高支链氨基酸肠内营养对术后肝功能不全病人影响的临床观察

目的:观察高支链氨基酸肠内营养(EN)制剂对术后肝功能不全病人肝功能及营养代谢疗效和安全性. 方法:选择术后肝功不全伴低蛋白血症的病人50例,随机分为两组,观察组28例病人用高支链氨基酸EN制剂治疗,对照组22例病人用整蛋白全营养型EN支持治疗.分别于治疗第7和第14天,观察肝功能、营养状况的变化. 结果:两组病人营养支持治疗后的血清总蛋白、清蛋白、前清蛋白、转铁蛋白均显著高于EN支持治疗前(P＜0.01).观察组病人营养支持第14天前清蛋白显著高于对照组(P＜0.05).两组病人应用营养支持治疗后肝功能各项指标均有显著改善(P＜0.05). 结论:高支链氨基酸能有效地改善术后肝功能不全病人的营养状况和肝功能.     

S-腺苷蛋氨酸对梗阻性黄疸病人肝蛋白质合成的影响

目的:研究S-腺苷蛋氨酸(SAMe)对梗阻性黄疸病人肝蛋白质合成的影响. 方法:将40例梗阻性黄疸病人随机分为治疗组和对照组.治疗组病人给予SAMe静脉滴注,1g/d,连续3d;对照组不予任何保肝药物.观察SAMe治疗后3d对梗阻性黄疸病人血清清蛋白、前清蛋白、转铁蛋白、天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、谷氨酸氨基转移酶、碱性磷酸酶、谷酰转肽酶等肝功能的影响. 结果:与对照组比较,治疗组病人在胆道梗阻解除前SAMe能显著升高血清前清蛋白和转铁蛋白浓度(P＜0.01),并能显著降低天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、谷氨酸氨基转移酶等指标(P＜0.01),但对总胆红素、直接胆红素、碱性磷酸酶、谷酰转肽酶等的影响无显著性差异(P＞0.05).结论:SAMe能促进梗阻性黄疸病人肝蛋白质合成,降低转氨酶,改善肝功能.     

胰十二指肠切除术后不同营养支持方式的疗效比较

目的:比较胰十二指肠切除术(PD)后病人肠内营养(EN)和肠外营养(PN)支持的临床疗效.方法:将71例在我院接受PD的病人随机分为EN组(n=36)和PN组(n=35).比较两组病人手术前后血肝功能相关指标、营养指标以及术后并发症的发生率、肛门排气时间、住院时间和营养支持费用的差异. 结果:两组病人术后血清谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、总胆红素(TBil)、直接胆红素(DBil)等均较术前明显降低(P＜0.05),术后第12天降低更加明显(P＜0.01).而在术后第8和12天,EN组病人ALT、AST、TBil、DBil较PN组明显降低(P＜0.05),总蛋白(TP)、清蛋白(ALB)、前清蛋白(PA)均升高(P＜0.05);术后第12天EN组的血淋巴细胞计数(LY)明显高于PN组(P＜0.05).EN组病人较PN组术后平均住院时间缩短、肛门排气时间早、并发症发生率低、营养支持费用少(P＜0.05). 结论:PD术后EN支持能明显改善病人的营养状态,促进术后恢复,降低住院费用.     

术后早期肠内营养对食管癌病人预后的影响

目的:通过比较早期肠内营养(EEN)和常规肠内营养(EN)组间围手术期病人的营养状况、细胞免疫功能、术后并发症以及临床指标,探讨EEN对食管癌病人预后的影响. 方法:前瞻性分析98例食管癌术后病人,按照不同时间EN支持分为EEN组(n=48)和EN组(n=50).比较两组病人术前、术后第3和第7天的体重、体重指数、血红蛋白、血清总蛋白、清蛋白、转铁蛋白、总淋巴细胞计数以及外周T淋巴细胞亚群等指标,同时观察病人并发症的发生率和临床指标. 结果:EEN组病人术后第3、7天营养指标和细胞免疫指标大多高于EN组,且差异有显著性统计学意义(P＜0.05).EN组病人术后吻合口瘘、肺部感染、切口感染、腹泻发生率略高于EEN组.另外,EEN组病人心律失常发生率低于EN组,且术后肛门排气时间短于EN组(P＜0.05). 结论:围手术期合理、早期使用EN支持能有效地提高食管癌病人的营养状况和免疫功能,降低并发症的发生率,缩短术后住院时间.     

复方氨基酸注射液(17AA-H)在肝功能不全病人中的应用研究

目的:评价复方氨基酸注射液(17AA-H)对肝功能不全病人的营养支持效果及对肝功能恢复的影响. 方法:选择肝功能不全病人59例,给予肠外营养(PN)支持,采用回顾性非随机对照研究方法,根据氮源的不同分为两组.研究组29例使用复方氨基酸注射液(17AA-H),对照组30例使用复方氨基酸注射液(18AA-Ⅱ).比较两组病人PN前后营养指标(总蛋白、清蛋白)、肝功能指标(谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、总胆红素、直接胆红素、碱性磷酸酶、γ-谷氨酸转肽酶)等变化. 结果:两组病人PN支持后营养指标均有所改善,总蛋白、清蛋白组内比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05).研究组病人谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、总胆红素等有所恢复,前后比较有显著性差异(P＜0.05). 结论:使用17AA-H作为PN氮源,有助于改善肝功能不全病人的营养状况和肝功能恢复.     

肠内营养在肝硬化手术病人术前支持治疗中的作用

目的：探讨肠内营养（EN）在肝硬化手术病人术前营养支持治疗中的价值。方法：对20例病人进行维沃和能全力相结合的EN支持,观察病人基础营养状况,肝功能及其储备,内脏蛋白合成能力,门静脉血流速度等指标变化。结果：和营养前比较,病人全身营养状况改善,蛋白合成能力增强,门静脉血流加速且差异显（P＜0．05）。而肝功能无显变化,营养结束后全组病人均行手术治疗。结论：肠内营养应作为此类病人的首选营养方式。     

人血清白蛋白结合异甘草酸镁对失代偿期肝硬化患者肝功能的影响

目的 观察分析人血清白蛋白结合异甘草酸镁对失代偿期肝硬化患者肝功能的影响。方法 选取2022年3月-2023年4月医院收治失代偿期肝硬化患者78例为研究对象,根据组间基线资料均衡可比原则,按照随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,每组各39例。对照组采用常规治疗方案,观察组采用人血清白蛋白结合异甘草酸镁治疗方法,比较两组患者肝功能等指标改善情况。结果 治疗前,两组患者白介素-4、白介素-12、干扰素-γ等炎性因子水平和凝血酶原活动度、血清总胆红素、丙氨酸氨基转移酶等肝功能指标差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。治疗后,两组患者3项炎性因子水平和血清总胆红素、丙氨酸氨基转移酶等肝功能指标均下降,但观察组患者各项指标均低于对照组;两组患者凝血酶原活动度均升高,但观察组患者高于对照组,组间比较差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。采取人血清白蛋白结合异甘草酸镁治疗的观察组患者不良反应总发生率为5.13%,低于对照组的20.51%,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论 在失代偿性肝硬化患者治疗时,采取人血清白蛋白结合异甘草酸镁进行干预,可以改善患者肝功能,降低患者体内炎性因子水平以...     

支链氨基酸强化的肠内肠外营养对肝硬化大鼠术后肝功能及血浆氨基酸谱的影响

目的探讨支链氨基酸（BCAA）强化的早期肠内肠外营养支持对肝硬化大鼠肝部分切除术后肝功能及血浆氨基酸谱的影响,为临床合理应用提供实验依据。方法将24只雄性SD肝硬化大鼠按编号法随机分为肠内营养组、肠内营养＋BCAA组和肠外营养＋BCAA组3组,3组大鼠行肝部分切除术后1d分别进行等热量等氮量营养支持,共5d。术后6d测定大鼠体重、肝功能、前白蛋白、转铁蛋白、肝组织白蛋白mRNA的表达、Ki67蛋白表达指数及进行血浆氨基酸谱分析。结果与术前比较,术后肠内营养、肠内营养＋BCAA、肠外营养＋BCAA组大鼠体重均减轻（P〈0．05）。术后肠外营养＋BCAA组较肠内营养组碱性磷酸酶水平升高（P〈0．05）;肠外营养＋BCAA组较肠内营养＋BCAA组血清天冬氨酸氨基转移酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、碱性磷酸酶水平升高（P〈0．05）。术后肠外营养＋BCAA组较肠内营养、肠内营养＋BCAA组血清前白蛋白水平降低（P〈0．05）,转铁蛋白差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。肠外营养＋BCAA、肠内营养＋BCAA组较肠内营养组血浆中亮氨酸、异亮氨酸明显升高,酪氨酸、苯丙氨酸、精氨酸、色氨酸明显降低（P〈0．05）;肠外营养＋BCAA组与肠内营养＋BCAA组比较,各氨基酸浓度差异均无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。肠外营养＋BCAA、肠内营养＋BCAA组较肠内营养组总氨基酸及芳香族氨基酸均降低,BCAA及BCAA／芳香族氨基酸比值升高（P〈0．05）。肠外营养＋BCAA组较肠内营养、肠内营养＋BCAA组肝组织白蛋白mRNA表达水平及Ki67蛋白表达指数均降低（P〈0．05）。结论BCAA强化的肠内肠外营养支持能改善肝硬化大鼠血浆氨基酸失衡,恢复血浆中BCAA／芳香族氨基酸比值;肠内营养在改善肝功能、促进肝脏蛋白质合成和肝硬化大鼠肝切除术后残肝肝再生方面优于肠外营养,但仍不能提高血浆白蛋白水平。     

鱼油脂肪乳肠外联合早期肠内营养在胰十二指肠切除术病人的应用

目的:研究分析鱼油脂肪乳肠外营养(PN)联合早期肠内营养(EEN)在胰十二指肠切除术后病人的应用价值. 方法:将76例行胰十二指肠切除术的病人随机分为鱼油治疗组和对照组.观察两组病人术前和术后第6天的营养相关指标、肝功能指标、术后并发症、住院时间和费用等. 结果:鱼油治疗组病人与对照组比,术后体重、总蛋白、前清蛋白降幅均显著减少(P＜0.05),转氨酶和乳酸脱氢酶降幅差异显著(P＜0.05),而胆红素降幅无显著性差异(P＞0.05).对照组病人术后腹腔感染和肺部感染发生率显著高于鱼油治疗组(P＜0.05),术后住院时间和费用亦显著增加(P＜0.05). 结论:在PN液中添加鱼油脂肪乳,可改善胰十二指肠切除术后病人机体营养状况,促进肝功能的恢复,降低感染相关并发症,有利于病人术后康复.     

脑卒中合并吞咽功能障碍的老年病人序贯肠内营养支持治疗的研究

目的:探讨序贯肠内营养(EN)支持治疗在脑卒中合并吞咽功能障碍老年病人治疗中的应用和临床效果. 方法:将62例急性缺血性脑卒中合并吞咽功能障碍的老年病人随机分为研究组和对照组.研究组(n=32)病人给予短肽型EN制剂,逐步过渡至整蛋白型EN制剂的序贯EN治疗方案.对照组(n=30)病人直接给予整蛋白型EN制剂.观察两组病人人组第1和第14天的营养指标、免疫功能指标和神经功能缺损评分(NIHSS)的变化以及并发症的发生情况. 结果:入组第14天,两组病人的营养指标、免疫功能指标和NIHSS评分均较第1天明显下降(P＜0.05).研究组与对照组比,营养指标和免疫功能指标下降的程度均较轻(P＜0.05),NIHSS评分下降程度无显著性差异(P＞0.05).研究组病人总并发症的发生率少于对照组(P＜0.05). 结论:序贯EN支持治疗能减轻脑卒中合并吞咽功能障碍的老年病人营养不良发展程度和免疫功能下降程度,促进神经功能恢复,降低并发症发生的风险.     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Worker education in the primary prevention of occupational dermatoses

This paper reports the evaluation of a skin care education programmeconducted on a fine chemicals manufacturing site where over1,000 employees are located. Approximately 60% are involvedin chemical manufacture. Over a 12 month period production staffreceived training in prevention of occupational dermatoses linkedto a site-wide poster initiative. The incidence of new casesof occupational dermatoses fell from 0.055 (70 cases in 1,277employees) to 0.021 (27 cases in 1,277 employees) before andafter the intervention respectively (p<0.0001). After otherfactors such as chemicals handled, observer bias and changesin reporting related to socioeconomic climate were taken intoaccount it is concluded that this study demonstrates the importanceof worker education as a tool for primary prevention of disease.Training materials such as video and poster presentations maybe effectively used in the chemical manufacturing industry asan adjunct to prevention and control of exposure to substanceshazardous to the skin. Such methods may also be used in otherindustries where there are significant risks of dermatoses.     

Regional Variation in Travel-related Illness acquired in Africa,March 1997–May 2011

To understand geographic variation in travel-related illness acquired in distinct African regions, we used the GeoSentinel Surveillance Network database to analyze records for 16,893 ill travelers returning from Africa over a 14-year period. Travelers to northern Africa most commonly reported gastrointestinal illnesses and dog bites. Febrile illnesses were more common in travelers returning from sub-Saharan countries. Eleven travelers died, 9 of malaria; these deaths occurred mainly among male business travelers to sub-Saharan Africa. The profile of illness varied substantially by region: malaria predominated in travelers returning from Central and Western Africa; schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and dengue from Eastern and Western Africa; and loaisis from Central Africa. There were few reports of vaccine-preventable infections, HIV infection, and tuberculosis. Geographic profiling of illness acquired during travel to Africa guides targeted pretravel advice, expedites diagnosis in ill returning travelers, and may influence destination choices in tourism.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

The design of hazard risk assessment matrices for ranking occupational health risks and their application in mining and minerals processing

Two hazard risk assessment matrices for the ranking of occupational health risks are described. The qualitative matrix uses qualitative measures of probability and consequence to determine risk assessment codes for hazard-disease combinations. A walk-through survey of an underground metalliferous mine and concentrator is used to demonstrate how the qualitative matrix can be applied to determine priorities for the control of occupational health hazards. The semi-quantitative matrix uses attributable risk as a quantitative measure of probability and uses qualitative measures of consequence. A practical application of this matrix is the determination of occupational health priorities using existing epidemiological studies. Calculated attributable risks from epidemiological studies of hazard-disease combinations in mining and minerals processing are used as examples. These historic response data do not reflect the risks associated with current exposures. A method using current exposure data, known exposure-response relationships and the semi-quantitative matrix is proposed for more accurate and current risk rankings.