中国东部气溶胶活化颗粒物浓度对区域气候影响的模拟研究

该工作利用区域模式(WRF),对我国东部三大城市群区域的气溶胶活化颗粒物浓度增加的气候效应进行了模拟研究.结果表明:增加气溶胶活化颗粒物后,我国东部许多地区的地表感热、潜热通量减少,华东大部分地区的地表2m气温降低;降水对气溶胶活化颗粒物浓度增加的响应较为复杂,缺乏一致的规律性,但增加活化颗粒物后,我国东部许多地区的降水明显减少;由气溶胶活化颗粒物浓度变化造成的大气水汽输送和水汽含量的变化,是气溶胶间接效应影响东亚夏季风降水的主要原因.从总体上来说,中国不同地区的气溶胶活化颗粒物浓度增加,使得中国东部大部分地区的低层气温降低、大气湿度降低、降水减少,呈现出干冷化的趋势.     

利用遥感反演的叶面积指数研究中国东部生态系统对东亚季风的响应

利用遥感信息反演的叶面积指数(LAI)数据和生物气候数据,研究区域尺度的植被生态系统季节和年际变化对东亚季风的响应.结果发现,中国东部季风区的植被生态系统与东亚季风气候呈显著的年际和季节变化相关.在季节尺度上表现为随着东亚季风从春季到秋季的由南向北的推进过程,植被生态系统出现明显的季节变化;在年际尺度上,高的LAI出现于强的东亚季风年,而低的LAI值则与弱的东亚季风年相对应.证明中国东部季风区呈现出季风驱动生态系统的明显特征,而且LAI可显示这一强的信号.     

东亚季风区气候和生态系统相互作用的诊断和模拟研究

大气圈和生物圈的相互作用是连接地球系统中生命世界和无生命世界的重要过程之一，也是地球环境变化中一个最基本的过程。通过卫星遥感植被和地表覆盖信息与气候要素关系的诊断分析以及生态和气候模式的数值模拟，揭示了东亚季风区气候和生态系统相互作用的基本特征，包括季节、年际和长期的季风气候变化对生态系统的影响和大范围植被覆盖状况的变化对季风气候的影响。结果表明，东亚季风区与气候与生态系统相互作用最为强烈的地区之一，这里陆地生态系统的时空变率表现出明显的对季风气候的响应特征；另一方面，人类活动引起的大范围植被覆盖状况的变化可以对季风气候产生显的反馈影响，它们是叠加在季风系统自然变率之上的一种重要变化。同时，虚拟试验表明，通过有序的人类活动，因地制宜，合理利用土地资源，保护和恢复自然植被，可以产生明显的气候和环境效应。     

1997～1999年亚洲季风区夏季水汽输送的差异分析

 利用ECMWF的水汽和风场资料,对东亚、东南亚和印度季风区1997～1999年各年夏季(6～8月)300～1000hPa气层间的水汽输送及其差异进行了计算分析.结果表明:①水汽输送的经向通量,在印度尼西亚-中国南部-日本南部为向北(正)的通量,从1997年到1999年夏季经向通量是由弱变强再变弱,而在澳大利亚北部-印度尼西亚则是由强变弱再变强;②水汽输送的纬向通量,1997年夏季正输送的东西范围比1998年和1999年夏季要广,但南北范围较窄;③中国东南部、南海到日本东部海域的负水汽平流在1998年夏季最大;④风场散度引起的水汽通量散度,在阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾1998年夏季最小,在东亚和西太平洋地区这3年变化很大.     

亚澳季风区的水汽输送特征

用1950-2004年NCAR/NCEP再分析资料计算得到逐日垂直积分水汽输送通量矢量Q,然后进行月平均处理,分析了亚澳季风区的水汽输送特征。结果表明,北半球冬季,亚洲季风区低纬地区为东北风水汽输送,它经过赤道偏转为西北风水汽输送,将水汽输送到澳大利亚季风区和低纬南印度洋。北半球夏季,澳大利亚季风区和低纬南印度洋为东南风水汽输送,它经过赤道偏转为西南风水汽输送,将水汽输送到亚洲季风区。夏季的水汽输送要比冬季强盛得多。无论是冬季还是夏季,赤道上存在两个显著的水汽经向输送大值区,分别在35°-65°E和100°-135°E。冬季100°-135°E的平均值稍强;夏季35°-65°E的平均值远大于100°-135°E的水汽输送值,这说明夏季索马里越赤道气流在亚、澳季风区之间的水汽交换中占主要地位。两支越赤道水汽输送是相互独立的。每支越赤道水汽输送本身在冬、夏季存在显著负相关,当冬季从亚洲季风区向澳大利亚季风区和低纬南印度洋的水汽输送偏强时,接下来的夏季,从澳大利亚季风区和低纬南印度洋向亚洲季风区的水汽输送也偏强;反之亦然。     

东亚季风区最近1000 a石笋δ~(18)O空间变化特征及气候意义研究

利用重庆市丰都水鸣洞石笋NSM03精确定年数据和δ~(18)O数据建立的高分辨率石笋记录,结合其他已经发表的亚洲季风区石笋氧同位素记录,探讨洞穴石笋δ~(18)O值过去1 000 a的空间变化特征以及指示的气候环境意义.结果显示:亚洲季风区石笋δ~(18)O值过去1 000 a在空间上呈现出与大气降水δ~(18)O值相似的纬度效应和海陆效应,石笋δ~(18)O值沿水汽输送路径不断衰减,逐渐变轻,表明印度洋是中国季风降水的主要水汽源区;水鸣洞NSM03石笋记录与南亚季风区瓦什卡洞的WBS石笋记录以及中国藏南波密-林芝地区的树轮记录存在明显的相关关系,也进一步地表明中国东部季风区的水汽主要来自印度洋;亚洲季风区石笋δ~(18)O记录在过去1 000 a的变化趋势基本一致,但是中国东部季风区降水变化存在很大的空间差异,这表明季风区石笋δ~(18)O记录不一定都能指示当地降水量的变化;因此,中国季风区石笋δ~(18)O记录主要指示是东亚季风环流的信息,当东亚季风环流强的时候,季风区石笋氧同倍数偏轻;反之亦然.     

云南夏季风演变诊断分析

利用“三角形方法”,分别对云南西部、中部和东部３个三角形区域的水汽通量散度,假相当位温,垂直速度等物理量进行诊断分析,发现１９８０年夏季云南先后受到东亚季风和印度季风的影响．其中,东亚季风首先影响东部地区;之后,印度季风爆发,并影响西部、中部和东部地区,其影响范围和强度都超过了东亚季风;而东部受到两个季风系统的影响,是两种季风的交汇之处．     

140年来植被和大气CO2浓度变化对东亚气候影响的数值模拟

利用区域气候模式通过分别采用现代植被和工业革命前植被及相应CO2浓度模拟了近140年来植被和大气CO2浓度变化对东亚区域气候的影响.结果表明,两者共同作用使东亚许多地区产生了升温现象,但这种温度变化在地域上具有不均匀性,蒙古、内蒙古、东北、西北增暖最为明显,而中国南部一些地区却存在降温现象;工业化造成的植被退化使东亚地区呈现总体干旱化的趋势,虽然CO2浓度增加易导致降水增多,但综合考虑两者的影响,使中国东部、内蒙古、四川北部的降水明显减少,而西北、华南沿海的降水有所增加;同时现代东亚冬、夏季风都比工业革命前有所增强.但由于植被退化,该地区的大气水汽含量及土壤水含量均有所减小.     

华南大尺度空中水资源时空演变特征

用1958—2004年NCEP／NCAR再分析资料和中国160站月降水量资料分析了华南年平均大尺度大气水汽汇的时空变化.结果表明：华南地区年平均水汽汇的主要变异区在华南中、东部地区以及华南西南地区、华南中、东部的年平均水汽汇与该地区的年平均降水一样，存在增加的气候变化趋势，而该地区的蒸发量则有减少的趋势。华南西南部的年平均水汽汇则以年际变化为主。华南中、东部以及西南部的水汽汇偏强（弱）时，东亚沿海上空水汽输送异常强（弱）导致这些地区的垂直积分的水汽通量辐合的增强（减弱）。     

Community Climate Model 3气候模式在东亚季风区产生虚假降水的一种可能原因

通过分析NCAR CCM3气候模式的15年积分结果,从形成降水的垂直运动和水汽供应条件的角度,试图揭示该模式在东亚季风区产生不合理虚假强降水的可能原因.与观测的降水分布相比,CCM3模拟的东亚季风区降水中心位置偏西,雨量偏强,其中对流降水占虚假降水中心总降水量的82%左右.进一步分析发现,对流层上层200 hPa副热带急流南侧的散度季节变化与110°E以西的虚假降水季节变化具有较好的对应关系,急流入口区附近的直接垂直环流上升支位于青藏高原东北部,同时由于急流南侧对流层上层辐散引起的抽吸作用,加强低层的垂直运动,从而为虚假的强对流降水形成提供上升运动条件.分析对流层低层的水汽(比湿)分布和水汽输送表明,模拟的青藏高原地区大气的水汽含量比NCEP/NCAR再分析的水汽含量高,经过高原从孟加拉湾输送到虚假降水中心地区的水汽偏强,从而为虚假的强对流降水形成提供了充足的水汽条件.因此,在改进气候模式对东亚季风区虚假降水的模拟性能时,除了对模式物理过程做改进外,在青藏高原附近地区的水汽分布和水汽输送以及对流层上层西风急流位置和强度模拟的合理性方面也需要引起足够的重视.     

Global and China temperature changes associated with the inter-decadal variations of East Asian summer monsoon advances

The modern atmospheric observation and literatural historical drought-flood records were used to extract the inter-decadal signals of dry-wet modes in eastern China and reveal the possible relationship of global and China temperature changes associated with the East Asian summer monsoon advances.A climate pattern of "wet-north and dry-south" in eastern China and cool period in China and globe are associated with the strong summer monsoon that can advance further to the northernmost part in the East Asian monsoon region.On the contrary,a climate pattern of "dry-north and wet-south" in eastern China and a warm period in China and globe are associated with the weaker summer monsoon that only reaches the southern part in the region.An interdecadal oscillation with the timescale about 60 years was found dominating in both the dry-wet mode index series of the East Asian summer monsoon and the global temperature series after the secular climate states and long-term trend over inter-centennial timescales have been removed.     

华北夏季降水年代际变化与东亚夏季风、大气环流异常

利用华北夏季降水资料和NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对华北夏季降水、东亚夏季风年代际变化特征及大气环流异常进行研究,发现一些有意义的结果:华北夏季降水变化存在明显的8a、18a周期,东亚夏季风变化18a、28a周期性比较明显,二者年代际变化特征明显,但华北夏季降水变化和东亚夏季风变化的周期不完全一致.华北夏季降水量变化在60年代中期发生了突变,东亚夏季风变化在70年代中期发生了突变.华北夏季降水与东亚夏季风变化存在很好的相关关系,强夏季风年,华北夏季降水一般偏多,弱夏季风年,华北夏季降水一般偏少,但又不完全一致.东亚夏季风减弱是造成华北夏季降水减少的一个重要因素,但不是唯一因素,华北夏季降水减少还与环流异常密切相关.在地面上,青臧高原地区、华北地区气温下降造成华北低压系统活动减少,不利于降水.在850 hPa层上,东亚中纬度的西南季风和副热带高压南部的偏东风、西北部的西南风异常减弱,使得西南气流输送水汽很多难以到达30°N以北的地区,而副热带高压西部外围偏东南、偏南气流输送到华北地区的水汽也大量减少,水汽不足造成华北夏季降水偏少.在500 hPa高度场上,80年代欧亚遥相关型表现与50年代相反,变为欧洲( )、乌拉尔山(-)、中亚( )形势,这种环流使得乌拉尔山高压脊减弱,贝加尔湖至青藏高原高空槽变浅,纬向环流表现突出,不利于冷暖空气南北交换.同时在500 hPa气温场上,80年代,西伯利亚至青藏高原西北部的冷槽明显东移南压到蒙古至华北地区,锋区位于华北以东以南位置,使得华北地区冷暖空气交汇减少,降水也因此减少.华北夏季降水减少是由于东亚夏季风减弱和大气环流异常造成的.     

Forcing mechanisms for East-Asia monsoonal variations during the late pleistocene

Based on the climate records derived from loess deposits in north-central China, the characteristics of the East-Asia paleomonsoonal changes during the Late Pleistocene are summarized as follows: (ⅰ) The 0.1_Ma climate period is predominant in both summer and winter monsoonal changes over East Asia; (ⅱ) The East-Asia monsoonal variation is different from the Indian monsoon during the Late Pleistocene; (ⅲ) There is a ～5_ka time lag of the East-Asia monsoon changes relative to the theoretically calculated solar radiation changes; (ⅳ) There is a general trend toward increase in winter monsoon and decrease in summer monsoon in the last glaciation; (ⅴ) In the East-Asia monsoonal region, the amplitude of glacial-to-interglacial cycles shows a remarkable increase from south to north. To explain these characteristics, a conceptual model is developed and the forcing of global ice volume variations in the monsoonal history is emphasized.     

Response of the East Asian climate system to water and heat changes of global frozen soil using NCAR CAM model

Under the condition of land-atmosphere heat and water conservation, a set of sensitive numerical experiments are set up to investigate the response of the East Asian climate system to global frozen soil change. This is done by introducing the supercooled soil water process into the Community Land Model (CLM3.0), which has been coupled to the National Center of Atmospheric Research Community Atmosphere Model (CAM3.1). Results show that:(1) The ratio between soil ice and soil water in CLM3.0 is clearly changed by the supercooled soil water process. Ground surface temperature and soil temperature are also affected. (2) The Eurasian (including East Asian) climate system is sensitive to changes of heat and water in frozen soil regions. In January, the Aleutian low sea level pressure circulation is strengthened, Ural blocking high at 500 hPa weakened, and East Asian trough weakened. In July, sea level pressure over the Aleutian Islands region is significantly reduced; there are negative anomalies of 500 hPa geopotential height over the East Asian mainland, and positive anomalies over the East Asian ocean. (3) In January, the southerly component of the 850 hPa wind field over East Asia increases, indicating a weakened winter monsoon. In July, cyclonic anomalies appear on the East Asian mainland while there are anticyclonic anomalies over the ocean, reflective of a strengthened east coast summer monsoon. (4) Summer rainfall in East Asia changed significantly, including substantial precipitation increase on the southern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, central Yangtze River Basin, and northeast China. Summer rainfall significantly decreased in south China and Hainan Island, but slightly decreased in central and north China. Further analysis showed considerable upper air motion along ~30°N latitude, with substantial descent of air at its north and south sides. Warm and humid air from the Northeast Pacific converged with cold air from northern land areas, representing the main cause of the precipitation anomalies.     

East Asian monsoon change for the 21st century: Results of CMIP3 and CMIP5 models

Forty-two climate models participating in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phases 3 and 5 were first evaluated in terms of their ability to simulate the present climatology of the East Asian winter (December-February) and summer (June-August) monsoons. The East Asian winter and summer monsoon changes over the 21st century were then projected using the results of 31 and 29 reliable climate models under the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) mid-range A1B scenario or the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) mid-low-range RCP4.5 scenario, respectively. Results showed that the East Asian winter monsoon changes little over time as a whole relative to the reference period 1980-1999. Regionally, it weakens (strengthens) north (south) of about 25°N in East Asia, which results from atmospheric circulation changes over the western North Pacific and Northeast Asia owing to the weakening and northward shift of the Aleutian Low, and from decreased north- west-southeast thermal and sea level pressure differences across Northeast Asia. In summer, monsoon strengthens slightly in East China over the 21st century as a consequence of an increased land-sea thermal contrast between the East Asian continent and the adjacent western North Pacific and South China Sea.     

The East Asian summer monsoon circulation anomaly index and its interannual variations

Based on the concept of East Asia-Pacific (EAP) teleconnection which influences East Asian summer monsoon, an index for East Asian summer monsoon circulation anomaly was defined and it was pointed out that this index can describle the interannual variation character of summer climate in East Asia, especially in the Yangtze River and Huaihe River Valley.     

荒漠化扩展对我国区域气候变化影响的数值模拟

使用区域气候模式RegCM3研究了西北沙漠面积变化对我国区域气候变化的影响．共设计了3组试验：控制试验A、沙漠面积扩展试验B、在试验B基础上增大粗糙高度的试验C．分析表明：中国西北沙漠区扩展后对中国夏季降雨量和中国夏季风有明显影响．结果表明：植被退化、荒漠化加剧会导致季风减弱，降水量减少，增大地面粗糙高度后的影响更为显著．     

Tree-ring based PDSI reconstruction since AD 1842 in the Ortindag Sand Land, east Inner Mongolia

epartment of Wood Science, University of Hamburg, Hamburg D-21031, GermanyBased on three Chinese pine (Pinus tabulaeformis Carr.) and one Meyer spruce (Picea meyeri Rehd. et Wils.) ring-width chronologies, a 163-year drought history was reconstructed in the eastern Ortindag Sand Land. All tree-ring chronologies show large inter-annual variations and strong common signals and fairly consistent variation between different chronologies, indicating that they are excellent proxy of regional climate. A regional chronology (RC) was established by averaging the four standard chronologies and further employed for the analysis and climatic reconstruction. The analysis revealed that tree growth is primarily limited by low precipitation in February-March and June-July and high temperature in May-July. In addition, RC has high correlations with the monthly Palmer drought severity index (PDSI) prior to and during the growing season because the PDSI considers the accumulation of the droughts. Response function analysis revealed that RC only exhibits significant correlations with the PDSI in June and July (close to the 95% significance level in May). Because May―July is a critical period for tree growth, the average May-July PDSI (PDSI5-7) was reconstructed back to 1842 using RC in the Ortindag Sand Land. The reconstruction can explain 52% of the PDSI variance and the equation was rather stable over time. It agrees well with the variation of the average dryness/wetness indices in North China,and captures the decline process of the East Asian summer monsoon since the mid-1960s. It is worth noting that the Ortindag Sand Land has experienced the most severe drought in the recent 40 years based on the 163-year drought reconstruction. Like summer precipitation in North China the reconstructed PDSI5-7 also displays a 20-year oscillation.