基于裂缝干涉模型的非常规油气井压裂优化设计软件的开发与应用

基于复合断裂力学解析方法和能量平衡原理,考虑非常规油气储层岩石高脆性和低渗透性特点,研究水平井分段压裂诱导裂缝间应力相互干扰条件下裂缝扩展的力学机制和缝内变密度支撑剂运移规律。根据水力压裂裂缝扩展的拟三维模型和考虑缝内流体沿缝长、缝高二维流动的全三维模型,分别考虑水平井单井缝网压裂和双井同步压裂形成网状裂缝状态,建立考虑缝间应力干扰的诱导网状裂缝体积压裂优化设计模型,采用Visual Studio 2012开发平台,研制设计软件3D-UGMulti-Fracture。根据断裂力学和渗流力学原理研究水力压裂过程中不同密度支撑剂在网状裂缝内的运移过程。利用微地震技术对同步压裂井实施裂缝监测,检测结果与软件计算结果具有很好的一致性。按照压裂工艺设计要求,优化排液量和砂比等参数,增加裂缝有效支撑长度,提高裂缝导流能力。     

考虑垂向摩阻的裂缝拟三维延伸模型

裂缝拟三维延伸模型具有极快的收敛速度、令人满意的计算精度和较强的适应性,但该类模型中没有考虑垂向摩阻,计算得到的裂缝高度偏大,不能模拟存在缝高失控的裂缝三维延伸过程。推导存在垂向摩阻的裂缝宽度解析表达式,考察裂缝张开位移判据的精度,认为对于常规水力裂缝没有必要进行小范围屈服修正。在此基础上,考虑双线性流动模式和压裂液的初滤失,建立改进的裂缝拟三维延伸模型。实例模拟分析表明:改进模型精度更高;当隔层应力差较大时,下缝高的延伸极其缓慢,有利于底水油藏压裂;当隔层应力差极小时,裂缝高度与长度近似相等,但由于重力差作用,上、下缝高仍有明显差异。     

水平井多段压裂多裂缝扩展形态计算方法

为解决水平井多段压裂多裂缝扩展形态问题,基于位移不连续边界元法建立三维裂缝应力场计算模型,并结合裂缝的不同边界条件和亚临界裂缝扩展模型,给出多裂缝扩展形态计算方法。通过与UFM模型对比,验证方法可靠性。根据该算法,研究不同压裂方式、不同缝间距与缝高、不同净压力与主应力差的多裂缝扩展形态,结果表明:对于多段单簇压裂,后续压裂缝会靠近或远离已压开流体内压缝,而已压开支撑剂充填裂缝对后续压裂缝扩展轨迹影响较小;多簇压裂外侧裂缝为主扩展裂缝,中间裂缝扩展长度减小;对于早先压裂缝为流体内压缝的情况,缝间距与缝高的比值不仅影响裂缝偏转角度,还影响裂缝偏转方向;对于两簇同时扩展的情况,缝间距与缝高的比值越小,或净压力与主应力差的比值越大,裂缝发生偏转的角度越大;对于多簇压裂方式,增大缝间距与缝高的比值有利于多簇裂缝的均匀延伸,而改变净压力与主应力差的比值并不能改变各簇缝长的分布情况。     

基于微元法的低渗透储层定向射孔转向压裂裂缝动态扩展模型

为明确低渗透非常规油气储层定向射孔转向压裂改造过程中裂缝扩展轨迹及其偏转距离的变化规律,综合考虑水平地应力差、射孔参数、注液参数、地层力学参数等因素对水力裂缝偏转扩展的影响,建立基于微元法的定向射孔转向压裂裂缝动态扩展模型(MEM模型)。该模型通过VisualBasic语言编制的迭代运算程序完成缝尖微小步长增量与偏转角之间的循环迭代计算,实现对转向裂缝动态扩展过程的模拟。通过比较MEM模型计算的裂缝扩展轨迹与现场压裂微地震监测结果、XFEM模型计算结果及室内压裂试验结果之间的差异,验证MEM模型的准确性。以临兴区块石盒子组致密砂岩储层为例,研究各因素对裂缝扩展轨迹及其偏转距离的影响规律与机制。研究结果表明:不同因素下裂缝扩展轨迹的变化趋势基本一致,裂缝从射孔端起裂后逐渐向水平最大地应力方向偏转,偏转幅度先增大后减小;裂缝偏转距离随水平地应力差的增加呈负对数规律减小,随射孔方位角、注液速率及压裂液黏度的增加呈线性规律增大;射孔长度对裂缝偏转距离几乎没有影响。该模型和结论对进一步认识定向射孔转向压裂过程具有重要意义。     

储层非均质性对水力压裂裂缝扩展的影响研究

为了研究滤失和储层非均质性对水平井多簇射孔水力压裂裂缝扩展形态的影响,在前期建立的水力压裂流固耦合模型基础上,增加考虑多孔介质内流体流动,裂缝-孔隙间的流体交换和射孔流量分配的物理过程,形成了用于多簇射孔水力压裂裂缝扩展的裂缝-孔隙流固耦合模型,并数值模拟研究了致密砂岩气储层性质均质、非均质下水平井多簇射孔水力压裂裂缝扩展。研究发现:(1)滤失对中间簇射孔水力压裂裂缝扩展影响较大;(2)在储层均质情况下,多裂缝呈对称扩展,而在储层杨氏模量、抗拉强度、基质渗透率等非均质分布情况下,多裂缝呈非对称、非均匀扩展;(3)在储层复杂非均质情况下,四簇和三簇射孔水力压裂存在射孔簇过度改造、欠改造、甚至未起裂扩展的情况,尤其是在小间距条件下的四簇射孔。而两簇射孔水力压裂即使在间距较小时裂缝也能正常起裂扩展。因而,为了裂缝更多地有效扩展,在实际工程中,如果水力压裂密集施工,建议采取两簇射孔压裂;如果水力压裂不密集施工,兼顾施工成本建议采取三簇或四簇射孔压裂。     

致密砂岩水平井多裂缝扩展及转向规律研究

为研究致密砂岩水平井割缝压裂裂缝扩展及转向规律,采用四维水射流割缝装置和大尺寸真三轴相似物理模拟试验系统,开展了不同缝间距、应力差、压裂排量对水平井多裂缝扩展规律的试验和数值模拟研究,建立了单张开裂缝和多裂缝扩展的应力理论模型和一套室内割缝压裂物理试验方法。通过剖样观察和压力曲线特征的类比分析得到以下结论:①多裂缝起裂后后续压力曲线的典型波动峰值,是致密砂岩多裂缝相互干扰的一个明显特征;小间距使得邻近裂缝处于高诱导应力区域,增加了应力干扰和裂缝偏转程度;②大排量使得裂缝内部净水压增大,多裂缝偏转角度和程度增大,更容易形成纵向缝;且处在中间裂缝受到抑制,大角度偏离最大主应力方向延伸并趋于两侧裂缝最终停止扩展,而两侧裂缝延伸的距离更长;③高应力差条件下,诱导应力场难以改变原始主应力的大小,降低裂缝转向的角度,起裂后后续压力曲线波动较平稳,裂缝更易形成平行于最大主应力方向的横切缝。研究成果可用于多段割缝压裂施工参数的优化设计,从而为不同地质条件的砂岩储层油气开采和煤矿中水力压裂坚硬顶板治理强矿压提供参考。     

水力压裂裂缝穿层及扭转扩展的三维模拟分析

 应用并行有限元程序对水力压裂过程进行真三维数值模拟,实现对压裂裂缝起裂、扩展及扩展中的穿层、扭转行为的全过程分析;数值计算中无需假定压裂裂缝的起裂位置和扩展路径,即可根据实际岩体水力学模型的力学、水力学等边界条件,自动标定出压裂裂缝的三维扩展模式,并显示出该并行有限元程序对复杂地质力学条件下水力压裂过程三维模拟分析的适用性。通过对压裂裂缝扩展过程中孔隙压力分布、裂缝几何形状和尺寸的演化进行了解读,显示出压裂裂缝的扩展模式与地层分布密切相关。当生产层很薄或生产层与上下阻挡层岩性差别较大时,裂缝穿层现象突出,可能会出现压裂实际缝长远远小于设计缝长的现象;近场地应力差异、地层分布特征及岩体细观非均匀性都有可能诱发压裂裂缝扭转扩张。分析结果对水力压裂施工设计具有一定的参考价值。     

动力水力压裂的相场模拟方法

 水力压裂计算对页岩气开采至关重要,将岩体等效为均匀多孔介质,以动力达西–毕奥流描述岩体内的渗流过程,以相场方法追踪裂缝扩展,将压裂裂缝内流体近似为泊肃叶流,并通过修正渗流方程予以实现,从而提出了动力水力压裂的相场模拟方法,并基于显式有限元框架进行数值求解。通过与一维解析解对比说明所提方法计算位移和动水压的准确性。一系列数值算例表明,提出的压裂相场模拟方法能够模拟动力水力压裂作用下裂缝动态扩展的典型特征,且能够计算水力压裂裂缝的相交、分叉和三维扩展等复杂裂缝扩展形态,为动力水力压裂设计提供了强有力的数值计算工具。     

水平井多段分簇压裂裂缝扩展形态数值模拟

水平井多段分簇压裂技术已成为低渗透油气增产的关键技术,能够大幅度增加储层的泄油面积,最大限度地提高采收率,而射孔簇间的应力干扰是影响水平井多段分簇压裂的关键因素。为了提高储层改造体积,研究簇间裂缝扩展的规律,根据流-固耦合及岩石断裂力学理论,利用ABAQUS扩展有限元法建立水平井多段分簇水力压裂二维模型,并利用数值模拟结果对现场2口井的压裂参数进行优化。数值模拟结果表明:水力裂缝长度、簇间距、水平应力差、压裂次序对水力裂缝形态影响显著;裂缝诱导应力场对裂缝形态影响程度随裂缝长度增加逐渐增强,随簇间距和水平应力差的增大逐渐降低;水力压裂次序可以明显改变诱导应力场分布,合理利用能增加有效裂缝长度。现场压裂参数优化后的2口井产能得到明显提高,证明了数值模型的可行性。     

页岩水力压裂水力裂缝与层理面扩展规律研究

在对含天然层理弱面页岩进行水力压裂过程中,水力主裂缝的起裂、扩展及层理面的扩展对缝网的形成有重要影响。为研究水力主裂缝的起裂、扩展规律和层理面对水力裂缝扩展的影响,开展真三轴试验条件下的水力压裂试验,采用声发射系统监测水力压裂过程,并在试验后对试样进行剖切与CT扫描;同时进行定量的理论分析,并通过试验结果验证。研究表明:(1)起裂方向由初始角度转至最大水平主应力方向;垂向应力与水平最大主应力相差极小时,各个方向起裂压力相差极小,裂缝很快转向最大水平主应力方向。(2)水力主裂缝整个扩展过程中所需水压区间与裂缝长度、断裂韧性值相关。(3)形成由层理面与主裂缝构成的网状的裂缝系,层理面在主裂缝的靠近过程中张开区的长度极小,主要在主裂缝接触到层理面后产生较大的张开区与剪切区,层理面的剪切区域长度远大于张开区域长度,剪切区域提供主要的导流通道;剪切区的长度对层理面黏聚力c和水力裂缝与层理面交角?参数敏感性很高。研究结果可以为压裂模型的建立提供几何参数,并对施工参数的设计有指导意义。     

压裂过程中水力裂缝动态宽度实验研究

 裂缝宽度及其变化规律对验证水力压裂模型及指导压裂施工设计具有重要意义。由于水力裂缝宽度比其长度和高度小3～4个量级,且储层埋藏较深,目前尚无法直接测量实际地层中的水力裂缝宽度,仅能大致通过模型估算或数值模拟获得。通过在室内压裂试件中布置单根或多根布拉格光纤光栅(FBG)应变传感器,对类混凝土材料的水力裂缝宽度进行多点同步动态监测,得到不同时刻多点水力裂缝宽度的变化,并依据裂缝宽度变化得到了裂缝扩展速度,从而对水力压裂裂缝扩展中的尺度变化进行了过程描述。实验研究表明,室内水力压裂模拟实验中水力裂缝的宽度为微米级别,裂缝扩展速度为0.1 mm/s量级;在水力压裂过程中,裂缝宽度随裂缝扩展呈现波动式变化,并非随着裂缝扩展单调增加。研究结果对认识水力压裂裂缝的扩展及提升压裂工艺技术具有重要参考价值。     

Simulating hydraulic fracturing processes in laboratory-scale geological media using three-dimensional TOUGH-RBSN

In this context, recent developments in the coupled three-dimensional (3D) hydro-mechanical (HM) simulation tool TOUGH-RBSN are presented. This tool is used to model hydraulic fracture in geological media, as observed in laboratory-scale tests. The TOUGH-RBSN simulator is based on the effective linking of two numerical methods: TOUGH2, a finite volume method for simulating mass transport within a permeable medium; and a lattice model based on the rigid-body-spring network (RBSN) concept. The method relies on a Voronoi-based discretization technique that can represent fracture development within a permeable rock matrix. The simulator provides two-way coupling of HM processes, including fluid pressure-induced fracture and fracture-assisted flow. We first present the basic capabilities of the modeling approach using two example applications, i.e. permeability evolution under compression deformation, and analyses of a static fracturing simulation. Thereafter, the model is used to simulate laboratory tests of hydraulic fracturing in granite. In most respects, the simulation results meet expectations with respect to permeability evolution and fracturing patterns. It can be seen that the evolution of injection pressure associated with the simulated fracture developments is strongly affected by fluid viscosity.     

致密灰岩储层压裂裂缝扩展形态试验研究

开发低孔、低渗的致密灰岩储层需要进行大规模的水力压裂。致密灰岩的成岩过程、矿物组成以及岩石力学性质与致密砂岩等储层差异很大,在不同应力状态以及施工参数条件下水力裂缝扩展形态有待研究。采用真三轴水力压裂试验系统对致密灰岩露头展开压裂物模试验,研究地应力差、压裂液黏度、变排量、酸处理等多种因素对水平井压裂裂缝扩展规律的影响。试验结果表明:当水平地应力差在2~8 MPa之间时,水力裂缝易于沟通天然裂缝形成复杂裂缝网络;压裂液黏度升高,会降低剪切滑移和滤失膨胀的可能性,从而降低裂缝的复杂程度;在走滑断层的应力状态下,即σ_Hσ_Vσ_h,容易形成水平缝,特别是当井眼方向沿着层理面时极易沿着层理起裂;变排量压裂可以激活更多的天然裂缝,有助于形成复杂的裂缝网络;酸液预处理裸眼井段能够显著降低破裂压力,随泡酸时间的增加,破裂压力下降幅度逐渐增大。研究成果为现场压裂施工提供参考。     

Coupled mechanical and chemical processes in engineered geothermal reservoirs with dynamic permeability

A model is developed to represent mechanical strain, stress-enhanced dissolution, and shear dilation as innately hysteretic and interlinked processes in rough contacting fractures. The model is incorporated into a numerical simulator designed to examine permeability change and thermal exchange in chemically active and deformable fractured reservoirs. A candidate engineered geothermal reservoir system (EGS) is targeted. The mechanistic model is able to distinguish differences between the evolution of fluid transmission characteristics of (1) small scale, closely spaced fractures, and (2) large-scale, more widely spaced fractures. Alternate realizations of fracture frequency and scale, exhibiting identical initial bulk permeability, lead to significantly different conclusions regarding permeability evolution and thermal drawdown within the reservoir. Reactivation, primarily through mechanical shear, of pervasive, large-scale fractures is shown capable of causing both hydraulic and thermal short circuiting. Small variations in fracture scale impact the balance between the efficiency of thermal transfer and the rate of fluid circulation. Stress-enhanced chemical dissolution, initially at equilibrium within the reservoir, may be reactivated as fractures are forced out of equilibrium during hydraulic fracturing. At the conditions examined (250 °C reservoir with 70 °C injection), however, shear dilation exerts dominant control over changes to permeability. Heterogeneity in permeability, generated from a normal distribution of fracture spacing, impacts thermal breakthrough times at the withdrawal well, as well as withdrawal rates. For the given conditions, spatial variability over ～1 order of magnitude leads to a reduction of ～10% in withdrawal rates compared to a spatially uniform system. Permeability is a strongly dynamic property and at geothermal conditions is influenced by the full suite of THMC interactions.     

超低渗透砂岩储层同步压裂先导性矿场试验

 为了探索同步压裂在超低渗透砂岩储层的适应性,提高超低渗透砂岩储层开发效果,以长庆油田陇东地区的双水平井阳平1井和阳平2井为试验井,对双水平井同步压裂机制以及压裂优化设计方法进行深入研究,并开展矿场试验。施工中裂缝延伸的微地震监测以及压后试油数据表明：压裂缝展布形态复杂,呈网络化扩展;阳平1井和阳平2井压后试油产量分别达到了132.3和109.5 m3/d,相比该井区直井压后试油平均产量14.1 m3/d分别提高了约9.4和7.8倍,反映双水平井同步压裂能实现对长庆油田超低渗透砂岩储层的充分改造,扩大水力裂缝对储层流体流动的控制范围,提高采油速度和最终采收率。为此,双水平井同步压裂为长庆油田超低渗透储层的高效开发提供了增产工艺技术选择,具有巨大的推广价值和应用前景,对我国超低渗透储层的增储上产具有十分重要的现实意义。     

定向射孔对水力裂缝起裂与延伸的影响

 射孔孔眼是沟通井筒和地层的通道,压裂施工中射孔参数影响施工效果。采用大尺寸真三轴水力压裂物理模拟实验系统,研究定向射孔方位角、水平应力差和微环隙对裂缝起裂、延伸、转向、破裂压力及形态的影响,并建立了射孔直井在地应力条件下产生垂直裂缝的破裂压力预测模型。实验结果表明：利用定向射孔压裂技术可以在地层中形成双翼弯曲水力裂缝;随着定向射孔方位角的增大,破裂压力越来越高,转向距离也越来越大;且水平最大主应力与水平最小主应力之间的应力差对裂缝的转向距离有很大影响;微环隙对裂缝形态及破裂压力也有影响,其使得破裂压力较从射孔孔眼起裂所需压力大幅降低,且裂缝形态与裸眼井起裂类似。结论对于实际的射孔参数优化设计和水力压裂施工具有参考意义。     

Numerical simulation of pore space clogging in geothermal reservoirs by precipitation of anhydrite

Anhydrite cementation in hydrothermal reservoirs can decrease porosity and permeability significantly. In these cases, the amount of hot water produced by hydrothermal heat mining installations is far too low for an economical use of the resource. We study two such cases in the North German sedimentary basin where a secondary anhydrite cementation drastically reduced the original high permeability of a Rhaetian sandstone reservoir. Core-flooding experiments under reservoir conditions indicate that in contrast to the instant dissolution of anhydrite in saline reservoirs, the nucleation probability of anhydrite and the speed of epitaxy on anhydrite crystals ( and , respectively) are very low. We performed numerical simulations of reactive flow on the local and regional scale in order to understand the apparent conflict between constricted nucleation, observed in laboratory experiments, and a complete filling of the pore space by anhydrite cementation found in core samples from boreholes at Neuruppin and Allermöhe. A highly resolved cylindrical reservoir model was used to simulate a chemical stimulation of the Allermöhe reservoir, i.e. the forced increase in porosity and permeability around the borehole in response to the injection of cold brines. Studying the dissolution process for different brine temperatures and salinities, we found that an injection of cold, highly saline brines will break through a cemented barrier of a radius of 5 m around the borehole after 10 days of stimulation. An additional study of the combined effect of hydraulic fracturing and chemical stimulation showed that both types of borehole stimulation increase the permeability by approximately the same amount if dissolution can act directly on the fracture walls. On the reservoir scale, numerical simulations indicate that strata-bound convective flow in the Rhaetian reservoir, driven by temperature differences due to the topography of the aquifer, is insufficient to explain the observed high degree of cementation. However, it can be shown that Ca²⁺ and dissolved in the reservoir brine are forced to precipitate around the fracture zone, if additional hot fluids flow up along faults, heat up the aquifer, and mix with the colder reservoir brine.     

Coupled hydro-mechanical evolution of fracture permeability in sand injectite intrusions

Sandstone "injectite" intrusions are generally developed by the fluidization of weakly cemented sandstones and their subsequent injection into fractured reservoirs.In this work,a continuum coupled hydromechanical model TOUGH-FLAC3 D is applied to simulate the discrete fracture network in large-scale sand injectite complexes.A sand production constitutive model is incorporated to consider the formation of sand through plastic deformation and its influence on evolution of fracture permeability.Overpressures in the fluidized sand slurry drives the injection with sand dikes intruded upwards,typically into previously low permeability"tight" mudstone formations.The contrast in poroelastic properties of the underlying weak sandstone and overlying injectite receptor directly affects the evolution of fracture aperture both during and after intrusion.Fluid drainage into the unconsolidated matrix may reduce the extent of fracture aperture growth,through the formation of shear bands.The results of this work have broad implications related to the emplacement of sandstone intrusions and subsequent hydrocarbon accumulation,maturation and then production.     

压胀对裂缝参数的影响

水力压裂中，由于缝内压力平衡了水平地应力，形成了产生压胀的条件，已经是石油界公认的事实。主要根据压胀产生的机理及各种压胀试验数据，讨论了压胀对岩石特性参数，如弹性模量(E)、孔隙度(φ)、渗透率(K)的影响。根据上述岩石特性参数的变化，讨论了压胀现象对水力压裂产生的裂缝长度(Xf)、裂缝缝宽(wwn)和注入压力(Pnw)的影响。