基于MEMS的测姿定向方法研究

针对 MEMS 惯性器件精度较低,MEMS 惯导系统无法满足平台姿态精度要求的问题,本文提出了一种基于 MEMS 器件的测姿、定向方法。当载体近匀速运动时,利用加速度计和磁力计信息,采用垂直陀螺原理得到高精度的姿态信息,通过卡尔曼滤波估计出陀螺漂移,载体非近匀速运动时采用惯性姿态递推更新算法,补偿修正力矩和陀螺漂移误差,提高了载体的测姿定向精度。实验测试结果表明,采用本文的测姿定向方法后 MEMS 系统的姿态精度达到了 0.6°, 精度明显高于传统方法的精度,能够满足大多数中高精度平台的要求。     

一种无线传感器网络全连通群的休眠调度算法

该文针对无线传感器网络的覆盖性和连通性问题,在假设传感器节点地理位置信息已知的条件下,设计了一种包含全连通群的建立和维护以及群内节点休眠调度的全新算法。该算法采用保证群内节点彼此一跳可达的全连通群分群方法,以及分布式节能的休眠调度策略,最大程度上减少传感器网络的能量消耗,延长了网络寿命。仿真结果表明:该算法能较好地保证无线传感器网络的覆盖性和连通性,且能耗较低。     

面向能量受限传感网的最优数据收集策略

本文研究了能量受限条件下无线传感器网络(wireless sensor networks,WSNs)的最优数据收集策略问题.首先,传感器节点周期性采集数据并通过卡尔曼滤波器(Kalman filter,KF)对信息进行预处理以滤除噪声.其次,考虑到通信为主要耗能环节,设计最优数据发送策略令节点在特定轮内发送数据,使得满足网络生存周期前提下,基站获得的数据精度最高.具体来说,针对单跳网络,给出可使基站误差方差最小化的数据发送策略;在此基础上,进一步提出面向多跳网络的改进数据发送策略.最后,利用仿真和原型实验验证所提策略的有效性.     

基于北斗/惯导与多传感融合的无人机参数矫正方法研究

针对无人机飞行过程中姿态、定位以及高度参数不精确的问题,提出基于北斗/惯导与多传感器融合的无人机参数矫正方法,介绍了在北斗/惯导组合系统中融合气压传感器与速度传感器的采集参数,结合卡尔曼滤波器算法推算最优定位值。由速度传感器提供具体参数给惯导系统,并利用加速度与航偏角之间的关系预测无人机轨迹,结合北斗系统当前定位参数推算出最优值,将运算得到的无人机参数通过无线通讯的方式发送到终端进行存储显示。结果表明:采用多传感融合方式矫正的方法有效提高飞行轨迹与姿态的监测精度,定位精度达到3m,为操控无人机提供了有力的理论依据。     

基于卡尔曼滤波的无线传感网时空数据融合算法

无线传感网络节点采集的信息具有较大的相似性,数据结果存在误差。针对该问题,文中提出了一种基于卡尔曼滤波的无线传感网数据融合算法,通过过滤无效数据和缩紧数据包,提高上传数据的有效性和精度。该算法采用实时性较高的卡尔曼滤波算法对无线传感网络中的数据根据时间序列进行数据融合。在时间数据融合的基础上,根据空间分布特点,进一步对多传感器在网关层依据权重进行数据融合。针对不同位置误差实时变化的特点,网关层以空间数据为基础,使用自适应加权算法动态调整各节点权重。仿真实验表明,该算法易于实现,可有效去除冗余信息,提高数据准确度和可靠性。相较于改进的分批估计与自适应加权方法,采用该方法后均方根误差减少约7.9%,精度提高了2.1%。     

Coordination mechanism based on mobile actuator design for wireless sensor and actuator networks

Wireless sensor and actuator networks combine a large number of sensors and a lower number of actuators that are connected with wireless medium, providing distributed sensing and executing appropriate tasks in a special region of interest. To accomplish effective sensing and acting tasks, efficient coordination mechanism among the nodes is required. As an attempt in this direction, this paper develops a collaborative control and estimation mechanism, which addresses the nodes coordination in a distributed manner. First, we propose a regional controllability‐based virtual force algorithm as an actuator deployment strategy to enhance area coverage after an initial random placement of actuators. During this process, a dynamic coordination mechanism is adopted to control nodes. This mechanism incorporates two components, namely, proportional‐integral‐derivative neural network and recursive least squares‐based Kalman filter algorithms. Taking advantage of feedback control and online learning technology, the proposed coordination mechanism schedules the corresponding nodes on the basis of the characteristics of current events, utilizes proportional‐integral‐derivative neural network controller inside each actuator to improve system transient and steady‐state responses, and deals with system state/parameter estimation problems according to the recursive least squares‐based Kalman filter algorithm, so as to achieve better control accuracy. Simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed methods. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于云计算的矿井无线传感网络火情远程监控系统

针对矿井实际需求情况,提出了一种基于云计算的无线传感网络火情远程监控系统,此系统包括通讯基站、无线传感器网络和云计算平台,其中,无线传感器网络通过通讯基站与云计算平台相连接。它包括用于采集煤矿安全数据的无线传感器、执行器和用于传输煤矿安全数据的无线网关。该系统具备低成本、自组织、低功耗、信息交互方便的特点,具有很好的应用前景。     

CWSC: Connected k-coverage working sets construction algorithm in wireless sensor networks

One of the most important issues for wireless sensor networks is to get a long network lifetime without affecting either communication connectivity or sensing coverage. Many sensors that are deployed randomly in a dense sensor network in a redundant way waste a lot of energy. One effective way to save energy is to let only a subset of sensors work at any given time. In this paper, we mainly consider such a problem. Selecting the minimum number of connected sensor nodes that can provide k-coverage (k ≥ 1), i.e., selecting a subset S of working sensors, such that almost every point in the sensing region can be covered by at least k sensors and the sensors in S can form a connected communication subgraph. We propose a connected k-coverage working sets construction algorithm (CWSC) based on Euclidean distance to k-cover the sensing region while minimizing the number of working sensors. CWSC can produce different coverage degrees according to different applications, which can enhance the flexibility of the sensor network. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm, which can conserve energy and prolong the lifetime of the sensor network, is better than the previous algorithms.     

机载传感器时间间隔优化管理算法

提出了一种机载传感器目标探测时间间隔优化管理方法.该方法考虑目标状态估计精度,采用交互多模型滤波算法进行传感器量测信息滤波,进而实时计算传感器目标探测跟踪的信息矩阵.在此基础上,搜索计算传感器在一定探测目标精度下的探测最佳间隔时间,实现机载传感器探测资源的有效配置和管理.进行了该传感器时间间隔优化管理算法的仿真研究,结...     

A Novel Distributed Sensor Fusion Algorithm for RSSI-Based Location Estimation Using the Unscented Kalman Filter

We address the Bayesian sensor fusion approach for distributed location estimation in the wireless sensor network. Assume each sensor transmits local calculation of target position to a fusion center, which then generates under a Bayesian framework the final estimated trajectory. We study received signal strength indication-based approach using the unscented Kalman filter for each sensor to compute local estimation, and propose a novel distributed algorithm which combines the soft outputs sent from selected sensors and computes the approximated Bayesian estimates to the true position. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed soft combining method can achieve similar tracking performance as the centralized data fusion approach. The computational cost of the proposed algorithm is less than the centralized method especially in large scale sensor networks. In addition, it is straightforward to incorporate the proposed soft combining strategy with other Bayesian filters for the general purpose of data fusion.

     

在人体运动测量中应用四元数扩展卡尔曼滤波

提出了一种适合多运动传感器方位测定系统的四元数扩展卡尔曼滤波,该方位测定系统适合人体运动领域的研究,它是基于iNEMO整合套件,集成了三轴陀螺仪、三轴加速度计和三轴磁强计。在该文的扩展卡尔曼滤波过程中,通过加速度计、磁力计的量测噪声进行陀螺仪角度修正,使测量角度值逐渐逼近真实角度大小,同时量测噪音的协方差矩阵设计,可以使方位测定系统辨别静止和运动,增加了可靠性。结合人体前臂屈伸运动的测试,验证了算法的有效性,加之其小尺寸、多功能、低功耗的特点,证明基于MEMS的运动传感器在人体运动测量领域的应用前景良好。     

基于RSSI和惯性导航的融合室内定位算法

针对目前对高精度室内定位算法的需求,提出一种基于接收信号强度识别（RSSI）和惯性导航的融合室内定位算法。基于无线传感网中ZigBee节点的RSSI值,采用位置指纹识别算法,对网络中的未知节点进行定位。结合惯性传感单元（IMU）提供的惯性数据,对RSSI定位结果进行融合修正。利用Kalman滤波器,采用状态方程描述待定位节点位置坐标的动态变化规律,从而实现一种以无线传感网络定位为主、IMU为辅的融合定位方法。仿真结果表明,提出的融合定位算法既能改善单独使用RSSI定位受环境干扰较大的问题,又能避免单独使用惯性导航带来的累积误差,极大地提高了定位精度。     

Connectivity maintenance and coverage preservation in wireless sensor networks

In wireless sensor networks, one of the main design challenges is to save severely constrained energy resources and obtain long system lifetime. Low cost of sensors enables us to randomly deploy a large number of sensor nodes. Thus, a potential approach to solve lifetime problem arises. That is to let sensors work alternatively by identifying redundant nodes in high-density networks and assigning them an off-duty operation mode that has lower energy consumption than the normal on-duty mode. In a single wireless sensor network, sensors are performing two operations: sensing and communication. Therefore, there might exist two kinds of redundancy in the network. Most of the previous work addressed only one kind of redundancy: sensing or communication alone. Wang et al. [Intergrated Coverage and Connectivity Configuration in Wireless Sensor Networks, in: Proceedings of the First ACM Conference on Embedded Networked Sensor Systems (SenSys 2003), Los Angeles, November 2003] and Zhang and Hou [Maintaining Sensing Coverage and Connectivity in Large Sensor Networks. Technical report UIUCDCS-R-2003-2351, June 2003] first discussed how to combine consideration of coverage and connectivity maintenance in a single activity scheduling. They provided a sufficient condition for safe scheduling integration in those fully covered networks. However, random node deployment often makes initial sensing holes inside the deployed area inevitable even in an extremely high-density network. Therefore, in this paper, we enhance their work to support general wireless sensor networks by proving another conclusion: “the communication range is twice of the sensing range” is the sufficient condition and the tight lower bound to ensure that complete coverage preservation implies connectivity among active nodes if the original network topology (consisting of all the deployed nodes) is connected. Also, we extend the result to k-degree network connectivity and k-degree coverage preservation.     

Manifold‐based canonical correlation analysis for wireless sensor network localization

Signal‐strength‐based location estimation in wireless sensor networks is to locate the physical positions of unknown sensors via the received signal strengths. In this field, there are few localization researches sufficiently exploiting topology structures of the network in both signal space and physical space. The goal of this paper is to first establish two effective localization models based on specific manifold (or local) structures of both signal space and physical (location) space by using our previous locality preserving canonical correlation analysis (LPCCA) model and a newly‐proposed locality correlation analysis (LCA) model, and then develop their corresponding novel location algorithms, called location estimation—LPCCA (LE—LPCCA) and location estimation—LCA (LE—LCA). Since both LPCCA and LCA relatively sufficiently take into account locality characteristics of the manifold structures in both the spaces, our localization algorithms developed from them consequently achieve better localization accuracy than other publicly available advanced algorithms. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Position‐based adaptive quantization for target location estimation in wireless sensor networks using one‐bit data

The problem of target location estimation in a wireless sensor network is considered, where due to the bandwidth and power constraints, each sensor only transmits one‐bit information to its fusion center. To improve the performance of estimation, a position‐based adaptive quantization scheme for target location estimation in wireless sensor networks is proposed to make a good choice of quantizer' thresholds. By the proposed scheme, each sensor node dynamically adjusts its quantization threshold according to a kind of position‐based information sequences and then sends its one‐bit quantized version of the original observation to a fusion center. The signal intensity received at local sensors is modeled as an isotropic signal intensity attenuation model. The position‐based maximum likelihood estimator as well as its corresponding position‐based Cramér–Rao lower bound are derived. Numerical results show that the position‐based maximum likelihood estimator is more accurate than the classical fixed‐quantization maximum likelihood estimator and the position‐based Cramér–Rao lower bound is less than its fixed‐quantization Cramér‐Rao lower bound. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Pedestrian Navigation Based on Inertial Sensors, Indoor Map, and WLAN Signals

As satellite signals, e.g. GPS, are severely degraded indoors or not available at all, other methods are needed for indoor positioning. In this paper, we propose methods for combining information from inertial sensors, indoor map, and WLAN signals for pedestrian indoor navigation. We present results of field tests where complementary extended Kalman filter was used to fuse together WLAN signal strengths and signals of an inertial sensor unit including one gyro and three-axis accelerometer. A particle filter was used to combine the inertial data with map information. The results show that both the map information and WLAN signals can be used to improve the pedestrian dead reckoning estimate based on inertial sensors. The results with different combinations of the available sensor information are compared.     

Integral based sliding mode stabilizing a camera platform using Kalman filter attitude estimation

This paper proposes an Integral Sliding Mode Control (ISMC) strategy to stabilize a camera platform. The main goal of this research is to achieve precise inertial stabilization of the platform while attenuating wide range of perturbations including external rates and accelerations. So firstly, a mathematical model for the platform is developed. Then considering the available sensors, the unmeasurable terms are extracted as system uncertainties. The upper bounds of these uncertainties are calculated theoretically and based on them, an appropriate ISMC is designed to stabilize the camera platform and regulate its absolute attitude in local horizon. MEMS gyroscopes are utilized to feedback the angular rate and absolute attitude in inertial coordinate system. To overcome attitude deviations caused by integrating the MEMS gyro's output drift, the attitude is estimated through fusion of gyroscopes with accelerometers using Kalman filter. The closed loop system stability is proved mathematically and finally, performance of the proposed attitude estimation method and the ISMC are validated experimentally.     

Time Synchronization Error and Calibration in Integrated GPS/INS Systems

The necessity for the precise time synchronization of measurement data from multiple sensors is widely recognized in the field of global positioning system/inertial navigation system (GPS/INS) integration. Having precise time synchronization is critical for achieving high data fusion performance. The limitations and advantages of various time synchronization scenarios and existing solutions are investigated in this paper. A criterion for evaluating synchronization accuracy requirements is derived on the basis of a comparison of the Kalman filter innovation series and the platform dynamics. An innovative time synchronization solution using a counter and two latching registers is proposed. The proposed solution has been implemented with off‐the‐shelf components and tested. The resolution and accuracy analysis shows that the proposed solution can achieve a time synchronization accuracy of 0.1 ms if INS can provide a hard‐wired timing signal. A synchronization accuracy of 2 ms was achieved when the test system was used to synchronize a low‐grade micro‐electromechanical inertial measurement unit (IMU), which has only an RS‐232 data output interface.     

传感器网络中运动目标检测与定位

传感器网络综合了传感器、网络和无线通信等多种技术,成为近几年来网络技术和传感器技术发展的一个热门领域.对传感器网络中运动的车辆进行了检测和定位.首先利用恒虚警检测方法判断是否有目标被检测,在检测出目标的前提下,分别利用直接搜索法和卡尔曼滤波方法对目标定位,最后对仿真结果进行了比较.     

Energy‐Efficient Adaptive Dynamic Sensor Scheduling for Target Monitoring in Wireless Sensor Networks

Due to uncertainties in target motion and randomness of deployed sensor nodes, the problem of imbalance of energy consumption arises from sensor scheduling. This paper presents an energy‐efficient adaptive sensor scheduling for a target monitoring algorithm in a local monitoring region of wireless sensor networks. Owing to excessive scheduling of an individual node, one node with a high value generated by a decision function is preferentially selected as a tasking node to balance the local energy consumption of a dynamic clustering, and the node with the highest value is chosen as the cluster head. Others with lower ones are in reserve. In addition, an optimization problem is derived to satisfy the problem of sensor scheduling subject to the joint detection probability for tasking sensors. Particles of the target in particle filter algorithm are resampled for a higher tracking accuracy. Simulation results show this algorithm can improve the required tracking accuracy, and nodes are efficiently scheduled. Hence, there is a 41.67% savings in energy consumption.