五大连池近代火山老黑山火烧山火山喷发过程的考察研究

作者在已有工作的基础上,以当代火山学的研究思路和观点,为恢复五大连池两个近代火山,老黑山火烧山的喷发历史过程进行了野外考察研究工作。老黑山火山锥是由三套不同的碎屑堆积物组成。在锥体的南侧、东侧和西侧以及北测和北西侧有５个熔岩溢出口,按它们形成先后关系,认为有早、中、晚三期熔岩流。本文还对老黑山火山锥上的寄生火山、结壳熔岩与渣状熔岩的分布、流动特点及形成的控制因素进行了分析讨论。最后得出结论：老黑山火山是经多期次喷发活动形成的。火烧山火山锥是一碎屑化泡沫化程度很低的浮岩块和熔岩碎块组成,同老黑山有明显区别。     

吉林龙岗四海火山碎屑物粒度分析与地质意义

四海火山灰是龙岗火山群中的一次火山爆发形成的,这次火山爆发形成的玄武质空降堆积物分别组成金龙顶子火山渣锥和位于金龙顶子火山锥以东的、分布于辉南县红旗林场和靖宇县四海林场一带的低缓开阔的火山碎屑席。通过投点得知金龙顶子火山喷发类型为次布里尼式(Sub-Plinian)喷发,反映金龙顶子火山爆发强度很大。四海火山灰空降碎屑物7个样品的粒度累计频率曲线投点分布范围、集中区域均有较好的一致性,累计频率曲线表明碎屑物在空中搬运与沉降时都经过了类似的重力分选作用。近火口缘样品粗粒碎屑含量较高,随着与火口缘距离的增加,粗粒部分含量明显降低,细粒碎屑含量增加趋势明显。龙岗火山区内其它岩渣锥火山碎屑物粒度分布范围明显宽于四海火山灰粒度分布范围,累积频率曲线斜率较为一致。虽然样品距火山口距离均较近,但也出现了细粒富集程度变缓的现象,反映了龙岗火山区其它火山锥喷发强度明显小于四海火山。对比长白山天池火山碎屑物粒度分布特征发现,天池火山空降堆积物粒度分布斜率变化比较均匀,四海火山灰斜率有明显变化;四海火山灰最大粒度小于长白山天池火山空降堆积物,但是粗粒度碎屑物含量较高。细粒度碎屑物部分累计频率曲线上升趋势较缓,说明金龙顶子火山的喷发     

长白山地区火山碎屑粒度特征研究

长白山地区全新世火山活动活跃,发育了良好的火山空降、火山碎屑流、火山涌流和火山泥石流堆积物。这些堆积物交错堆积,野外区分较为困难。在火山碎屑地层剖面调查基础上,系统采集了各种类型的火山碎屑堆积物样品。在实验室通过粒度参数和概率累积曲线分析,对堆积物成因类型进行了判别,讨论了火山空降堆积物和火山碎屑流堆积物随着与火口距离变化的规律。首次对研究区内粒度范围为62.5～0.02μm的细火山灰进行了粒度分析,对火山碎屑流和火山碎屑涌流中细火山灰端元分布特征和地质意义进行了分析和讨论     

琼北马鞍岭地区第四纪火山活动期次划分

琼北马鞍岭地区第四纪火山活动具有多期性。据火山作用方式、火山形貌及风化程度、火山喷发产物与沉积地层以及火山机构之间的相互叠置关系 ,结合同位素年龄 ,可分为德义岭、道堂、杨花、雷虎岭、昌道和马鞍岭等 6期 ,其中德义岭期为中更新世 ,道堂和杨花期为晚更新世 ,雷虎岭、昌道和马鞍岭期属全新世。不同期次具有不同的火山活动方式、喷发强度及火山结构类型。德义岭期火山活动以溢流为主 ,火山锥为低缓的熔岩穹丘。杨花期为射气岩浆爆发作用形成的低平火山。雷虎岭与马鞍岭期主要形成由碎屑锥和熔岩流组成的夏威夷式火山 ,熔岩流构造类型以结壳熔岩为主     

长白山天池火山灾害防御对策

长白山天池火山是目前我国境内保存最为完整的新生代多成因复合层状火山,火山锥体半径20 km,也是亚洲大陆规模最大的活动火山.1199-1200年发生过全球两千年以来第二大规模的喷发,火山灰向南漂了1 000km,在日本北海道落了5～10cm厚.     

镜泊湖全新世火山研究成果概述

本文从火山口的形态、分布、火山喷发时代、火山基浪堆积物及火山成因类型等方面概述镜泊湖全新世火山研究成果，指出该火山活动时间为距今5200～5500年，在该火山碎屑物中发现有火山基浪堆积物，该火山成因类型属于单成因火山。     

长白山天池火山一次近代喷发物的特征

长白山天池火山是中国最具有潜在灾害性喷发危险的活动火山。在开展长白山天池火山近代喷发历史的研究中,通过野外考察、粒度分析、岩石化学研究,识别出了一套新的火山喷发物。这套喷发物分布于天池水面东北侧,为一套灰色多层火山碎屑堆积,厚约9.2m。下伏公元1668年的火山空降堆积。粒度分析表明,天池火山最近一次喷发物以空降堆积为主,夹一层薄层涌浪堆积,火山喷发类型为射气岩浆型。涌浪堆积碎屑物的分数维值为2.71。空降堆积的分数维值小于涌浪堆积,综合投点求出的分数维值为2.36。显微镜下可观察到鸡骨架状玻屑,无黏土矿物,为原生火山爆发堆积。火山碎屑堆积物中的浮岩岩石化学分析结果表明岩浆成分为粗面质。根据历史记录、地层层序关系、堆积物特征的综合分析,推测堆积物的形成时间为公元1903年     

大兴安岭焰山、高山火山——一种新的火山喷发型式

在野外地质资料基础上,利用火山形态学方法,探讨了大兴安岭焰山、高山火山的喷发型式。结果表明,大兴安岭哈拉哈河-绰尔河火山群中的焰山和高山火山不同于斯通博利式喷发形成的火山,其早期爆破喷发的火山碎屑形成火山渣锥、空降火山碎屑席和小型火山碎屑流,晚期溢出大量熔岩。两火山具有较高大的锥体(标高200～300m以上),在结构上,松散火山砾、火山弹等构成下部的降落锥,熔结集块岩构成上部的溅落锥。由火山砾和火山灰组成的空降火山碎屑席分布在火山锥体周围。两火山溢出的熔岩经历了从结壳熔岩→翻花石→渣状熔岩的演变。根据喷发产物可推断焰山和高山火山具有以下喷发特征:爆破喷发形成持续的喷发柱→斯通博利式喷发→熔岩喷泉喷溢,其中以持续时间较长的喷发柱区别于典型的斯通博利式喷发。类似焰山、高山火山的喷发特征,在龙岗第四纪火山群、镜泊湖全新世火山群中也都有个例,这是中国大陆火山作用中一种新的喷发型式。     

镜泊湖全新世火山空降碎屑剖面和喷发历史

镜泊湖全新世火山群 10余座火山分成 5个小的喷发中心位居西南和东北两区 ,每个喷发中心由 2～ 4个火山组成。西南区包括“火山口森林”、“大干泡”、“五道沟”和“迷魂阵”等 4个喷发中心 ,东北区仅“蛤蟆塘”1个喷发中心。火山喷发的产物主要包括熔岩流、溅落堆积和空降堆积 ,火口的锥体主要由溅落堆积的火山渣、火山弹、熔岩饼和薄层熔岩流组成。在“大干泡”和“蛤蟆塘”两处的空降碎屑堆积可达数米厚。镜泊湖全新世火山岩分布面积近 5 0 0km2 ,岩浆主要源自“火山口森林”的1号和 4号火口。文中通过“火山口森林”4号火口空降碎屑实测剖面及其碳化木14 C定年 ,纠正了以往的14 C定年资料 ,认为镜泊湖全新世火山的喷发活动主要在距今 5 2 0 0～ 5 5 0 0a,相继由多次喷发形成 10余座火山。研究认为 ,镜泊湖地区全新世期间不存在以千年计的 3期火山喷发活动     

长白山天池火山喷发序列研究

长白山天池火山周边的11个钻孔资料揭示了长白山天池火山的喷发序列和岩浆演化过程.天池火山的喷发序列分为3个旋回:早期旋回喷发于上新世至早更新世,对应着周边地区的造高原喷发,天池火山熔岩盾主体开始形成,岩浆演化顺序是粗面玄武岩到粗面岩;中期旋回是早更新世的玄武岩浆演化到粗面岩和粗安岩(相当于小白山组);晚期旋回是从更新世到全新世,老房子小山组的玄武岩演化到白头山组粗面岩及碱流岩.在粗面质岩浆喷发过程中,有寄生火山的玄武质岩浆伴随喷发.全新世内天池火山千年大喷发主体由碱流质火山碎屑堆积物构成,松散堆积物的钻孔堆积层序表明,天池火山在全新世至少发生过两期巨型造伊格尼姆岩喷发.     

Volcano Seismology

— A fundamental goal of volcano seismology is to understand active magmatic systems, to characterize the configuration of such systems, and to determine the extent and evolution of source regions of magmatic energy. Such understanding is critical to our assessment of eruptive behavior and its hazardous impacts. With the emergence of portable broadband seismic instrumentation, availability of digital networks with wide dynamic range, and development of new powerful analysis techniques, rapid progress is being made toward a synthesis of high-quality seismic data to develop a coherent model of eruption mechanics. Examples of recent advances are: (1) high-resolution tomography to image subsurface volcanic structures at scales of a few hundred meters; (2) use of small-aperture seismic antennas to map the spatio-temporal properties of long-period (LP) seismicity; (3) moment tensor inversions of very-long-period (VLP) data to derive the source geometry and mass-transport budget of magmatic fluids; (4) spectral analyses of LP events to determine the acoustic properties of magmatic and associated hydrothermal fluids; and (5) experimental modeling of the source dynamics of volcanic tremor. These promising advances provide new insights into the mechanical properties of volcanic fluids and subvolcanic mass-transport dynamics. As new seismic methods refine our understanding of seismic sources, and geochemical methods better constrain mass balance and magma behavior, we face new challenges in elucidating the physico-chemical processes that cause volcanic unrest and its seismic and gas-discharge manifestations. Much work remains to be done toward a synthesis of seismological, geochemical, and petrological observations into an integrated model of volcanic behavior. Future important goals must include: (1) interpreting the key types of magma movement, degassing and boiling events that produce characteristic seismic phenomena; (2) characterizing multiphase fluids in subvolcanic regimes and determining their physical and chemical properties; and (3) quantitatively understanding multiphase fluid flow behavior under dynamic volcanic conditions. To realize these goals, not only must we learn how to translate seismic observations into quantitative information about fluid dynamics, but we also must determine the underlying physics that governs vesiculation, fragmentation, and the collapse of bubble-rich suspensions to form separate melt and vapor. Refined understanding of such processes—essential for quantitative short-term eruption forecasts—will require multidisciplinary research involving detailed field measurements, laboratory experiments, and numerical modeling.     

Volcanic Debris-avalanche Deposits of the Laoheishan Volcano and Huoshaoshan Volcano in Wudalianchi

Large amounts of volcanic debris-avalanche deposits, which take the shape of hummocks, are distributed around the peripheries of the Laoheishan volcano and Huoshaoshan volcano in Wudalianchi World Geopark. In earlier times, they were called "satellite volcanoes", namely, freestanding volcanoes. This paper points out that these deposits actually came from the collapse of the cones of these two volcanoes. When the lava flow spilled out at the base of the slope of the cones, the slope broke up and collapsed under the action of gravity. Later, ravines were formed on the slope. Caved slope clastics, accompanying lava flow, accumulated at the rims of the volcano cones. Although some accumulations may form very large cones, they are not volcanoes, but deposits of volcanic debris avalanches.     

Volcano height and plate thickness

When the height of major young oceanic volcanoes above the basaltic basement are corrected for the buoyancy of their submerged bases, the heights are shown to increase as the square root of basement age. This is compatible with an isostatic model for the height of the magma in the volcanic conduit: As plates thicken with increasing age, the length of magma columns in isostatic equilibrium with the adjacent plate also increases. Volcano height is therefore primarily limited by plate thickness rather than, for example, the speed of a plate over a hot spot or the hot spot's productivity.     

克山县尖山火山

尖山火山位于黑龙江省中北部克山县境内，嫩江支流讷谟尔河的南岸，属于松嫩平原区。由于这一区域基岩出露少，不便于开展1：20万区域地质调查工作，故以往关于尖山火山的资料报道很少。《黑龙江省区域地质志》(黑龙江省地质矿产局，1993)中没有提到该火山，《中国火山》(刘嘉麒，1999)一书中虽提到克山县北兴镇的尖山火山的名称，但不见相关的报道。     

有珠火山喷发和地震活动

2000年3月31日下午1时10分左右,位于北海道洞斧湖南侧的有珠火山相隔23年后再次喷发。最初喷发是从有珠火山西北山脚开始,烟柱高达3000m以上。之后,位于洞斧湖温泉镇稍往南的金比罗山附近也出现了火山口,它与西北山脚的火山口一起喷发,水蒸气喷泉和小规模的岩浆水蒸气喷泉交替出现,直至现在。山顶部分是直径约1.8km的外轮山,其内部有大有珠、小有珠两个熔岩穹地和1977年喷发产生的有珠新山的潜在熔岩穹地。同时,从西侧山脚到北山脚、东山脚,依次分布着西山、金比罗山、西丸山、明治新山、东丸山的潜在熔岩穹地和有熔岩穹地的昭和新山。首先,…     

Volcano hazards program in the United States

Volcano monitoring and volcanic-hazards studies have received greatly increased attention in the United States in the past few years. Before 1980, the Volcanic Hazards Program was primarily focused on the active volcanoes of Kilauea and Mauna Loa, Hawaii, which have been monitored continuously since 1912 by the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. After the reawakening and catastrophic eruption of Mount St. Helens in 1980, the program was substantially expanded as the government and general public became aware of the potential for eruptions and associated hazards within the conterminous United States. Integrated components of the expanded program include: volcanic-hazards assessment; volcano monitoring; fundamental research; and, in concert with federal, state, and local authorities, emergency-response planning.In 1980 the David A. Johnston Cascades Volcano Observatory was established in Vancouver, Washington, to systematically monitor the continuing activity of Mount St. Helens, and to acquire baseline data for monitoring the other, presently quiescent, but potentially dangerous Cascade volcanoes in the Pacific Northwest. Since June 1980, all of the eruptions of Mount St. Helens have been predicted successfully on the basis of seismic and geodetic monitoring.The largest volcanic eruptions, but the least probable statistically, that pose a threat to western conterminous United States are those from the large Pleistocene-Holocene volcanic systems, such as Long Valley caldera (California) and Yellowstone caldera (Wyoming), which are underlain by large magma chambers still potentially capable of producing catastrophic caldera-forming eruptions. In order to become better prepared for possible future hazards associated with such historically unpecedented events, detailed studies of these, and similar, large volcanic systems should be intensified to gain better insight into caldera-forming processes and to recognize, if possible, the precursors of caldera-forming eruptions.     

Gravimetric studies of Taal Volcano,philippines

Taal Volcano is peculiar in its violent explosivity in spite of its low altitude. The surrounding topographies suggest that the origin of Taal Volcano is either a caldera or a graben structure. To confirm the caldera origin one must search for a vast quantity of caldera ejecta balancing with the depression. As a first step, a gravity survey was carried out on and around Taal Volcano, and high gravity anomalies were lound on Volcano Island. The distribution of the gravities may suggest a graben structure overlying a denser layer of igneous material.     

Results of repeated leveling surveys at Newberry Volcano, Oregon, and near Lassen Peak Volcano, California

 Personnel from the U.S. Geological Survey's Cascades Volcano Observatory conducted first-order, class-II leveling surveys near Lassen Peak, California, in 1991 and at Newberry Volcano, Oregon, in 1985, 1986, and 1994. Near Lassen Peak no significant vertical displacements had occurred along either of two traverses, 33 and 44 km long, since second-order surveys in 1932 and 1934. At Newberry, however, the 1994 survey suggests that the volcano's summit area had risen as much as 97±22 mm with respect to a third-order survey in 1931. The 1931 and 1994 surveys measured a 37-km-long, east–west traverse across the entire volcano. The 1985 and 1986 surveys, on the other hand, measured only a 9-km-long traverse across the summit caldera with only one benchmark in common with the 1931 survey. Comparison of the 1985, 1986, and 1994 surveys revealed no significant differential displacements inside the caldera. A possible mechanism for uplift during 1931–1994 is injection of approximately 0.06 km³ of magma at a depth of approximately 10 km beneath the volcano's summit. The average magma supply rate of approximately 1×10^–3 km³/year would be generally consistent with the volcano's growth rate averaged over its 600,000-year history (0.7–1.7×10^–3 km³/year). Received: 10 September 1998 / Accepted: 4 December 1998