我国北方森林地下火燃烧温度预测

森林地下火燃烧是一个隐蔽、漫长的阴燃过程，整个燃烧过程都靠自身释放的热量维持，所以开展地下火燃烧温度预测研究，对于地下火监测预警具有重要意义.以大兴安岭地区呼中国家级自然保护区典型植被兴安落叶松林为研究对象，通过室内模拟点烧试验，基于非线性混合效应模型预测不同含水率下地下火燃烧温度.结果表明：基于Logistic和Richards回归的非线性混合效应模型适合地下火燃烧温度预测；3参数的混合效应模型拟合效果最好；不同含水率下不同深度地下火燃烧温度预测模型的预测值和真实值间都不存在显著差异(P>0.05),模型预测精度较高，尤其是在3 cm深度处，平均相对误差(MRE)都小于15%,具有较高的应用价值.     

管道中锆粉云火焰传播的温度与速度特性

粉末状的锆金属不仅燃烧速度快,而且燃烧释放出的热量非常高,作为高能燃料被广泛应用在航天和军工领域.锆金属以粉尘云的形态燃烧时,大量微小悬浮锆颗粒燃烧会形成具有一定面积的火焰,采用实验方法研究锆粉云火焰在竖直管道中的温度和速度特性.研究结果表明,热电偶处的锆粉云最高火焰温度与瞬间火焰传播速度有相同变化趋势,都随锆粉云质量浓度增加先增大后减小.当锆粉云质量浓度为0.625 kg·m-3时,出现最高火焰温度,可达1777.81℃,在此条件下管道中最快火焰传播速度可达39.7 m·s-1.当质量浓度超过0.625 kg·m-3后,热电偶处的锆粉云最高火焰温度与瞬间火焰传播速度都会降低,主要是由于富燃料燃烧、管道中氧气不足而导致颗粒不能完全燃烧.实验得到了不同质量浓度锆粉云的最高火焰温度值与最快火焰传播速度.     

水平填充床中纤维质燃料正向阴燃数值模拟研究

根据多孔燃料三步反应动力学过程,建立了2D非稳态纤维质材料填充床阴燃的数学模型.阴燃的化学动力过程包括燃料热解、燃料放热氧化及焦炭的放热氧化.该模型既考虑了固-气之间的热交换,也考虑到气体在多孔介质内的扩散系数变化.数值模拟了来流速度对阴燃速度及平均最高温度的影响,结果表明:阴燃传播速度与来流速度基本上呈线性关系,来流速度对阴燃最高温度影响不大.同时也模拟了燃料阴燃过程中气体组分(O2、CO、CO2及H2O)的变化.通过改变3个反应指前频率因子发现:增大A2(燃料氧化频率因子)会加速阴燃,增大A1(燃料热解频率因子)和A3(焦炭氧化频率因子)均会减小燃料阴燃传播速度.     

水平碳粒床中阴燃过程的数值计算

利用控制容积法和ＰＩＳＯ算法对床上面具有受迫气流经过的水平碳粒填充床,从点火开始到隐态传播的整个阴燃过程进行了数值模拟,模型中包括三个异相反应和一个气相色应过程,计算表明,直径为１ｍｍ,空隙率为０．２６０,空气流速为０．０１ｍ／ｓ的水平床,当点火温度为９００Ｋ时,将不会产生明火,碳粒的堆积方式即填充床的空隙率对阴燃影响较大,空隙率越大,阴燃传播的峰值温度越高,传播速度越大,在一定范围内,床面上方的     

多孔介质燃料填充床中反向阴燃传播解析

为了定性描述燃料反向阴燃中熄灭问题,根据单步反应机理,通过简化模型参数及大活化能渐近分析,得出了定性描述燃料反向阴燃传播的两个方程.结果表明:随着空气流量的增大,阴燃温度是不断上升的,但由于受到反向空气风流的影响,阴燃温度的增长幅度是逐渐变小的;阴燃传播速度却呈现出先增大后减小直至熄灭的变化趋势;在气体流量为零的情况下,燃料仍然可以发生阴燃,而维持阴燃不断传播所需要的氧气量源于反应区域周围气体的扩散.该项成果为科学理解燃料反向阴燃及其熄灭特性提供了理论依据.     

多孔介质内气/液燃料过滤燃烧的试验

摘要： 研究了小球自由堆积型多孔介质内丙烷/空气混合气的低速过滤燃烧过程,分析了燃烧室内温度、燃烧波传播速度和排放特性,以及当量比、入口气体速度等参数对过滤燃烧与排放特性的影响;实现了常压下柴油在多孔介质内的预蒸发自维持过滤燃烧,并研究了液体燃料过滤燃烧的温度特性.结果表明：在燃烧的不同阶段,预混合气燃烧波的传播速度与燃烧室内高温区域的范围差别较大;随着当量比增加,燃烧波的平均传播速度降低,燃烧温度升高,排放量增加;随着入口气体速度增大,燃烧波的传播速度增大,排放量降低;液体燃料过滤燃烧的最高温度低于气体燃料的最高温度,且燃烧器的中心温度与壁面温度差异较大.     

热解炭阴燃特性的实验研究

为了研究热解炭阴燃特性,在自行设计的炭粉阴燃实验台上对玉米秸秆粉热解残炭阴燃特性中的温度、尾气和燃烧速度进行研究.实验结果表明:随着阴燃前锋下移,各温度测点峰值逐渐下降,峰值持续时间增长;在阴燃发生的前11h内,气体产物中C(CO)∶C(CO2)>1;阴燃初期的阴燃速度最快,随后逐渐减慢.     

小型二冲程直喷发动机爆震燃烧特性数值模拟

为了了解点火参数对小型二冲程直喷发动机爆震燃烧的影响,利用GT-Power和AVL Fire软件对该发动机整机及燃烧室分别建立了仿真模型,选取扭矩、功率等数据验证了模型的正确性,并对发动机在5 000r/min、大负荷工况下的缸内平均压力和温度、放热率、累积放热量以及爆震强度分布等特性进行了研究.结果表明:在点火提前角由15℃A逐渐增加至35℃A的过程中,小型二冲程直喷发动机的扭矩、功率、缸内混合气燃烧放热量、放热率、缸内平均压力和温度的峰值均呈现出逐渐增大的趋势,而且会伴随着爆震强度表征物的浓度增大,二冲程直喷发动机的爆震倾向加强;当异步点火相位由0℃A逐渐增加至5℃A时,二冲程直喷发动机的扭矩、功率呈现出略微减小的趋势,两个火花塞附近由于湍动能增大,加快了火焰传播速度,使得末端混合气低温反应时间变短,爆震强度表征物的浓度逐步减小,二冲程直喷发动机爆震发生的倾向有所减小.     

油气混合参数对柴油机低温燃烧过程的影响

应用三维CFD模拟研究了喷油和进气参数包括喷油压力、喷孔直径和进气压力对柴油机低氧浓度低温燃烧(LTC)过程的影响.结果表明:随着喷油压力增加或喷孔直径的减小,各氧浓度下缸内燃烧压力和温度峰值都增大;相同氧浓度条件下预混燃烧的强度增大,出现明显预混燃烧的氧浓度增大;相同氧浓度条件下的soot排放降低;缸内局部温度最大值增大,NOx排放增大.进气压力增大,缸内压力上升更快,但缸内平均温度略有降低,相同氧浓度下着火时刻提前,滞燃期缩短;燃烧过程中局部缺氧的状况得到改善,相同氧浓度条件下燃油的燃烧更加完全,放出的总热量更多,燃烧效率明显提高;soot峰值和最终排放值都减小,NOx生成量进一步降低.     

纤维质燃料水平填充床反向阴燃传播特性研究

基于两步反应动力学机理(包括燃料热解和燃料的氧化),建立了二维非稳态燃料填充床阴燃的数学模型.该模型既考虑了固相和气相之间的热传递,也考虑到了气体在多孔介质内扩散系数的变化.辐射换热采用扩散近似方式予以表达.数值模拟结果表明:阴燃传播速度随着来流速度的增大而增大,但当来流速度超过0.35 cm/s时,阴燃速度增长幅度大大减小;来流速度对阴燃最高温度影响不大.同时还模拟了燃料阴燃过程中气体组分(O2、CO、CO2及H2O)和固体成分(燃料、焦炭)的变化以及温度分布情况.图8,表2,参12.     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Lower Paleozoic oil relationships within Williston Basin, Canada

The Williston Basin is a significant petroleum province, containing oil production zones that include the Middle Cambrian to Lower Ordovician, Upper Ordovician, Middle Devonian, Upper Devonian and Mississippian and within the Jurassic and Cretaceous. The oils of the Williston Basin exhibit a wide range of geochemical characteristics defined as "oil families", although the geochemical signature of the Cambrian Deadwood Formation and Lower Ordovician Winnipeg reservoired oils does not match any "oil family". Despite their close stratigraphic proximity, it is evident that the oils of the Lower Palaeozoic within the Williston Basin are distinct. This suggests the presence of a new "oil family" within the Williston Basin. Diagnostic geochemical signatures occur in the gasoline range chromatograms, within saturate fraction gas chromatograms and biomarker fingerprints. However, some of the established criteria and cross-plots that are currently used to segregate oils into distinct genetic families within the basin do not always meet with success, particularly when applied to the Lower Palaeozoic oils of the Deadwood and Winnipeg Formation.     

An Analysis of Catherine＇s Character——Wuthering Heights

Wuthering Heights, Emily Bronte＇s only novel, was published in December of 1847 under the pseudonym Ellis Bell. The book did not gain immediate success, but it is now thought one of the finest novels in the English language. Catherine is the key character of this masterpiece, because everybody and everything center on her though she had a short life. We can understand this masterpiece better if we know Catherine well.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Design and analysis of generic LBS application developing platform

Location based services is promising due to its novel working style and contents.A software platform is proposed to provide application programs of typical location based services and support new applications developing efficiently. The analysis shows that this scheme is easy implemented, low cost and adapt to all kinds of mobile nework system.     

橡胶颗粒沥青混合料低温抗裂性试验研究

以AC-13级配为基础,将橡胶颗粒代替部分集料掺入混合料中,以低温弯曲试验为评价方法对不同橡胶颗粒掺量下沥青混合料的低温抗裂性进行研究,并引入应变能密度值对混合料的低温抗裂性进行综合评价.试验结果表明:橡胶颗粒沥青混合料试件的破坏微应变均超过2 300,满足冬寒区的技术指标;无论是否掺加橡胶颗粒,随着温度的下降,沥青混合料破坏时的最大弯拉强度增大,弯拉应变降低,劲度模量增大;弯曲应变能密度在胶粒掺量为1%左右时具有较大的弯曲应变能密度值,此时橡胶颗粒沥青混合料具有较好的低温抗裂性.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

Quantitative trait loci （QTLs） for quality traits related to protein and starch in wheat

Quality traits in wheat （Triticum aestirum L.） were studied by quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis in a recombinant inbred line （RIL） population, a set of 131 lines derived from Chuan 35050 × Shannong 483 cross （ChSh）. Grains from RILs were assayed for 21 quality traits related to protein and starch. A total of 35 putative QTLs for 19 traits with a single QTL explaining 7.99-40.52% of phenotypic variations were detected on 10 chromosomes, 1D, 2A, 2D, 3B, 3D, 5A, 6A, 6B, 6D, and 7B. The additive effects of 30 QTLs were positive, contributed by Chuan 35050, the remaining 5 QTLs were negative with the additive effect contributed by Shannong 483. For protein traits, 15 QTLs were obtained and most of them were located on chromosomes 1 D, 3B and 6D, while 20 QTLs for starch traits were detected and most of them were located on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B. Only 7 QTLs for protein and starch traits were co-located in three regions on chromosomes 1D, 2A and 2D. These protein and starch trait QTLs showed a distinct distribution pattern in certain regions and chromosomes. Twenty-two QTLs were clustered in 6 regions of 5 chromosomes. Two QTL clusters for protein traits were located on chromosomes 1D and 3B, respectively, three clusters for starch traits on chromosomes 3D, 6B and 7B, and one cluster including protein and starch traits on chromosome 1D.