维持性血液透析患者医院感染的病原学特点及影响因素研究

目的探讨维持性血液透析(MHD)患者医院感染的病原学特点及相关影响因素。方法选取2014年1月-2017年1月医院收治的行MHD治疗的慢性肾衰竭患者98例,将出现医院感染的30例患者纳入感染组,未出现医院感染的68例患者纳入对照组,记录感染组患者的感染情况及病原菌类型,回顾性分析两组患者的相关资料,筛选出相关因素进行影响因素分析,包括患者的性别、年龄、透析时间、贫血情况、糖尿病情况、低蛋白血症情况、C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平、晚期氧化蛋白产物(AOPP)水平、经外周静脉穿刺中心静脉置管(PICC)情况等。结果 98例患者在MHD治疗过程中共有30例患者出现不同程度医院感染,感染率为30.6%,医院感染以呼吸道为主,占40.0%;30例感染患者的送检标本中共分离培养出49株病原菌,其中革兰阴性菌30株占61.2%、革兰阳性菌14株占28.6%、真菌5株占10.2%;多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,高龄、AOPP水平高、透析时间长、合并糖尿病、低蛋白血症是影响MHD患者医院感染的影响因素(P0.05)。结论 MHD患者医院感染较严重,且患者医院感染的影响因素多,根据感染的病原学特点给予合理的预防性治疗,同时做好患者的病情评估,积极改善患者营养状态,重视糖尿病、长期透析、高龄等易感人群的监控,对MHD患者医院感染的预防具有重要意义。     

维持性血液透析患者感染的临床特点、病原菌分布及相关危险因素分析

目的分析维持性血液透析(MHD)患者感染的临床特点、病原菌分布及危险因素。方法选取本院2014年1月-2017年6月收治的MHD患者170例,分为感染组和非感染组,收集信息并分析。结果170例MHD患者中发生医院感染71例,感染率为41.76%;以呼吸道感染(35例,49.30%)为主。低血红蛋白、低血清白蛋白、年龄≥60岁、贫血、血透透析时间长、透析次数多、糖尿病肾病(DN)、高血压肾病、PICC应用是MHD患者感染的危险因素。共分离出116株病原菌,以革兰阴性菌为主,共69株(占59.48%),主要为大肠埃希菌(16.38%)、克雷伯菌属(12.07%)、假单胞菌属(11.21%)、不动杆菌属(8.62%);革兰阳性菌共44株(占37.93%),以金黄色葡萄菌(12.93%)、表皮葡萄球菌(12.07%)为主;真菌3株(占2.59%)。结论MHD患者感染主要以呼吸道感染、革兰阴性菌为主,感染危险因素较多。     

血液透析患者医院感染的危险因素与预防

目的 分析血液透析患者医院感染的分布、危险因素以及预防措施.方法 回顾分析112例血液透析的临床资料,对患者的年龄、透析充分性、透析龄、贫血状况、心功能状况、血清白蛋白、插管及透析器复用与感染发生的相关性进行统计分析.结果 112例血液透析患者中,共发生感染67例次,感染部位主要为血管通路、呼吸道、泌尿道等;＞60岁年龄组、透析不充分组、透析龄＞1年组、重度贫血组、心力衰竭组、低蛋白血症组以及插管患者的感染率显著高于对应的比较组;而透析器复用组的感染率差异无统计学意义.结论 高龄、透析不充分、透析龄长、重度贫血、心功能不全、插管以及低白蛋白血症是医院感染的高危因素,因此严格加强无菌操作,充分的透析,减少侵入性操作,改善贫血和营养状况等是降低医院感染的有效措施.     

慢性肾衰竭血液透析患者泌尿系感染相关因素分析

目的分析慢性肾衰竭维持性血液透析患者伴发泌尿系感染的病原菌分布情况及危险因素,为临床预防提供依据。方法选取2011年1月-2015年12月于医院收治的慢性肾衰竭维持性血液透析患者420例,通过对泌尿系感染患者进行病原菌培养以对其分布情况进行分析,同时对所有患者临床资料进行回顾性分析,探讨泌尿系感染发生的相关因素,采用SPSS17.0软件进行统计分析。结果 420例慢性肾衰竭维持性血液透析患者中有70例伴发泌尿系感染,感染率为16.7%;70例泌尿系感染患者共检出病原菌102株,其中革兰阴性菌58株,占56.9%,革兰阳性菌34株,占33.3%,真菌10株,占9.8%;单因素分析显示年龄、合并糖尿病肾病、贫血、高血压肾病、慢性肾小球肾炎、肿瘤相关肾病、低蛋白血症及透析龄等是慢性肾功能衰竭血液透析患者伴发泌尿系感染的危险因素(P<0.05);logistic回归分析显示,年龄、合并糖尿病肾病、贫血、慢性肾小球肾炎及合并高血压肾病等是独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论慢性肾衰竭维持性血液透析患者伴发泌尿系感染较多,其中病原菌主要为革兰阴性菌,感染发生的危险因素包括年龄、合并糖尿病肾病、贫血、慢性肾小球肾炎及合并高血压肾病等,临床上应针对危险因素进行预防性治疗。     

再生障碍性贫血患者医院感染相关因素分析与预防

目的探讨再生障碍性贫血患者医院感染的危险因素,并提出相应预防措施,降低医院感染发生率。方法选取再生障碍性贫血患者208例,统计患者医院感染的发生部位及临床资料,并采用logistic回归分析进行再生障碍性贫血患者医院感染相关因素分析。结果 208例患者中发生医院感染48例、96例次,感染率23.08%、例次感染率46.15%;其中以上呼吸道感染和肺部感染最为常见,分别占26.04%和18.75%;再生障碍性贫血患者中年龄≥60岁、住院时间≥30d、有侵入性操作、白细胞计数2.0×109/L、合并其他疾病、应用抗菌药物以及应用激素或者免疫抑制剂等感染率明显高于其他感染,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);经logistic回归分析,患者的年龄、住院时间、侵入性操作、白细胞计数、合并其他疾病、应用抗菌药物以及应用激素或者免疫抑制剂是引起再生障碍性贫血患者医院感染的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论再生障碍性贫血患者并发感染的危险因素较多,应通过针对性的预防措施予以积极预防。     

血液透析患者呼吸道感染的危险因素分析

目的分析血液透析患者呼吸道感染的危险因素,探讨预防与控制呼吸道感染的护理对策。方法回顾性分析2009年1月-2013年4月收治的391例血液透析患者临床资料,采用logistic回归分析呼吸道感染相关危险因素,数据采用SPSS16.0软件进行统计分析。结果 391例血液透析患者共发生呼吸道感染95例,感染率24.30%;年龄>60岁、透析龄>1年、血红蛋白含量<70g/L、透析间期体质量增长比>5.00%与合并糖尿病的患者感染率,分别为30.55%、30.13%、58.59%、31.03%、57.85%,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05);logistic回归分析显示,年龄、透析龄、血红蛋白含量、透析期间体质量增长比、合并糖尿病为血液透析患者呼吸道感染的独立危险因素。结论高龄、透析龄长、体质量过度增长、合并贫血、糖尿病是血液透析患者呼吸道感染的高危因素,加强基础疾病治疗的监控力度,增强患者机体免疫能力,配合正确的透析操作是血液透析预防呼吸道感染护理工作的重点。     

103例尿毒症血液透析患者医院感染危险因素分析

[目的]探讨尿毒症血液透析患者发生医院感染的危险因素。[方法]对103例尿毒症血液透析患者按医院感染诊断标准分为感染组和非感染组,记录其年龄、性别、住院天数、体重指数、血红蛋白、血清白蛋白、免疫球蛋白G、C反应蛋白、首次血液透析前血清肌酐、原发病是否是糖尿病肾病等,并将以上因素数量化,并通过Logistic回归分析寻找尿毒症血液透析患者发生医院感染的危险因素。[结果]103例尿毒症血液透析患者中,43例发生医院感染,发生率为41.7%。经Logistic回归分析显示低蛋白血症、体重指数低、贫血、高龄、原发病为糖尿病肾病、住院天数延长,是造成尿毒症血液透析患者发生医院感染的危险因素,其P值均小于0.05。[结论]低蛋白血症、体重指数低、贫血、高龄、原发病为糖尿病肾病、住院天数延长可能是造成尿毒症血液透析患者发生医院感染的独立危险因素。     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病患者肺部感染的相关危险因素分析

目的探析老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)患者肺部感染的相关危险因素,以控制医院感染的发生。方法调查2009年2月-2013年2月50例肺部感染的COPD患者临床资料,采用单因素和多因素logistic回归分析危险因素,采用SPSS17.0软件对所有数据进行统计分析。结果单因素分析COPD患者医院发生肺部感染与患有糖尿病、Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭、住ICU时间较长、行机械通气、低蛋白血症、长期应用抗菌药物和(或)频繁更换,长期使用激素显著相关(P<0.05);经多因素logistic回归分析发现,合并糖尿病、住ICU时间较长、低蛋白血症、长期应用抗菌药物和(或)频繁更换是COPD患者肺部感染的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论多种危险因素导致老年COPD患者医院肺部感染的发生,应积极采取治疗措施降低感染率。     

血液透析深静脉置管感染的相关危险因素研究

目的探讨血液透析患者行深静脉置管并发导管感染的相关危险因素,以降低深静脉置管感染的发生。方法回顾性分析297例血液透析深静脉置管患者临床资料,分析置管感染的发生率及引起感染的相关危险因素;采用SPSS 17.0软件进行统计分析,计数资料采用χ2检验,多因素分析采取非条件logistic多因素回归分析。结果 297例血液透析深静脉置管患者,发生置管感染者58例,感染率为19.53%;单因素分析显示,患者年龄、糖尿病、低蛋白血症、深静脉留置位置、换药频率、留置导管时间是引起置管感染的危险因素(P<0.01);非条件logistic多因素回归分析结果显示,患者年龄、糖尿病、低蛋白血症及留置导管时间是引起置管感染的独立危险因素(P<0.01)。结论引起血液透析深静脉置管感染的危险因素较多,针对危险因素进行干预对降低深静脉置管感染具有重要意义。     

洁净手术室医院感染的现状分析

目的分析洁净手术室医院感染的现状,总结降低洁净手术室医院感染的措施,以期降低洁净手术室医院感染率,提高医疗质量。方法选取2011年1月-2012年12月医院洁净手术室患者4698例,对手术间细菌监测情况采用SPSS13.0软件进行统计分析,对洁净手术室患者临床资料采用t或χ2检验,多因素分析采用logistic回归分析,探讨洁净手术室医院感染的危险因素。结果年龄≥60岁、Ⅲ类切口、合并糖尿病、低蛋白血症的患者发生医院感染率明显高于年龄<60岁、Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类切口以及不合并糖尿病、低蛋白血症的患者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);经过多因素分析,年龄、切口分类、是否合并糖尿病和低蛋白血症是洁净手术室手术患者发生医院感染的独立危险因素(P<0.05)。结论针对洁净手术室内医院感染的特点,制定相应的干预对策,尽量减少患者的易感因素,同时提高对手术室的管理效率,可有效减少医院感染的发生率。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.