番茄果实次生代谢物对各生育期弱光处理敏感性分析

温室弱光制约着番茄生产,选择对弱光敏感性较强的生育期进行阶段性补光是经济可行的干预方式之一。为了探究番茄不同生育期的弱光敏感性,该研究在全人工光型植物工厂中种植番茄“丰收74-560RZ F1”,以全生育期1000 μmol/(m²·s)的光照强度为对照,分别于番茄花期、膨大期、转色期和采收期中的某一时期进行弱光处理（弱光处理的光照强度为160 μmol/(m²·s),同处理其他生育期光照强度均保持1000 μmol/(m²·s)）,通过对番茄风味及品质相关次生代谢物积累的分析阐明番茄品质形成对不同生育期弱光的敏感性。结果表明：1）各生育期弱光处理均降低了番茄果实总黄酮、多酚和番茄红素的含量,其中,花期弱光处理下番茄总黄酮及多酚含量均为处理间最低,分别较对照显著降低了35%、29%（P<0.05）;花期和转色期弱光处理下番茄红素含量均低于其他处理,分别较对照显著降低了45%和60%（P<0.05）;所有处理下番茄果实中番茄红素与总黄酮、多酚含量均呈显著正相关。2）各生育期弱光处理均显著降低了番茄果实中醛类、酮类、酯类、烃类及醇类等挥发性次生代谢物的总数量和总含量（P<0.05）,所有处理均为醛类含量最高,醇类含量最低。膨大期弱光处理检测出的挥发性物质总数量最少（为40种,较对照减少9%）,花期弱光处理下番茄挥发性物质总含量最低（较对照降低了28%）;其中,花期处理下醛类、酯类及其他类挥发性物质含量均为处理间最低,分别较对照显著降低了31.7%、64.1%、56.8%;花期和膨大期弱光处理下番茄果实中醇类物质含量均低于其他处理,分别较对照显著降低了25.3%和28.2%（P<0.05）;此外,酯类物质在所有处理之间差异均达到显著水平（P<0.05）,说明该类挥发性物质的弱光敏感性较强。研究表明花期弱光胁迫对番茄果实品质和风味相关次生代谢物积累的不良影响最大,较其他生育期而言,番茄花期弱光敏感期更需要采用人工光源进行及时合理的补光以降低损失,而对于花期补光强度及适宜光质需根据补光效果预期及补光成本预算等开展进一步的研究。     

精氨酸对绵羊胴体品质、肉质特性及瘤胃细菌组成的影响

瘤胃细菌在绵羊骨骼肌脂肪酸沉积中起着重要作用。为研究精氨酸对绵羊胴体品质、肉质特性和瘤胃细菌组成的影响，探究瘤胃细菌变化与脂肪酸沉积之间的关系，利用宏基因组测序、气相色谱技术分析绵羊补饲精氨酸后瘤胃细菌组成和肌肉脂肪酸谱的变化，建立两者间的关联性。选取16只健康且体质量相近的3月龄绵羊，随机分为对照组（基础饲粮）和精氨酸组（基础饲粮+1%精氨酸），进行90 d的饲养试验。结果表明，与对照组相比，精氨酸组绵羊的背膘厚显著降低（P<0.05），背最长肌的亮度（L^*）值、黄度（b^*）值及剪切力值均显著减小（P<0.05），红度（a^*）值显著增加（P<0.05）。精氨酸组背最长肌十五烷酸、十七烷酸和十七碳烯酸的含量显著低于对照组（P<0.05），二十四碳烯酸、α-亚麻酸、二十二碳六烯酸和n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的含量显著高于对照组（P<0.05）；精氨酸组n-6/n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的比值显著降低（P<0.05）。宏基因组分析显示，补充精氨酸显著提高了瘤胃中梭菌属、月形单胞菌属、瘤胃球菌属和密螺旋体属的丰度（P<0.05），降低了丁酸弧菌属、副拟杆菌属、解琥珀酸菌属、甲烷短杆菌属和Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus的丰度（P<0.05）。此外，精氨酸组瘤胃中丁酸的含量显著增加（P<0.05）。关联性分析显示，丁酸弧菌属与n-3多不饱和脂肪酸呈显著负相关（P<0.05）与饱和脂肪酸呈显著正相关（P<0.05）；脂肪酸含量对肉的色泽和pH值有较大的影响。综上所述，精氨酸通过降低瘤胃氢化菌的数量，减少氢化的发生，促进肉中有益脂肪酸沉积，进而改善羊肉品质。研究结果为今后通过饲粮营养干预靶向调控瘤胃细菌提高羊肉品质提供参考。     

控释掺混肥对麦玉轮作体系农田温室气体排放和硝态氮残留的影响

为阐明控释肥对冬小麦-夏玉米轮作体系作物产量、温室气体排放和硝态氮残留的影响,该研究以郑单958（夏玉米）和济麦22（冬小麦）为供试材料,设不施氮对照（CK）、常规施氮（FFP）、优化施氮（OPT）、含30%控释尿素的控释掺混肥（夏玉米）和含50%控释尿素的控释掺混肥（冬小麦）（CRBF1）、含50%控释尿素的控释掺混肥（夏玉米）和含70%控释尿素的控释掺混肥（冬小麦）（CRBF2）共5个处理,对比分析了不同处理的冬小麦、夏玉米及周年产量、温室气体排放和土壤硝态氮残留的差异。结果表明,施氮可显著提高麦玉轮作系统单季和周年作物产量（P<0.05）。与FFP相比,CRBF1和CRBF2处理的夏玉米、冬小麦和周年产量分别提高了1.4%～3.0%、1.9%～3.4%和1.6%～3.1%（P>0.05）。施氮显著增加了麦玉轮作体系的土壤N₂O和CO₂的周年排放（P<0.05）。CRBF1和CRBF2处理的土壤N₂O周年排放总量较FFP处理显著降低了27.7%～34.6%（P <0.05）。施氮显著增加了麦玉轮作体系的周年全球增温潜势（GWP）（P<0.05）。CRBF1和CRBF2处理的周年GWP较FFP处理降低了4.2%和5.7%,其中CRBF2处理差异显著（P<0.05）。施氮降低了麦玉轮作体系的周年温室气体排放强度（GHGI）。CRBF1和CRBF2处理的周年GHGI较FFP处理降低了5.6%～8.6%（P>0.05）。与FFP相比,CRBF1和CRBF2处理的100~200 cm土层硝态氮残留降低30.6%～34.3%（P<0.05）,减少了硝态氮淋失风险。综上所述,控释掺混肥在稳定作物产量、减少温室气体排放和土壤硝态氮残留方面具有积极作用,研究结果可为麦玉轮作体系的轻简高效氮肥管理提供数据支持和理论支撑。     

水分和CO2对玉米光合性能及水分利用率的影响

利用环境生长室探讨不同CO₂浓度和土壤水分亏缺处理下玉米植株生物量、气孔形态与分布特征、叶片气体交换参数、叶绿素荧光参数等生长及生理指标的变化规律。以‘郑单958’ 玉米品种为试材,利用环境生长室设置2个CO₂浓度和4个土壤水分梯度对玉米进行CO₂浓度和水分处理。结果表明：1）不同程度土壤水分亏缺均显著降低玉米地上生物量（P<0.05）,但CO₂浓度升高增加了轻度水分亏缺条件下玉米地上生物量（P<0.01）和总生物量（P<0.01）。2）大气CO₂浓度升高导致轻度和中度水分亏缺条件下玉米的净光合速率（P_n）分别提高15.8%（P<0.05）和25.7%（P=0.001）,而CO₂浓度升高却降低了玉米叶片蒸腾速率（P<0.001）和气孔导度（P<0.001）,最终导致玉米瞬时水分利用效率均显著提高（P<0.001）。3）不同水分处理对玉米叶片气孔密度和单个气孔形态特征均造成显著影响（P<0.01）。因此,大气CO₂浓度升高可以增加轻度水分亏缺条件下玉米叶片氮含量、叶片非结构性碳水化合物含量和光合电子传递速率,从而提高玉米植株的生物量累积以及叶片碳同化能力和水分利用效率。研究结果将为深入理解气候变化背景下玉米对大气CO₂浓度升高和土壤水分亏缺的生理生态响应机制提供科学依据。     

长期保护性耕作对坡耕地黑土有机碳组分的影响

为对比长期保护性耕作模式与传统耕作模式对黑土有机碳组分的差异化,揭示长期保护性耕作对侵蚀退化黑土质量的恢复作用。基于典型黑土坡耕地连续15 a保护性耕作长期定位田间试验,设置免耕保护性耕作（NT）和旋耕传统耕作（CT）2个田间耕作试验,并实行玉米-大豆轮作模式,测定并分析了两种耕作措施下土壤有机碳及其不同碳组分随土壤剖面的垂直分布及变化特征。结果表明：连续实施15 a的NT与CT相比分别显著提高0～5和>5～10 cm土层的土壤有机碳质量分数（29.54%和22.38%）（P<0.05）,碳储量（31.11%和27.34%）（P<0.05）,全氮质量分数（53.74%和37.60%）（P<0.05）,表层土壤碳氮质量分数提升显著（P<0.05）,深层土壤碳氮质量分数变化不显著;以>5～10 cm土层土壤颗粒有机碳（69.85%）、0～5 cm土层的土壤轻组有机碳（130.81%）和0～5、>5～10 cm土层土壤微生物量碳（85.59%和59.53%）的提升为主,并且对深层土壤有机碳组分也产生一定的积极影响;耕作效应对于土壤团聚体稳定性指标影响显著（P<0.05）,并且土壤团聚体稳定性指标对于SOC质量分数提升也起到了关键作用。研究表明,与传统耕作相比,连续实施15 a保护性耕作,增加的有机碳以活性有机碳为主。长期的保护性耕作对恢复退化农田黑土质量及土壤固碳均具有重要意义。     

扰流风机降温对奶牛泌乳性能和免疫功能的影响

为研究奶牛舍采用扰流风机降温对奶牛泌乳性能和免疫功能的影响,该研究选择结构和饲养管理相同的两栋泌乳牛舍,检测安装风机（风机舍）和不安装风机（对照舍）对不同时期奶牛泌乳性能、淋巴细胞凋亡率、血液理化指标及免疫相关基因mRNA表达的影响,并分析奶牛泌乳性能、免疫性能指标与等温指数（equivalent temperature index for cattle,ETIC）之间的相关性。结果表明：1）安装风机改善了舍内温热环境,整个试验期风机舍的平均ETIC较对照舍降低了3.52 ℃,有效缓解了奶牛的热应激。2）风机舍的产奶量和4%标准乳在试验中、后期均显著高于对照舍（P<0.05）,且风机舍的乳脂率较对照舍也表现出显著性提高（P<0.05）。3）安装风机改善了热应激条件下奶牛的免疫功能。与对照舍相比,风机舍奶牛血液中淋巴细胞数量在试验中、后期显著增加（P<0.05）,并降低了淋巴细胞的早期凋亡率（P<0.05）,淋巴细胞中促凋亡因子Bax的mRNA表达量及其血清浓度在试验后期均表现出显著性降低（P<0.05）,抗凋亡因子Bcl-xl的mRNA表达量（P<0.01）及其血清浓度（P<0.10）在试验中、后期表现出增加趋势。此外,风机舍的血清白细胞介素-12（Interleukin-12, IL-12）和免疫球蛋白G（Immunoglobulin G, IgG）浓度较对照舍也表现出显著性增加（P<0.05）。4）从各项指标之间的相关分析得出,乳蛋白率、淋巴细胞数量与ETIC均呈显著负相关关系（P<0.05）,淋巴细胞BAK mRNA表达、血清IL-6浓度与ETIC呈显著正相关关系（P<0.05）。 可见,安装扰流风机可改善舍内温热环境,有效缓解夏季奶牛的热应激,提高奶牛生产性能和免疫功能。     

有机覆盖对城市森林土壤有机碳矿化及其氧化稳定性特征的影响

为探究有机覆盖对城市森林土壤有机碳矿化及其氧化稳定性特征的影响，采集北京市鹫峰国家森林公园土壤，进行室内培养，研究不覆盖(CK)、木片覆盖(M_w)、堆肥覆盖(M_c)、上层木片覆盖+下层堆肥覆盖(M_w+c) 4种条件下土壤有机碳矿化特征及氧化稳定组分变化。结果表明，不同有机覆盖方式均显著影响了土壤有机碳(SOC)矿化(P<0.05)，M_c、M_w+c、M_w处理的有机碳累积矿化量分别是CK的1.77倍、2.93倍和3.98倍，M_w处理累积矿化量分配比和Cp/SOC值(土壤有机碳矿化潜能占土壤有机碳含量的比重)显著高于M_c和M_w+c处理(P<0.05)，说明M_c和M_w+c处理的固碳潜力好于M_w处理。不同有机覆盖方式显著提升了土壤有机碳及其氧化稳定组分含量(P<0.05)，M_w+c处理的增幅最明显，土壤有机碳含量比CK提高了29.14%；高活性有机碳组分和低活性有机碳组分含量较CK分别提高了20% 和37.14%。有机覆盖提高了土壤有机碳稳定指数，降低了活性指数，表明有机覆盖增强了土壤有机碳稳定性。有机碳累积矿化量与高活性有机碳组分呈极显著正相关(P<0.01)，与土壤有机碳和低活性有机碳组分呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。综合土壤有机碳矿化特征及其氧化稳定组分的变化来看，上层木片+下层堆肥的覆盖模式，既能提高土壤的固碳潜力，又能协调有机碳矿化与稳定性特征。     

环绕式LED光质对蛋白核小球藻生长代谢影响

微藻是一类生长速度快、环境适应能力强的单细胞自养生物，利用其生产的碳水化合物、蛋白质、油脂等已在食品、水产养殖、医疗保健等领域广泛应用，然而，高养殖成本始终是限制其产业化发展的难点之一。光源是微藻培养的重要环境因子，现有研究多报道波段及光照周期对微藻生长代谢的影响，其所用光源几乎均采用单侧排布，光在藻液中分布的均匀性和稳定性易受藻液光径、藻密度等影响。该研究以商业化较成熟的微藻——蛋白核小球藻（Chlorella pyrenoidosa）为对象，将环绕式LED人工光源应用于微藻培养中，采用光强为100 μmol/(m²·s)的白、红、黄、绿、蓝、紫6种光质分别培养蛋白核小球藻21 d，每日监测藻液中生物量和光合色素含量变化，测定培养末期（D21）藻体中的蛋白质、油脂和碳水化合物含量及脂肪酸组成和丰度，分析不同波段光质对蛋白核小球藻生长代谢的影响。结果显示，相较于对照组（白光），绿光和蓝光分别培养蛋白核小球藻7 d和9 d后其生物量显著提高（P<0.05），培养末期（D21）绿光组和蓝光组的生物量分别提高了24.4%和8.0%（P<0.05）；藻液中叶绿素a的变化趋势与生物量变化类似，但绿光组藻体中总光合色素质量分数却显著低于紫光组（P<0.05），可能与微藻对紫光的吸收利用率低有关（需要合成更多光合色素来获取光能）；红光组中碳水化合物质量分数增加11.5%而油脂质量分数显著下降23.8%（P<0.05）；蓝光最利于油脂累积，显著提升26.2%（P<0.05）；紫光使蛋白核小球藻的碳分配从碳水化合物向蛋白质合成方向分流；脂肪酸分析表明，绿光和紫光最利于总脂肪酸累积，较对照组（39.5‰）分别提升20.1%和18.2%（P<0.05）；绿光和蓝光更有利于多不饱和脂肪酸的合成。研究结果可为蛋白核小球藻胞内碳分配的优化调控提供有效的光源配置方案，为蛋白核小球藻的高效优质生产提供理论参考。     

中国施用生物炭对番茄产量和品质效应的Meta分析

为定量分析生物炭施用对番茄产量和品质的时空效应和影响机制,同时为番茄生产中生物炭合理施用量的确定提供依据。该研究通过检索文献整合已发表的相关田间试验数据,采用Meta-analysis法分析了生物炭施用条件下,生物炭特性、土壤条件、田间管理措施与时空特性对番茄产量和品质的综合效应,并对各影响因素进行通径分析。结果表明：施用生物炭显著增加了番茄产量、果实Vc、可溶性糖和可溶性固形物含量（P<0.05）,增长率分别为 30.7%（95%置信区间（confidence interval,CI） 为27.6%～33.9%）、13.8%（95% CI为10.8%～16.9%）、6.7%（95% CI为3.3%～10.2%）和10.7%（95% CI为5.8%～15.8%）,而番茄果实硝酸盐含量降低了3.1%（95% CI为-6.7%～0.8%）,对番茄果实糖酸比含量增加效应不显著（95% CI为-3.0%～7.9%）;番茄产量效应的亚组分析表明,生物炭施用在不同时间和区域特征下对番茄增产效应影响显著（P＜0.01）,随着时间的推移,生物炭施用对番茄增产效应呈波动式增长趋势,华北、东北农田区的番茄增产效应不显著;土壤有机质含量与番茄增产率呈正相关关系,土壤pH值与番茄增产率呈负相关关系,番茄增产率随土壤全氮及硝酸钾含量的增加呈先增后减趋势;田间管理措施对番茄产量效应分析结果表明,生物炭施加量>40～80 t/hm²时,增产率可达37.8%（95% CI为33.5%～42.1%）,生物炭热解温度在400～600 ℃内,生物炭pH值控制在>8～9为最优;生物炭施用量、生物炭pH值和产量年份是影响生物炭增产效果的3个主要因素。研究结果可为番茄生产中科学、合理生物炭施用量的确定提供理论支撑。     

中国南北方植物对土壤加固机制的差异性

为深入分析植物对土壤加固的影响效益和机制,该研究选取重庆缙云山地区和陕西延安黄土丘陵区种植一年的乔木（火炬树、榆树）和灌木（荆条、酸枣）,该测定其根系形态、力学参数和土壤的抗剪强度,通过RBM_w模型计算根系固土效益,综合评估不同植物种的固土效能和贡献度。结果表明：2地种植的物种平均根直径的差异不显著（P > 0.05）,重庆种植的乔木(火炬树、榆树)的根长、分叉数和根尖数显著高于延安,灌木未出现显著差异（P < 0.05）。根系的抗拉强度与直径都符合负幂函数关系,其中平均抗拉强度最大的为荆条。除荆条外,同种植物根系的抗拉强度并未因不同地区的种植产生显著差异。4个植物种根系的固土效率为0.65～4.12 kPa,各物种间存在显著差异（P < 0.05）。重庆2种乔木种植下的根土复合体有效黏聚力高于裸地（约10%）,灌木种植下则普遍略低于裸地。除酸枣外,种植于重庆的4种植物的根系固土作用和效率都显著的高于延安（P < 0.05）。研究结果可为不同地区固土护坡的树种选择提供理论依据。     

Yield,yield components,soil fertility,and nutritional status of soybean as influenced by limestone and copper interactions

Abstract

Continuous limestone application can inhibit the copper (Cu) uptake by plants. This experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions using two soils (Typic Oxisol and Typic Entisol) with different clay and soil organic matter (SOM) levels to evaluate the effects of liming on Cu fertilization. The treatments consisted of two dolomitic limestone rates (0 and 7.5?g per pot, equivalent to 0 and 5.0?Mg ha^?1) and five Cu rates (0, 2, 4, 8, and 16?mg kg^?1). Regardless of the soil type, the limestone and Cu rate interaction did not affect the grain yield (GY), however, they did increase the productivity, shoot dry weight yield (SDWY), number of grains per pod, number of pods per pot, pod weight per pot, weight of 100 seeds, root volume, photosynthetic rate, and chlorophyll, and Ca, Mg, and Cu contents in the soil and leaves. It was concluded that for soybeans cultivated in Typic Entisol and Typic Oxisol, there was no association between 5.0?Mg ha^?1 of limestone and the Cu rates. However, in isolation, limestone and Cu rate caused a significant increase in the soybean productivity, physiological components, and yield characteristics.     

Differential response of soybean genotypes to two lime rates

Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merril] is the leading food crop worldwide, and selection of soybean genotypes for different levels of soil acidity may raise crop yield without the need to increase in planted area. An experiment in greenhouse conditions was conducted to determine the effects of two lime rates on soil chemical properties, grain yield (GY), yield components, nutritional status and physiological components of 15 soybean genotypes adapted to tropical and subtropical conditions. Genotypes BMX Apolo RR, BMX Potência RR, BRS 295RR, BRS 359RR, FPS Solar IPRO and TMG 716 IRR were the least responsive to soil acidity reduction, and BMX Turbo RR and BRS 360RR were the most responsive. Number of pods per pot, shoot dry weight yield, GY, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and chlorophyll increased significantly with increase in lime rate. Cultivar FPS Solar IPRO showed the highest foliar P, K, Ca and Mg concentrations in soybean, which was not observed in the grain, indicating the presence of genetic factors and the dilution effect on nutrient uptake.     

Effect of sulfur source and rates on yield and yield components of soybean in subtropical soils

Abstract

The supply of sulfur (S) fertilizers, such as phosphogypsum, to new agricultural frontiers has been hindered by the high cost of freight. However, this problem could be resolved by utilizing deposits of rock in the affected regions. Accordingly, a greenhouse study was designed to evaluate the effect of S source and rate on soybean yield. Five S rates (0, 50, 100, and 200?mg kg^?1) and five S sources (S-phosphogypsum, S-Niquelândia rock, S-Araripina rock, S-Grajaú rock, and S-Sulfurgran [90% S0?+?10% bentonite]) were applied to soybean grown in two soil types (Typic Ultisol and Typic Oxisol), which differ in clay content. Regardless of soil type, the application of P-phosphogypsum resulted in a higher grain yield. However, application of the other S sources also improved grain yield as well as total dry weight; S application, in general, improved soybean yield components (number of grains per pod, number of pods per pot, and weight of pods per pot), photosynthetic rate, chlorophyll content, and the S levels of leaves and grains as well as the available sulfate (SO₄^2-) levels in the soil. Therefore, for soybean grown in Typic Ultisol and Typic Oxisol, different S sources effectively improve a variety of variables that ultimately improve grain yield.     

Efficiency of Magnesium Use by Common Bean Varieties Regarding Yield,Physiological Components,and Nutritional Status of Plants

The magnesium (Mg) use efficiency in the selection of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) varieties may contribute to increased nutritional status and grain yield. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess common bean varieties following the application of Mg regarding productivity (yield), soil fertility, physiological components, and nutritional status. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in a 5 × 2 factorial scheme with three replicates. Five common bean varieties [BRS Estilo, IPR Tangará, IPR Campos Gerais (CG), IAPAR 81, and BRS Ametista] supplemented with two Mg concentrations [low (0 mg kg^?1) and high (100 mg kg^?1)] using magnesium chloride (MgCl₂) as a source in an Ustoxix Quatzipsamment were assessed. The yield of shoot dry weight (SDW) and grains varied significantly between varieties and Mg rates. The high Mg concentration has negatively affected the yield of SDW and grains of variety IPR Tangará, and the opposite was observed for the other varieties. The physiological components associated with photosynthesis are directly related to the yield of SDW and grains. The concentrations of phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), and boron (B) in leaves and of S, B, iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in grains differed among the varieties and interactions of rates and varieties for B, indicating the presence of genetic factors in nutrient uptake.     

氮钾肥施用方法对烤烟品质及经济效益的影响

针对河南烟区烤烟生产中施肥时所提供的氮、钾量与烟株生长的需氮、钾规律不吻合现状,采用大田小区试验,设置不同烟草专用氮钾肥基追肥比例10∶0、7∶3、5∶5,并配合钾肥在烟株生长旺长期—圆顶期不同兑水淋施处理,研究不同氮钾肥施用方法对烤烟化学成分、中性致香成分质量分数及经济效益的影响。结果表明：1）采用前期施足基肥（70%烟草专用肥）,适量追肥（30%烟草专用肥）,硝酸钾在旺长期—圆顶期分3次兑水追施的施肥方式能够显著提高中、上部烟叶的钾质量分数,使烟叶糖/碱比、钾/氯比趋于协调,提高了上部烟叶的可用性;该处理与对照相比,中、上部烟叶钾质量分数分别提高了49.70%和95.2%。2）从香气物质上来看,该处理中部烟叶中性致香成分中的棕色化产物、类胡萝卜素类、新植二烯香气物质和香气总量分别比对照提高6.59、45.45、249.13和326.89μg/g,增幅分别达36.96%、36.29%、51.70%和49.52%。3）从经济效益上来看,该处理与对照相比增产125.05 kg/hm2,增加产值3 737.81元/hm2。因此,烟草专用肥以7∶3的比例分别在移栽时和大培土时施用、全部的硝酸钾肥在旺长期—圆顶期分3次兑水淋施的施肥措施下烟叶化学成分更协调。该处理增加了烟草香气物质的质量分数,从而显著提高了烟叶产值。     

The relationship of readily decomposable organic matter of the paddy soil to its colloidal complexes

The soil nitrogen of paddy soil is found to exist in the form of organic and inorganic nitrogen. In general, the content of inorganic nitrogen is so low that it is mainly occupied by organic nitrogen. Such soil organic nitrogen is characterized by large resistance to decomposition by soil microorganisms, and so its mineralization occurs to a small extent in most cases. However, as revealed by M. Shioiri¹⁾ and T. Harada et al. ^2,3), by some appropriate treatment of paddy soil, a part of soil organic nitrogen becomes decomposed by microorganisms and mineralized under flooded condition. Among various treatment, for example, are Presented the followings: (1) air-drying of soil Prior to flooding; (2) raising the soil temperature during the flooded condition; (3) raising the soil reaction (pH 9.0) by addition of weak alkali solution; (4) the addition of neutral salts such as Nafiuoride, Na-phosphate, Na-oxalate etc., which make soil humus peptizable.     

Phosphorus,Potassium and Sulfur Interactions in Soybean Plants on a Typic Hapludox

Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merril) has the largest acreage in Brazil where nutrients are provided to crops by formulated fertilizers, which is the most usual method. Under tropical and subtropical conditions, most of the nutrients required by soybean crops are phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), while sulfur (S) is applied in smaller amounts. The P, K, and S interactions under greenhouse conditions using completely randomized blocks in a factorial 3 × 3 × 3 arrangement were evaluated. The treatments were as follows: three P rates (0, 75, and 150 mg P kg^?1); three K rates (0, 150, and 300 mg K kg^?1); and three S rates (0, 50, and 100 mg S kg^?1). The P, K, and S application had a significant influence on the shoot dry weight (SDW) and number of pods per pot (NPP) in contrast with the increase in grain yield (GY) that had positive relationship with K and S rates. These results indicated that both nutrients were the most limiting to GY. In soil and leaves, only the P, K, and S concentrations were modified by the treatments (P, K, and S), but in the grains there was synergism of P rates with Mg concentration unlike K rates with Ca concentration. Physiological components as photosynthetic rate, intrinsic efficiency of water use, and chlorophyll had influence from P and K rates.     

Sulfur Use Efficiency in Soybean Cultivars Adapted to Tropical and Subtropical Conditions

Sulfur (S) is an essential nutrient in crop plants and one of the components of amino acids (AAs) and proteins. Studies about sulfur efficiency on soybean cultivars [Glycine max (L) Merril] adapted to the tropical and subtropical conditions are still incipient. In Brazil, one experiment under greenhouse conditions evaluated the S-efficiency from eight soybean cultivars. The plants cultivated in a Typic Quartzipsamment received two S rates (0 and 80 mg kg^?1). The grain yield (GY), shoot dry weight (SDW), and the relative yield (RY) had influence from the S rates. The cultivars BRS 295RR and BRS 360RR were the most efficient in using the S application. The number of pods per plant (NPP), photosynthetic rate (A), nitrate reductase (N-NO₂^?), and chlorophyll significantly increased with de 80 mg kg^?1 of S. By contrast, the internal concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂) (Ci) was reduced. Similarly, there were increases in the concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), magnesium (Mg), and N:S ratio in the leaves and grain, but the K increased only in the leaves. Comparing the cultivars, only the N concentration in the leaves and the Mg in the grain had non-significant differences.     

Response of common bean varieties to the magnesium application in the tropical soil

The appropriate supply of magnesium (Mg) to the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) according to the requirements of each variety increases the productivity and nutritional value of grains. However, there are few studies on soil's ability to provide the adequate amount of the nutrient and on the reaction of plants with different Mg concentrations. The present study analyzed the response of the common bean plant to soil fertility, grain yield (GY), shoot dry weight (SDW) yield, nutritional status and the response of physiological components of the plant to the concentrations of Mg applied to the tropical soil. Thus, an experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design, in 5 × 4 factorial arrangement, with three replicates. The varieties BRS Estilo, IAPAR 81, BRS Ametista, IPR Campos Gerais (CG) and IPR Tangará were cultivated in an Ustoxix Quatzipsamment with five rates of Mg [0, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg^?1, source magnesium chloride (MgCl₂)]. The common bean varieties and the Mg rates significantly affected the soil chemical properties. Photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, intercellular concentration of carbon dioxide (CO₂), and total soluble sugars significantly correlated with common bean GY and SDW yield. The nutrient content in leaves and grains showed difference responses among the varieties. IAPAR 81 showed the highest rate of mobilization of nitrogen, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, boron, copper and zinc (N, P, Mg, S, B, Cu, and Zn) for grains, being an important factor in studies of crop biofortification.     

精密播种机土壤工作部件的振动控制研究

功率谱密度函数是描述随机振动的一个重要参数,它使我们知道哪些频率的功率是主要的。通过对功率谱密度的研究,有助于理解振动的物理机理,以便进行随机振动控制。该项研究的目的在于控制精密播种机土壤工作部件小幅度输出功率谱密度,获得适合农业技术要求的田间植株分布。通过分析自功率谱峰值点的起因了解到,峰值点主要受传递函数H_1a(ω)、自功率谱密度函数G(ω/Ω)以及cosωτ_L的影响。在这一基础上设计了避开峰值点的作业速度和阻尼消振装置,仿形补偿装置,同时进行了室内土槽试验和田间生产试验,试验表明在田间作业速度为9.05km/h,平均播深为4.88cm时,最大播深变异系数仅为13.4％。