的显微组织,从而保证其在长期时效过程中具有优异的拉伸性能。     

第二相在Mg-Gd-Y-Zr合金挤压棒超塑性变形中的作用

采用电子显微镜和XRD研究分析Mg-Gd-Y-Zr合金挤压棒材超塑性拉伸前后的微观组织及其超塑性机制。结果表明:在温度为450℃、应变速率为2×10-4s-1的变形条件下获得的挤压棒的最大伸长率为410%,应变速率敏感系数为0.54;合金表观变形激活能远高于镁的晶界扩散激活能或晶格扩散激活能,超塑性变形机制为晶格扩散控制的位错协调晶界滑动机制;微孔洞在基体/方形富稀土相界面处萌生,较软的不规则块状β相承受部分塑性变形,松弛了相界处应力集中。     

应变速率对电场处理GH4199合金拉伸变形行为的影响

研究了电场处理后的长期时效GH4199合金在不同应变速率下的拉伸变形行为.结果表明,随应变速率增加合金屈服强度升高,应变速率低于3.3×100 s-1时,应变速率敏感指数m值较低且随应变速率的增加无明显变化;当应变速率超过3.3×100 s-1时,m显著升高,当应变速率为3.3×101 s-1时,m达到0.16;随应变速率增加合金拉伸塑性呈下降趋势;在较低应变速率范围内变形时,电场处理后产生的退火孪晶是改善合金塑性的主要因素,随着应变速率的提高,晶内开动的滑移系数量增加,塑性变形能力随之提高,但存在于合金晶界处的连续分布的碳化物对晶界的弱化作用逐渐显露,晶界与晶内塑性变形能力差异增大,晶界成为断裂的主要途径,导致合金塑性降低.     

时效处理对GH4169合金显微组织及高温拉伸变形行为的影响

研究了在900 ℃超温服役的试验条件下,时效时间对GH4169合金的显微组织形貌、显微硬度和高温拉伸性能的影响。结果表明:随着时效时间的延长,δ相先由晶界呈短棒状析出,然后以长针状覆盖整个晶粒。时效初期晶粒有长大现象,随着δ相沿晶界的不断析出,晶粒长大现象消失。900 ℃时效处理使得GH4169合金强化相发生溶解与转化,致使合金显微硬度从44 HRC急剧降至13.6 HRC,但后续保温时间的延长对显微硬度影响较小。δ相的析出对合金的高温力学性能有显著影响,适量的析出提高了合金的抗拉强度和高温塑性,大量析出则导致合金抗拉强度变低,高温塑性变差;不同时效处理后的合金高温拉伸均为典型的弹性-均匀塑性变形,变形断裂机制皆为微孔聚集型断裂。     

2519A铝合金时效析出相的TEM分析

采用拉伸测试、硬度测试、TEM 观察等方法,研究了预形变对2519A铝合金时效析出相的影响.结果表明,与未经预变形状态的相比,经过50%预变形后,由于预变形增加了合金中的位错密度,使晶内析出相细小弥散分布,同时减少了晶界析出相的数量,减少了其占晶界和亚晶界的体积分数,从而改善了合金的性能.拉伸试验结果表明,50%预形变显著改善了合金的力学性能.     

Effects of Multiple Plastic Deformations on Microstruc-ture and Mechanical Properties of 7A04-T6

The influences of multiple plastic deformations on microstructure and mechanical properties of 7A04-T6 alloy by isothermal compression experiments in different passes deformation on the 6300 kN extrusion press. The experimental results showed that the strength and elongation of 7A04-T6 alloy were increased firstly and then decreased as the deformation pass increases at above 400 ℃. The grains of 7A04-T6 alloy was refined firstly and then grow, the grain was become refinement after four deformations under this experimental conditions. The second phase η (MgZn2) in the matrix would precipitate after solution, precipitation strengthening taking place. It is obvious that the number of second phase which dissolve into the matrix will increase as the deformation pass increasing. So the tensile strength reached the highest after four deformations, is 590.9 MPa, yield strength is 532.5 MPa, and elongation is 12.4%. After four deformations of 7A04-T6 alloy, tensile fracture surface of samples was composed of the deep and uniform dimples, belonging to ductile fracture. Therefore, 7A04-T6 alloy has better comprehensive mechanical properties after four deformations.     

Distribution of Phosphorus and Its Effects on Precipitation Behaviors and Tensile Properties of IN718C Cast Superalloy

The effect of phosphorus on the precipitations of γ",γ' and δ phases and associated tensile properties in IN718C alloy are investigated in this study.It is revealed that P atoms are dissolved in the grain interior to a relatively high degree and hence influence the precipitation behaviors in the grain interior and improve the tensile strength of IN718C alloy.γ" and γ' phases did not precipitate in the alloy without P addition during air cooling,while γ" and γ' phases precipitated in the grain interior during air cooling in the alloys with P addition,and the amounts of γ" and γ' phases increased with increasing P content.Therefore,the Vickers micro-hardness in the as-cast state increased gradually with increasing P content.In double-aging state,the sizes of γ" and γ' phases in the alloys with P addition were larger than that in the alloy without P addition,while the sizes were invariable when the P content(wt%)was higher than 0.015.Therefore,the micro-hardness and tensile strength of IN718C alloy treated by double aging increased first and then kept invariable with increasing P content.The precipitations of δ phases both in the grain interior and on grain boundaries were inhibited by P markedly.The inhibitory effect of P on δ phase enhanced gradually with increasing content of P,but the plasticity increased first and then decreased.What is more,the crack tended to propagate into the matrix around the particles(Laves phases and NbC carbides)in the alloys without P addition at the beginning of the tensile fracture,while it tended to propagate along the interfaces between the matrix and those particles in the alloys with P addition,which resulted from the synthetical effect of P on γ" γ' and δ phases.     

LY12合金低温拉伸变形行为研究

对人工时效后的LY12合金进行了不同温度系列拉伸试验,采用SEM和光镜对断口及其附近的显微组织进行观察,研究了温度对LY12合金拉伸变形行为的影响。结果表明,LY12合金正常时效时析出相的主要成分为Al2CuMg,随温度的逐步降低,析出相发生脆性断裂的可能性更大。同时析出相与基体分离需要吸收更多外界能量,从而使LY12合金的抗拉强度与屈服强度随温度的逐步降低单调增加;随温度的逐步降低,析出相的脆性断裂降低了对位错的阻碍作用,使位错滑移距离增长,因此材料的伸长率呈增长趋势。     

淬火无析出区对Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金断裂行为的影响

根据超高强铝合金淬火、时效组织透射电镜观察结果,以及合金断裂行为与断口形貌分析,提出了一种Al-Zn-Mg-Cu合金产生延性断裂的物理模型。对平衡相、基体沉淀相、无析出微区的断裂行为进行了分析。研究结果表明,在晶内同步变形条件下,平衡相粒子最先断裂;晶内沉淀区内裂纹的形成与扩展早于无析出区,沉淀区内初始孔洞扩展与聚合,导致沉淀区断裂,这是合金断裂的主要原因;无析出区最后断裂。引起淬火敏感性的平衡相粒子,不是造成合金断裂的直接原因,粒子周围的无析出微区起到了限制裂纹扩展和协调变形的作用,是合金形成延性拉伸断口的原因。     

Effects of precipitate and dendrite arm spacing on tensile properties and fracture behavior of As-Cast magnesium-aluminum alloys

In the present study, the fracture behavior of Mg₁₇Al₁₂ precipitate and the effect of dendrite arm spacing (DAS) on tensile properties of commercial as-cast AZ91D alloy were discussed. In order to obtain a wide range of DAS, the as-cast specimens were fabricated by various casting processes. With gravity-casting, the inoculation and varous molds were utilized, and the solidification rates of melts were measured at four positions of the cone-type mold. The empirical equation between the solidification rate and DAS was found to the [DAS=82.2ε_avg. ^−0.41]. Although the DAS as well as the grain size showed a Hall-Petch relationship with yield strength, the UTS and elongation indicated a parabolic relationship with respect to the variation of DAS. The fracture behavior of the as-cast AZ91D alloy was composed of three stages: (1) plasticity-induced crack initiation at the precipitate by matrix deformation, (2) crack growth through concentration of plastic deformation at the interface between the precipitate and matrix, and (3) agglomeration of cracks formed around the precipitate. The plasticity-induced crack is formed through severe deformation of the α-Mg matrix, and the size of the crack in the precipitate is limited by the thickness of the precipitate. Since the stress intensity level around the crack is lowered with the average diameter of the precipitate, the tensile properties of the ascast alloy could be enhanced by the decrease of the average diameter of the precipitate.     

Fracture behavior of high strength Mg-Gd-Y-Zr magnesium alloy

The fracture behavior of a permanent mould casting Mg-8.57Gd-3.72Y-0.54Zr(mass fraction,%)(GW94) alloy was investigated under different thermal conditions,including as-cast,solution-treated,peak-aged,and over-aged states.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and optical microscopy(OM) were employed to examine the crack nucleation and fracture model.The results indicate that the GW94 alloy shows different behaviors of crack initiation and fracture under different thermal conditions. During tensile test at room temperature,the fracture model of the as-cast GW94 alloy is quasi-cleavage,while that of the solution-treated alloy is transgranular cleavage.It is a mixed pattern of transgranular and intergranular fracture for both the aged conditions.Large cavities formed at grain boundaries are observed in the peak-aged sample tested at 300℃,corresponding to the intergranular fracture.Localized plastic deformation at grain boundaries is also observed and corresponds to the high elongation at 300℃.     

Fracture behavior of monofilament-reinforced multicrystalline copper composites

Studies on monotonic tensile fracture and fatigue fracture have been performed on tungsten monofilament-reinforced multicrystalline copper composites and the failure modes are reported. Monotonic tensile fracture is not very sensitive to the initial fiber breaks and grain boundaries in tungsten monofilament-reinforced multicrystalline copper composites. Multiple breaks of the fiber and multiple necking of the matrix near the fiber segment breaks, commonly observed in tensile tests of composites, are reported here. However, the fatigue fracture is very sensitive to a fiber break, and to microstructural features such as grain boundaries and dislocation structures. Once the fiber breaks into two segments, the composite will quickly fail. The fatigue fracture mechanism of the composites depends on applied plastic strain amplitudes. Most cracks initiate at grain boundaries in the matrix at low and intermediate plastic strain amplitudes and the fiber greatly improves the fatigue behavior. At a high plastic strain amplitude, fatigue cracks initiate at the fiber, and the fiber seems ineffective for improving the fatigue life.     

Effect of pre-deformation on aging characteristics and mechanical properties of Mg-Gd-Nd-Zr alloy

The effect of plastic deformation prior to artificial aging on the aging characteristics and mechanical properties of a Mg-I lGd-2Nd-0.5Zr （mass fraction, %） alloy was investigated. After solution treatment at 525 ℃ for 4 h, the alloy was subjected to cold stretching deformation of 0%, 5% and 10%, respectively. The as-deformed specimens possess high density of dislocations and mechanical twins, which increase with elevated deformation. As compared with non-stretched alloy, the stretched alloy shows accelerated age-hardening response and slightly enhanced peak hardness when aged at 200 ℃. Comparison of the microstructures in undeformed and deformed specimens after 200 ℃, 24 h aging reveals that pre-deformation induces the heterogeneous nucleation of precipitations at dislocations and twin boundaries in addition to the homogeneous precipitation in the matrix. Room and high temperature tensile test results show that pre-deformation enhances the strength of the alloy, especially at room temperature, though the ductility declines. The improvement in strength of deformed and aged alloy is attributed to the combined strengthening effect of precipitates, deformation structures and grain boundaries.     

Aging precipitation behavior and its influence on mechanical properties of Mn18Cr18N austenitic stainless steel

The aging precipitation behavior in Mn18Cr18N austenitic stainless steel was investigated at temperatures from 600 °C to 900 °C. During isothermal aging treatment, the primary precipitate was Cr₂N with a = 0.478 nm and c = 0.444 nm, and it preferentially nucleates along initial grain boundaries and gradually grows towards the interior of grains in discontinuous cellular way. Meanwhile, a small amount of granular face-centred cubic M₂₃C₆ with a = 1.066 nm also were observed, which mainly form along grain boundaries. The effect of these precipitates on mechanical properties of the alloy was studied. It was found that precipitates result in degeneration of the matrix hardness. Meanwhile, the SEM morphologies of aged tensile sample show that the brittle fracture predominates during deformation, i.e. the fracture mode transforms from intergranular fracture to transgranular fracture with the increasing of aging time. Compared with the solution-treated sample, the strength of the aged tensile samples slightly decreases and plasticity remarkably deteriorates.