中国自然保护区生态旅游活动现状

在问卷调查的基础上,对中国自然保护区开展生态旅游活动的数量、规模和分布格局等现状进行研究。结果表明,有563个自然保护区开展了生态旅游活动,其中国家级自然保护区有141个,地方级自然保护区有422个。不同省级行政区域和不同地理片区间生态旅游的开展状况有明显差异。开展生态旅游保护区数量最多的3个省级行政区域分别为江西省、云南省和山东省;开展生态旅游数量最多的前10个省级行政区域共有352个保护区,占我国开展生态旅游保护区总数的62.5%。生态旅游规模开展最大的3个地理区域分别为西南、中南和华北地区,其中西南地区生态旅游规模和收入远高于其他区域,分别占全国生态旅游总规模和总收入的34.7%和64.3%。     

挠力河流域丹顶鹤繁殖期生境景观连接度分析

将景观连接度分析引入三江平原挠力河流域丹顶鹤繁殖期生境的研究中,确定食物、水、隐蔽所、干扰为丹顶鹤生境选择的主要影响因子,建立繁殖期丹顶鹤的生境适宜性指数(habitat suitability index,HSI)模型,对HSI模型值(Ih,s)进行景观制图并纠正,以此为基础,根据丹顶鹤的领域性和繁殖期最小需求面积,利用缓冲区分析,得到丹顶鹤生境景观连接度可视图,划定景观连接度区域.结果显示:(1)丹顶鹤生境破碎化严重.丹顶鹤适宜生境中的小斑块(面积小于0.1 km2)数量较多,占71.88%,且多呈岛状分布.(2)人类活动是丹顶鹤生境面积缩减及破碎化的主要原因.丹顶鹤的适宜生境面积仅占流域总面积的5.35%.(3)景观连接度、景观斑块间的渗透性是丹顶鹤对适宜生境利用程度降低的重要影响因素.由于景观连接度的影响,丹顶鹤可利用生境面积进一步缩小,仅占适宜生境面积的78.37%.(4)具有一定水平景观连接度的区域沿河流两侧呈条带状分布.     

鄱阳湖越冬灰鹤和白枕鹤的数量与集群特征

2012年10月至2013年4月,对鄱阳湖越冬灰鹤(Grus grus)和白枕鹤(Grus vipio)种群数量和分布、集群特征以及灰鹤的年龄组成进行调查。结果显示,灰鹤和白枕鹤数量单次记录到的最大值分别为599和600只。4个保护区34个湖泊(或农田)有18个湖泊(或农田)记录到灰鹤种群。灰鹤种群数量在1月初至3月初达到高峰,62.87%的灰鹤集中在鄱阳县白沙洲自然保护区。在12个湖泊(或农田)记录到白枕鹤分布,种群数量在2月底至3月初达到高峰,95.77%的白枕鹤集中在鄱阳湖国家级自然保护区。与以往鄱阳湖越冬鹤类种群分布相比,灰鹤主要集中的区域发生变化,而白枕鹤未发生变化。灰鹤和白枕鹤平均集群大小分别为(8.50±19.84)和(7.52±21.47)只,各时期差异均不显著(P0.05)。灰鹤集群以家庭群为主(占70.07%),聚集群次之(占23.36%);家庭群中2成1幼比例最大(占46.88%),聚集群中以5~9只的集群比例最大(占71.88%)。灰鹤家庭群平均大小为(2.76±0.69)只,聚集群平均大小为(13.84±20.82)只,2种集群类型在各时期之间大小差异均不显著(P0.05)。灰鹤集群中幼体占20.21%。针对鄱阳湖2种鹤类分别提出了相应的保护措施。     

江苏盐城滨海湿地越冬丹顶鹤种群动态变化与生境选择

对2006—2014年江苏盐城滨海湿地越冬丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)种群进行同步调查,分析其中4个年度的种群分布和2个年度的生境利用、选择情况。结果表明,2006—2010年在盐城滨海湿地越冬的丹顶鹤数量呈下降趋势;2010—2014年丹顶鹤种群数量稳定,且略有增长。丹顶鹤分布区域有向核心区集中的趋势。丹顶鹤对苇滩和盐蒿滩表现出正选择,对农田、盐田、水产养殖塘表现出负选择。丹顶鹤种群动态变化及生境选择与保护区内土地利用形式、人类活动和生境变化等因素有关。     

香港古树名木的调查及保护问题

采用实地调查并结合历史档案记载的方法对香港的古树名木进行了全面的普查,在香港193个地点调查到有古树分布,记录古树名木1 332株,共计141种,隶属于46科95属.其中细叶榕Ficus mtcrocarpa 323株、樟树Cinnamomum camphora157株、荔枝Litchi chinensis 118株、龙眼 Dimocarpus longan 97株,4种古树株数之和超过香港古树名木总数的一半.香港古树主要分布在大埔区、中西区、北区和离岛区,四个区所含株数占古树总株数的60.66%,所含古树种数占香港古树总种数的78.72%.在香港116处风水林中,86处记录有古树分布,古树数量占调查到的古树数量的近50%.根据调查的结果,还对香港古树名木的保护措施进行了分析研究,旨在为其保育提供参考.     

中国高等植物就地保护状况评价

基于对1 458个自然保护区内高等植物数据的分析,将我国36 866种高等植物的就地保护水平划分为有效保护、较好保护、一般保护、较少保护、保护状况不明、未受保护和未予评价7个等级,并对各高等植物的就地保护状况进行了逐一评价。结果表明,28 385种高等植物在自然保护区内得到不同程度的就地保护,占评价高等植物总数(不含仅分布于港澳台地区的高等植物,下同)的81.25%;保护状况不明或未受保护的高等植物有6 552种,占评价高等植物总数的18.75%。另外,仅分布于中国港澳台地区的高等植物有1 929种,约占我国高等植物总数(36 866种)的5.23%。该研究在类群水平上分别对被子植物、裸子植物、蕨类植物和苔藓植物的就地保护成效进行评价,并为我国高等植物的就地保护提出有针对性的对策建议。     

甘南亚高寒草甸不同坡向土壤微生物群落分布特征

为了探究坡向变化对土壤微生物群落分布的影响,采用稀释涂布平板法和最大可能数(MPN)法测定了亚高寒草甸3年间(2014年、2015年和2016年)不同坡向土壤微生物类群及2016年微生物功能群的分布特征,并分析了微生物类群及功能群分布与植物生物量、土壤理化性质等环境因子的关系。结果表明,不同坡向土壤微生物群落分布差异显著(P0.05),由阳坡向阴坡变化时,土壤微生物类群总数整体呈上升趋势。同一坡向土壤细菌数量所占比例最大,放线菌次之,真菌最小;2016年微生物总数较2014年与2015年分别下降了61.75%和68.23%。土壤微生物功能群总数随阳坡向阴坡变化呈现先增加后减少的趋势,氨化细菌数量显著高于固氮菌与硝化细菌数量(P0.05)。相关分析表明,亚高寒草甸坡向梯度上土壤微生物群落分布是多种环境因子共同作用的结果,其中,土壤含水量、全磷和土壤p H值是影响土壤微生物类群分布的主导因子,固氮菌、硝化细菌数量与有机碳含量相关性达到显著水平。综合分析表明,阴坡土壤环境明显优于阳坡,更适宜土壤微生物进行生命活动。     

气候变化对我国丹顶鹤繁殖地分布的影响

利用最大熵模型,结合大气环流模型和IPCC(政府间气候变化专门委员会)最新发布的A2和B2气候情景,模拟和预测气候变化对我国东北地区丹顶鹤(Grus japonensis)繁殖地分布范围及空间格局的影响趋势。结果表明,在A2和B2气候情景下,气候变化将导致丹顶鹤的繁殖适生区域不断缩减,核心分布区域向西和向北移动,其中东北3省的栖息地变化明显,内蒙古东部地区未来将成为丹顶鹤的主要栖息地。认为我国急需建立一套完整可靠的丹顶鹤分布监测系统,进一步加强湿地的人工补水和湿地恢复等工作,以利于丹顶鹤繁殖地的保护。     

城市化对土壤微生物群落结构的影响

随着城镇化的推进,中原农业区大量的农业用地转变为城市用地,受城市化过程中人为活动的强烈影响,与城市化有关的土壤质量问题日益突出。而土壤质量与土壤微生物密切相关,后者对环境变化比较敏感,它能够较早地指示生态系统功能的变化,并反映出土壤的质量和健康状况。因此,研究土地利用方式的变化对土壤微生物的影响是评价土壤环境质量的重要指标。以"中部崛起"六省中城镇化率增长最快的地区之———河南省商丘市为例,采用以空间梯度代替时间顺序的方法,以城市建成区、城市外围的郊区及农田为研究对象,分别测定不同城市化水平下土壤微生物的数量和组成,研究土壤由农业用地转变为城市用地过程中,土壤微生物群落结构的变化。以城市中心为起点,分别在东、南、西、北四个方向上取样,在同一方向上沿城区—郊区—农田梯度上进行取样。采用平板涂抹计数法测定土壤中细菌、真菌、放线菌的数量。结果表明,农田、郊区和城市土壤微生物总数分别为14.68×106 cfu·g-1、8.19×106 cfu·g-1和10.99×106 cfu·g-1,即城市化使土壤中微生物总数量减少;同时,土壤微生物的组成和比例结构也发生变化,其中,城市建成区土壤中细菌和真菌所占微生物总数的比例高于郊区和农村,而放线菌在农村占的比例高于城市建成区和郊区。城市建成区不同用地类型下土壤微生物总数的变化趋势为公园校园居住区道路,其中,细菌占微生物总数的比例在公园土壤中最大,而放线菌和真菌则相反,二者占微生物总数的比例在道路土壤中最大,在公园土壤中比例最小。土壤微生物数量和组成的这些变化反映出土地由农业用地转变为城市用地过程中,土壤质量和健康状况及生态系统功能的变化,可以为评价土壤环境质量及土壤管理提供参考依据。     

扎龙湿地丹顶鹤巢址空间分布变化及其对环境变化指征

扎龙国家级湿地保护区是我国一级保护鸟类丹顶鹤最重要的集中繁殖栖息地。以扎龙保护区为研究区,利用质心模型和最近邻体模型等方法,模拟1996至2004年间丹顶鹤（Grus japonensis）巢址的空间分布变化,分析这种变化对环境变化的指示作用。结果表明：丹顶鹤种群巢址分布出现向核心区集中的现象,鹤巢平均最近邻体距离大幅减少,巢址的空间分布格局由1996年的均匀分布转变为2004年的成群分布型;丹顶鹤巢址的空间分布变化表明该区环境发生巨大的变化：1996年核心区内栖息资源相对均匀、丰富,而缓冲区和实验区适宜生境呈零星分布格局,此后生境质量经历了由适宜一非适宜,适宜生境空间分布由均匀一斑块化的过程,到2004年各功能区适宜生境数量大幅减少,且核心区内适宜生境斑块化严重。为研究区丹顶鹤种群及其生境的保护和管理提供参考。     

National Responsibilities in European Species Conservation: a Methodological Review

Abstract: One particular challenge in reducing the loss of biodiversity by 2010, as agreed on at the Earth Summit in 2002, is to assign conservation tasks to geographic or administrative entities (e.g., countries or regions) on different geographical scales. To identify conservation tasks, it is imperative to determine the importance of a specific area for the global survival of a species. So far, these national or subnational responsibilities for the conservation of species have been included differently in methods prioritizing conservation. We reviewed how 12 European and 3 non‐European methods determined national conservation responsibilities and evaluated the international importance of a biological population. Different countries used different methodologies, which made a direct comparison of assessments of national responsibilities among countries extremely difficult. Differences existed in the importance criteria used. Criteria included population decline, range reduction, rarity status, degree of isolation of a population, endemism, proportional distribution, and geographic location. To increase comparability, it is imperative to develop criteria for which data are generally available and to standardize the methodology among countries. A standardized method would allow conservation decisions to be based on the conservation status of a species and on the responsibility of a geographic or administrative entity for the survival of a species. We suggest that such a method should use a scalable index of proportional distribution, taxonomic status, and the distribution pattern of a taxon or species as key elements. Such a method would allow for the creation of hierarchical lists and would be highly relevant for parts of the world with multiple political jurisdictions or state unions and for nations with regional governmental structures. Conservation priorities could then be reasonably set by combining national responsibility assessments with the international conservation status of a species.     

Stakeholder participation in management of invasive vertebrates

Stakeholders are increasingly involved in species conservation. We sought to understand what features of a participatory conservation program are associated with its ecological and social outcomes. We conducted a case study of the management of invasive vertebrates in Australia. Invasive vertebrates are a substantial threat to Australia's native species, and stakeholder participation in their management is often necessary for their control. First, we identified potential influences on the ecological and social outcomes of species conservation programs from the literature. We used this information to devise an interview questionnaire, which we administered to managers of 34 participatory invasive-vertebrate programs. Effects of invasive species were related to program initiator (agency or citizen), reasons for use of a participatory approach, and stakeholder composition. Program initiator was also related to the participation methods used, level of governance (i.e., governed by an agency or citizens), changes in stakeholder interactions, and changes in abundance of invasive species. Ecological and social outcomes were related to changes in abundance of invasive species and stakeholder satisfaction. We identified relations between changes in the number of participants, stakeholder satisfaction, and occurrence of conflict. Potential ways to achieve ecological and social goals include provision of governmental support (e.g., funding) to stakeholders and minimization of gaps in representation of stakeholder groups or individuals to, for example, increase conflict mitigation. Our findings provide guidance for increasing the probability of achieving ecological and social objectives in management of invasive vertebrates and may be applicable to other participatory conservation programs.     

Biodiversity Conservation in Local Planning

Abstract:  Local land-use policy is increasingly being recognized as fundamental to biodiversity conservation in the United States. Many planners and conservation scientists have called for broader use of planning and regulatory tools to support the conservation of biodiversity at local scales. Yet little is known about the pervasiveness of these practices. We conducted an on-line survey of county, municipal, and tribal planning directors (n = 116 ) in 3 geographic regions of the United States: metropolitan Seattle, Washington; metropolitan Des Moines, Iowa; and the Research Triangle, North Carolina. Our objectives were to gauge the extent to which local planning departments address biodiversity conservation and to identify factors that facilitate or hinder conservation actions in local planning. We found that biodiversity conservation was seldom a major consideration in these departments. Staff time was mainly devoted to development mandates and little time was spent on biodiversity conservation. Regulations requiring conservation actions that might benefit biodiversity were uncommon, with the exception of rules governing water quality in all 3 regions and the protection of threatened and endangered species in the Seattle region. Planning tools that could enhance habitat conservation were used infrequently. Collaboration across jurisdictions was widespread, but rarely focused on conservation. Departments with a conservation specialist on staff tended to be associated with higher levels of conservation actions. Jurisdictions in the Seattle region also reported higher levels of conservation action, largely driven by state and federal mandates. Increased funding was most frequently cited as a factor that would facilitate greater consideration of biodiversity in local planning. There are numerous opportunities for conservation biologists to play a role in improving conservation planning at local scales.     

Influence of Forest Fragmentation on Community Structure of Frogs and Lizards in Northeastern Costa Rica

Abstract:  To better understand responses of reptiles and amphibians to forest fragmentation in the lowland Neotropics, we examined community and population structure of frogs and lizards in the fragmented landscape surrounding La Selva Biological Station in the Sarapiquí region of northeastern Costa Rica. We used diurnal quadrats and nocturnal transects to sample frogs and lizards in nine forest fragments (1–7 ha each) and La Selva (1100 ha). Species richness in all fragments combined was 85% of that found in La Selva with comparable sampling effort. Richness varied from 10 to 24 species among forest fragments, compared with 36 species at La Selva. Lizard density was higher and frog density was lower in forest fragments than in La Selva. Community composition varied among sites and by fragment size class, and species occurrence was nested with respect to fragment area. Isolation and habitat variables did not significantly affect species richness, composition, or nestedness. We classified 34% of species as fragmentation sensitive because they were absent or occurred at low densities in fragments. Nevertheless, the relatively high diversity observed in the entire set of fragments indicates that preserving a network of small forest patches may be of considerable conservation value to the amphibians and reptiles of this region.     

节水型社会试点城市绵阳市的节水水平分析

以节水型社会试点城市绵阳市为例，分析了绵阳市的现状节水水平，在比较国内外先进用水水平的基础上，分析了绵阳市的节水潜力，以提高用水效率为核心，提出了必要的工程和非工程措施，保证水资源的高效利用，确保绵阳市社会经济的可持续发展。     

Integrating Top-Down with Bottom-Up Conservation Policy in Africa

Abstract:  Developed nations intervened in conservation policy across Africa during the 20th century to address needs to protect species and biodiversity that were based on their own perceptions and priorities. In the 21st century, conservationists in Africa have revised these perceptions and begun the process of identifying conservation priorities from an African perspective and in consideration of Africans' priorities. Although foreign conservation interveners struggled to identify mechanisms to which local people would respond, African conservationists are now demonstrating how to integrate the continent's unique socioeconomic circumstances into efforts to protect biodiversity. In Africa effective conservation policy must include the generation of wealth, reduction of disease and hunger, and support of traditional land-use practices.     

Utility of Mitochondrial DNA Barcodes in Species Conservation

Abstract:  Molecular tools are a standard part of many conservation studies and can be informative at many different levels of analysis, although there are inherent limitations and strengths of different genes or parts of genes to inform specific questions. Animal DNA barcodes, 600- to 800-base-pair segments of the mitochondrial gene cytochrome oxidase I, have been proposed as a means to quantify global biodiversity. Although mitochondrial (mt) DNA has a long history of use at the species level, recent analyses suggest that the use of a single gene, particularly mitochondrial, is unlikely to yield data that are balanced, universally acceptable, or sufficient in taxonomic scope to recognize many species lineages. Mitochondrial and nuclear genomes have different patterns of evolution and modes of inheritance, which can result in very different assessments of biodiversity. The ramifications of choosing a particular definition of species (species concept) need to be carefully considered because current efforts have designated DNA barcodes as the universal species concept without demonstrating its superiority over preexisting concepts. The results of such a barcoding paradigm may include a failure to recognize significant portions of biodiversity or nuclear/mitochondrial mixed lineages and could spuriously focus conservation resources on populations with relatively minor mtDNA divergence. DNA barcodes are most likely to provide potentially useful information for groups that are already well studied, and such taxa do not constitute the majority of biodiversity or those in most need of research attention. DNA barcode-length sequences are an important source of data but, when used alone or out of context, may offer only a fraction of the information needed to characterize species while taking resources from broader studies that could produce information essential to robust and informed conservation decisions.     

Gaps and Mismatches between Global Conservation Priorities and Spending

Abstract:  Several international conservation organizations have recently produced global priority maps to guide conservation activities and spending in their own and other conservation organizations. Surprisingly, it is not possible to directly evaluate the relationship between priorities and spending within a given organization because none of the organizations with global priority models tracks how they spend their money relative to their priorities. We were able, however, to evaluate the spending patterns of five other large biodiversity conservation organizations without their own published global priority models and investigate the potential influence of priority models on this spending. On average, countries with priority areas received greater conservation investment; global prioritization systems, however, explained between only 2 and 32% of the US$1.5 billion spent in 2002, depending on whether the United States was removed from analyses and whether conservation spending was adjusted by the per capita gross domestic product within each country. We also found little overlap in the spending patterns of the five conservation organizations evaluated, suggesting that informal coordination or segregation of effort may be occurring. Our results also highlight a number of potential gaps and mismatches in how limited conservation funds are spent and provide the first audit of global conservation spending patterns. More explicit presentation of conservation priorities by organizations currently without priority models and better tracking of spending by those with published priorities are clearly needed to help make future conservation activities as efficient as possible.     

Guidelines for Systematic Review in Conservation and Environmental Management

Abstract:  An increasing number of applied disciplines are utilizing evidence-based frameworks to review and disseminate the effectiveness of management and policy interventions. The rationale is that increased accessibility of the best available evidence will provide a more efficient and less biased platform for decision making. We argue that there are significant benefits for conservation in using such a framework, but the scientific community needs to undertake and disseminate more systematic reviews before the full benefit can be realized. We devised a set of guidelines for undertaking formalized systematic review, based on a health services model. The guideline stages include planning and conducting a review, including protocol formation, search strategy, data inclusion, data extraction, and analysis. Review dissemination is addressed in terms of current developments and future plans for a Web-based open-access library. By the use of case studies we highlight critical modifications to guidelines for protocol formulation, data-quality assessment, data extraction, and data synthesis for conservation and environmental management. Ecological data presented significant but soluble challenges for the systematic review process, particularly in terms of the quantity, accessibility, and diverse quality of available data. In the field of conservation and environmental management there needs to be further engagement of scientists and practitioners to develop and take ownership of an evidence-based framework.     

Priorities for Improving the Scientific Foundation of Conservation Policy in North America

Abstract:  The Society for Conservation Biology (SCB) can enhance conservation of biodiversity in North America by increasing its engagement in public policy. Toward this end, the North America Section of SCB is establishing partnerships with other professional organizations in order to speak more powerfully to decision makers and taking other actions—such as increasing interaction with chapters—geared to engage members more substantively in science-policy issues. Additionally, the section is developing a North American Biodiversity Blueprint, which spans the continental United States and Canada and is informed by natural and social science. This blueprint is intended to clarify the policy challenges for protecting continental biodiversity, to foster bilateral collaboration to resolve common problems, and to suggest rational alternative policies and practices that are more likely than current practices to sustain North America's natural heritage. Conservation scientists and practitioners can play a key role by drawing policy makers' attention to ultimate, as well as proximate, causes of biodiversity decline and to the ecological and economic consequences of not addressing these threats.