Fences,private and public spaces,and traversability in a Siberian city

Segregation, exclusion and partitioning of urban space are widely discussed in social sciences. Thus far, however, remarkably few studies have addressed micro-practices of dividing space. This article explores such practices in private and public spaces of a post-socialist city. It sets the focus on fences as a particular structuring element of urban space, examining both their material and symbolic meanings. Using Yakutsk, a city in north-eastern Siberia, as an example, we explore a twofold hypothesis. First, has the post-socialist condition brought about a growing awareness of individual space and, furthermore, an extension of private space? Second, can we assume that houses and their surroundings, in particular fences, walls and hedges, serve as means of displaying social status? An examination of these questions requires a typology of buildings and neighbourhoods. Significant are the differences between apartment-building areas and private-property neighbourhoods across the city with regard to the use and materiality of fences, notions of private space, and the web of shortcuts within the urban grid. Drawing on the work of anthropologist Alexei Yurchak, we finally discuss the concept of traversability of contemporary urban space.     

城市公共开放空间系统规划方法初探——以深圳为例

<深圳经济特区公共开放空间系统规划>强调作为公共物品的城市公共开放空间应在实现"公平"的基础上体现"活力".规划结合深圳市的实际情况进一步界定了公共开放空间的内涵,确定将人均公共开放空间面积和步行可达范围覆盖率作为主要评价指标,通过保障足够的公共开放空间面积和数量、提高公共开放空间周边用地的功能复合性等具体手段,并建议加强政府实施监督和管理,以有效实现"公平"与"活力".     

Planning trajectories in post-socialist cities: patterns of divergence and change

This article explores the new planning regimes and planning processes in post-socialist countries and their ability to influence the spatial transformation of cities. It views planning institutions as culturally embedded in the overall process of economic, social, and political transition, while recognizing the power of specific local imperatives and market pressures to shape their response. The research draws on empirical evidence in four countries and their capital cities to highlight the links between the transition to democracy, markets, and decentralized governance on the spatial transformation in post-socialist cities. The main argument is that the new planning institutions have different ability to direct these processes of change, depending on the legal framework, the availability of plans, and the institutionalization of the plan-implementation process. Despite the diverse mosaic of urban experiences in Prague, Riga, Belgrade, and Tirana, planning institutions are viewed as path dependent, influenced by a common socialist legacy. Further, changes in the exogenous environment – economic, social, and institutional – are perceived to be important sources of convergence, but tend to shape different planning responses and policy choices. The research explores these differences as well as the new patterns of spatial transformation in three principal domains: (1) spaces of production/consumption reflecting the economic transition; (2) differentiation in residential spaces associated with the social transition; and (3) new approaches to planning and service delivery resulting from the transition in governance. Central to the arguments in the article is that transition of this magnitude has created a complex urban world in which the patterns of divergence are going to become more explicit in the future, producing spatial and temporal differentiation among post-socialist cities.     

面向亚健康群体的城市绿色开敞空间规划设计初步研究

围绕当前逐步受到关注的亚健康问题及其与城市绿色开敞空间规划设计的关系,介绍了亚健康的发展概况,分析了解决亚健康的途径,回顾总结了有关绿色开敞空间与公众健康关系的研究进展,讨论了当前国内面向亚健康群体的城市绿色开敞空间规划设计中存在的问题,重点探讨了规划设计应该采取的对策,并提出了需要进一步研究的课题。     

Spatial Logic and the Distribution of Open and Green Public Spaces in Hanoi: Planning in a Dense and Rapidly Changing City

Vietnam recently started to recognise the multiple benefits brought by open and green spaces to urban population and environment. In this paper, we analyse the provision of open and green spaces (parks, public gardens and lakeshores) in Hanoi. Using a model proposed by Talen (2010), we examine the spatial evolution of these spaces between 2000 and 2010, their level of proximity to residential units, and the extent to which their distribution matches social needs (defined in terms of population density). We find that while the absolute number and surface area of parks and public gardens has increased significantly in Hanoi, these new public spaces are mainly built on the city’s newly urbanised periphery. As a result, in 2010, only 15% of Hanoi’s residential blocks had access to a park or public garden within a reasonable walking (1000m) or biking distance (2500m). Moreover, the city’s densest residential areas have only access to relatively small gardens and parks, resulting in overcrowding. Lakeshores, however, represent an opportunity to enhance access to open and green spaces in Hanoi due to their spatial distribution. We conclude by advocating for the integration of spatial measures of proximity and needs into Hanoi’s public space planning policy framework.     

Livability in dense residential neighbourhoods of Dhaka

Prime cities in developing countries, like Dhaka experience haphazard and intense horizontal densification. The livability of dense neighbourhoods needs to be investigated, particularly, the role of housing and planning in mitigating density problems and capitalizing the advantages of high-density living. This article argues that housing form and planned community facilities giving respect to socio-cultural practices can significantly influence Dhaka’s livability. Also, a wider definition of housing should be adopted to facilitate improvements in livability. As well, an integrated approach of residential planning is important in intensified housing development projects or planning for dense areas, encompassing housing standards, community facilities, public transport, open space provision and socio-cultural habits. This paper recommends the Bangladeshi Government to ensure enforcement of residential plans, to establish density zones in Dhaka’s main urban areas to guide spatial and transport development and neighbourhood facility provision, and to give greater respect for cultural practices in neighbourhood planning.     

开放空间及周边的风环境历史变化分析——以南京为例

通过对南京三处开放空间及周边地区进行建筑体块建模和冬夏风场模拟,探求在1930-2000年间建筑密度增加、城市形态变化对风环境的影响,发现气流变化不确定性增加、部分地段户外活动舒适度下降、中观尺度的通风廊道受阻等.建议将开放空间及周边的风环境变化纳入城市规划设计和管理中,通过仿真模拟分析与可视化来协助建设管理决策和公共参与,确保高密度城区中开放空间在改善微气候方面的作用.     

Measuring accessibility and utilization of public spaces in Famagusta

Public spaces have a central role, both physically and functionally, in urban planning and development. Many urban theorists state their significant role as one of the principal components of a healthy urban setting. This is in addition to their functional role, when they increase a sense of community when intensive social interaction takes place in these areas. However, recently, they have started to lose significance, when they are neglected in the urban planning process, or when existing spaces are lost. Additionally, accessibility and utilization of these areas decreases, since public spaces are neglected in urban planning and development processes. In this study, public spaces are assessed in terms of accessibility and utilization, regarding the effects of rapid urban growth on their physical and functional structure. This study first evaluates the significance of public spaces in an urban setting; second, determines the variables effective in terms of their accessibility and utilization; third, assesses the factors affecting the accessibility and utilization of public spaces through a questionnaire survey on the role of public spaces in social interaction, and concludes with an evaluation of the results and suggestions for further research.     

Public space and the challenge of urban transformation in cities of emerging economies: Jeddah case study

Urban planning, design guidelines and new management practices have radically transformed public spaces in many countries. With fresh development decisions, urban spaces change spatially. This may improve places, increasing prosperity and extending expectations of modernization in many cities. However, widespread public disillusion and failures to produce environments reflecting local values can collectively shape public areas. This article contributes to debate about dynamism in such spaces. It explores how modernist approaches to planning and design alongside fractures in management practices in emerging cities have shaped the quality urban space. We use Jeddah as a radically re-planned city in a rapidly developing economy, but one where largely unusable public spaces have failed to meet people's everyday needs and aspirations. Our investigation – based on extensive literature reviews, documentary analyses, morphological survey, photographic and qualitative surveys – provides a better understanding of the role of a proactive urban design for promoting environmental quality. This helps resolve the multiple challenges confronting public space provision.     

Social needs of the elderly and active aging in public open spaces in urban renewal

Urban renewal districts have a relatively high concentration of elderly people. Open spaces are important for the elderly for enhancing social interaction and active aging. However, planning and design of open spaces tend to stress on the physical and safety needs of the elderly, while social needs are not frequently addressed. This study intends to identify whether the social needs of the elderly regarding the use of public open spaces in urban renewal districts are addressed in the standard planning and design guidelines which newly planned development and districts are often based upon. Eight focus groups were conducted in elderly community centers in two urban renewal districts in Hong Kong. The results indicate that elderly people consider ‘social and physical activities’, ‘community life facilities and services’ and ‘social network’, as well as a ‘clean and pleasant environment’ to be their most important needs. Thus, planners and designers should take into consideration these criteria for enhancing the social well-being of the elderly and active aging in public open spaces in urban renewal. Furthermore, it stresses that urban renewal districts are part of the elderly's past living experiences and established social networks, which is not the case in new developments and areas. As such, the users' actual needs should be elicited rather than perceived by planners and designers.     

城市绿地统计问题及分析

城市绿地统计存在多种方式。通过对城市绿地系统规划、国家园林城市遥感调查与测试、城市(县城)和村镇建设统计中的城市绿地分类、城市地域和人口统计、城市绿地指标计算方式的比较分析,发现上述3种工作中的建成区的绿化覆盖率、绿地面积、绿地率、人均公园绿地面积等重要指标计算结果差异较大,其原因是在统计中各系统对于部分城市绿地基本属性的认识不一致,以及统计精度要求不一。     

Planning and designing for the multiple use role of habitats in urban/suburban landscapes in the Great Basin

Most researchers agree that preserving, creating, and restoring urban wildlife habitats has to be an interdisciplinary undertaking if it is to succeed. Ecologists and wildlife biologists must be key participants. The culturally modified context of most urban habitats suggests that landscape architects also have a primary role to play.Open space in the urban/suburban environment is a scarce and valuable resource. Private and public sector pressure to convert these spaces to commercial or intensive recreational uses are immediate and intense. Presenting arguments to preserve or restore urban open space solely as habitat for wildlife is seldom successful. Decision makers are more likely to support urban wildlife habitat programs if other uses are also accommodated.There is a growing body of research data that suggests that wildlife are being adversely impacted by multiple uses of urban habitats. The challenge for planners and designers is to minimize adverse impacts and capitalize on those attributes of other uses that enhance habitat value. Planning for the temporal as well as spatial dimensions of site uses is required if the needs of wildlife are to be met.The paper presents three general areas in which landscape architects have traditionally contributed to an interdisciplinary approach to urban wildlife habitat planning: contextual perspective, problem solving process, and design/technical execution.Reflecting back on his past 10 years of experience as a landscape architect planning urban wildlife habitats, the author presents several case study projects in which: (A) accommodation of multiple use objectives, including wildlife habitat, was required; (B) interdisciplinary teams participated in the planning and design process; (C) key principles from the fields of landscape ecology, conservation biology and wildlife biology were applied to facility and activity location, habitat configuration, and management.Plans of completed projects are used to illustrate how habitat values were preserved or enhanced and multiple uses accommodated in public open spaces. The paper concludes with a brief summary of keys to success common to each project.     

基于人群活动的大城市防疫风险预测与防控要素研究*——以武汉市为例

人群集聚发生传染,而人群流动导致 传播,基于人群活动的空间分布特征进行大城市 疫情扩散风险预测是做好常态化防疫和制定突 发公共卫生事件应急响应机制的重要前提。以 武汉为例,基于移动位置服务数据（LBS）、空 间聚集热点（POI）、历史疫情特征等对传染病 动力学模型（SEIR）进行适应性改进,结合空 间分析技术（GIS）进行街道尺度的疫情扩散风 险预测,划分不同空间风险等级。结果表明,高 风险街道主要在中心城区边界处成片分布,在 乡镇地区也少量存在。高风险街道内防疫相关空 间要素的统计结果表明：高风险街道职住平衡 度较低,且大部分街道现状人均绿地低于武汉 市的平均值;远城区及部分乡镇地区高风险街 道15 min生活圈的服务设施点配置较少,不利于 紧急时期防疫及基本生活物资的供给;社区医 疗卫生设施在高风险区覆盖率低,而部分街道综合医院密集,可能加剧周边居民的感染风险。基 于研究结论,初步提出促进高风险街道的职住平衡和公共绿地建设、完善社区服务设施配置的 平疫结合、提高远城区社区医疗设施的覆盖率、分散化综合医院的布局等建议。     

健康生活导向下的西方城市公共空间发展研究

以健康生活导向视角追溯西方发达国家城市公共空间发展历程,基于各自不同历史背景、医学模式、公共空间类别及健康生活实现方式,将其归纳为3个重要阶段：神圣敬畏的“公共园林”启蒙期、改善公共健康的城市公共空间发展期、开启多元健康的生活方式成熟期;由此揭示健康生活导向下西方城市公共空间呈现从“单一维度”到“多维融合”、从“消极被动补给”到“积极主动引导”、从“公共”到“共享”的3个发展转变趋势。旨在推动我国以人民健康幸福生活为导向的公园城市建设健康有序发展。     

Accessible and Inclusive Public Space: The Regeneration of Waterfront in Informal Areas

Public open spaces play an important role in achieving equity and inclusion in cities. They are vital elements that shape the urban life and public realm in communities. This paper deals with waterfronts as key spaces in the urban, social, and economic structure of the city, with reference to informal areas where accessibility poses a severe challenge. The paper discusses the interactions between water front uses, potential interventions and the local community’s aspirations, while tackling land properties, and participation issues during the decision-making process for regenerating inclusive public spaces.

Within this context, the authors present, debate, and analyze the case of Al Warrak Cornish project in the Northern Sector of Giza Governorate in Egypt. They discuss three main aspects in water frontage urban development including: water front as an accessible public space, regeneration as a process, and participation as a tool. This is emphasized through the application of an international policy, namely the three – legged approach that was adopted by the ASUD program in UN Habitat since 2013 (Achieving Sustainable Urban Development) including: Design, regulations, and finance to support developing contexts, aiming at regenerating the waterfront urban area, with the presence of informal urbanization, through the methodology of collaborative and participatory planning.

The findings of this research present a methodological decision-making approach for the formalization of the local spatial development framework for waterfronts in informal areas with a focus on the participatory approach. This approach aims at achieving sustainability, and maximizing the economic valorization resulting from the regeneration of informal water frontage areas, balanced with the existing and neighboring community socioeconomic needs. It further highlights the process of reaching common objectives among all stakeholders, especially if they are from different social strata.

The paper concludes that this emblematic project possesses significant implications regarding issues of spatial justice, combining conventional road infrastructure with urban regeneration and community energizing as critical aspects of mediating and articulating success in such contexts.     

通过社区营造实现城市更新——《大栅栏胡同微更新手册》项目

In recent years, in the context of the transition from urban construction to inventory development, landscape architects have begun to explore an urban micro-regeneration mode with gradual, small-scale interventions based on community building. Through the lens of Landscape Architecture, the project elaborated in this article focuses on everyday landscape, explores strategies for improving urban spatial quality in public space, and discusses the ways that landscape architects engage in public participation and community building. Taking Dashilanr neighborhood as the testing ground, this project experimented on a public space microregeneration framework and an innovative public participation mode based on pop-up practices. In response to current spatial problems in Dashilanr neighborhood, the project team proposed a regeneration framework of 5 strategies for public space: activity implantation, traffic improvement, greening promotion, rainwater management, and event and industry planning. As a test to the framework, project presentation and feedback, interactive experience, community building, and other functions were integrated into temporary urban space installations in the pop-up spaces. Combined theoretical framework with practical experiences, this project paid attention to the discussion of propagation effects and discipline boundaries, so as to compile the Dashilanr Micro-Regeneration Handbook, which provides an experimental sample for the inventory planning of Beijing’s old city.     

Urban Space Production in Transition: The Cases of the New Urban Areas of Hanoi

In recent decades, hundreds of master-planned new urban areas (NUAs) have developed on the urban fringes of expanding cities in Vietnam. They are promoted as a new urban planning concept in the post-reform policies. This article discusses the NUAs' planning concepts based on qualitative case studies of four NUAs in Hanoi, and on an examination of the 1990–2000 urban policies. It sheds light on transitional planning and urban space production processes in Vietnam and discusses urban quality in a rapidly urbanising Asian context. The article argues that NUAs are products of a hybrid, transitional system in which local government and the public sector form an alliance with the private sector to serve private interests in urban development. At the same time, NUAs are hybrid products of government-led, entrepreneur-driven planning and self-organising space production by the residents. The self-organising space production activities contribute to the urban quality of these new urban spaces, while the production of privatised, commodified spaces by corporate actors poses a threat to community life.     

城市边缘区公共开放空间的价值、困境及对策研究

城市边缘区公共开放空间建设对于城市边缘区居民参与社区治理、促进城乡融合、控制城市空间蔓延具有重要价值。本文对国内城市边缘区公共开放空间建设的现状、困境及原因进行了分析,认为城市公共物品开发管理及空间配置不均衡、城乡二元的土地制度、城乡规划对非建设用地管理的缺失等,带来了城市边缘区公共开放空间不断被侵蚀、或功能单一难以满足城乡居民需求等问题。在此基础上,文章提出了城市边缘区公共开放空间及设施建设和保护的对策建议,包括强化公共开放空间用地产权的公共属性、建立社区为主体的公共空间建设模式、加强对城市边缘区非建设用地管理等。     

城市绿地促进人群健康的作用途径:理论框架与实践启示

Urban green spaces can not only offer a wide range of ecosystem services, but also promote public health. Most of existing studies have effectually explored the correlation between urban green spaces and public health, but failed to dig the complex impact mechanism behind. This article firstly goes into the positive and negative impacts of urban green spaces on public health, and proposes a theoretical framework of the impact mechanism from perspectives of physical activity encouragement, stress management, social cohesion enhancement, and regulating / supporting services provision by ecosystems. On this basis, 6 health-oriented urban green space system planning strategies are proposed, including promoting the availability, improving the accessibility, enhancing the visibility, optimizing the spatial composition, constructing a network pattern of urban green spaces, and reducing the negative impacts of urban green spaces on public health. The research results can provide theoretical grounding and reference for public health promotion and sustainable urban development to exert more health benefits with limited urban green spaces.     

生态整合目标导向下的城市开放空间资源利用与关联建设用 地布局

针对城镇建设土地利用与开放空间 系统相互割裂,土地利用布局错位的问题,提 出城市规划层面,土地利用与空间布局所承载 的自然、社会与经济过程多纬度整合的规划 思路。立足城市规划土地利用核心环节,致力 于城镇建设土地利用系统和开放空间土地资 源系统的生态整合,趋利避害。文章通过实地 走访调查及文献研究等方法,对城市土地利 用、公共空间现状及其相互关系进行了调查 研究,梳理了其中存在问题,并尝试结合案例 实践探索生态整合目标导向下的规划路径： 通过可相容性分析将环境区分配给可以创造 社会与经济增殖效益的建设土地用途,并以 此获取环境保护的经济与社会支持;运用环 境区与建设区的整体空间布局方法,最大化 环境区外部增殖效益;保护地域环境资源并 融入建设土地利用,塑造地域空间