氧化锌晶须／聚苯胺核壳结构复合物的制备与性能研究

对氧化锌晶须(ZnOw)进行正硅酸乙酯(TEOS)和γ-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷(APTES)改性后得到共改性氧化锌晶须(TA-ZnOw),在其表面进行聚苯胺(PANi)接枝聚合,制备了TA-ZnOw/PANi复合物.将其与只经APTES改性的氧化锌晶须(A-ZnOw)和聚苯胺复合而成的A-ZnOw/PANi复合物,及未经任何改性的氧化锌晶须(N-ZnOw)和聚苯胺合成的N-ZnOw/PANi复合物进行形貌、结构及性能比较.结果表明,TA-ZnOw/PANi复合物中的聚苯胺接枝效果最好,而且接枝在TA-ZnOw表面的聚苯胺结构与纯聚苯胺结构相同.且TA-ZnOw/PANi核壳结构复合物表现出最好的介电性能和热稳定性能,介电常数虚部最大值为6.86,壳层聚苯胺热分解温度为350℃.TEOS作为保护层,APTES作为自组装层,在制备TA-ZnOw/PANi核壳结构复合物过程中起了重要作用.     

聚苯胺/石墨导电复合材料的制备与表征

根据石墨的层状结构，以可膨胀石墨（KP）或膨胀石墨（EP）为模板，应用原位聚合法成功制备了聚苯胺（PANi)石墨导电复合材料。通过FT－IR、XRD、SEM和电导率测量等手段表征了其结构和性能。结果表明，PANi/EP的电导率与单一组分相比，都有大幅度提高，而PANi／KP的电导率介于两组分之间，PANi/EP的电导率高于PANi/KP复合材料4－5倍。XRD证明，膨胀石墨与聚苯胺复合大大提高了聚苯胺的结晶度，改善了聚苯胺的结构缺陷。FT－IR表明聚苯胺的特征吸收峰发生了位移，表明KP或EP的表面官能团与聚苯胺之间发生了氢键或共轭作用。     

磺基水杨酸掺杂聚苯胺/石墨复合粉体的研究

研究了磺基水杨酸(SSA)对PANi/EP的机械力化学掺杂作用,通过电导率测定、SEM观察和FT-IR研究了体系的导电性能和掺杂机理.结果表明,SSA与PANi/EP粉体按照一定比例共碾磨,在复合粉体与SSA质量比为2.5时,共碾磨90 min电导率达到最高值0.438 S/cm,105 ℃退火2 h,测试其电导率为2.762 S/cm,提高了约5倍,但仍低于盐酸掺杂样品.可见高熔点有机酸对聚苯胺的固相机械力化学掺杂,避免了溶剂体系对环境的污染,是一种低成本绿色工艺.SEM表明,SSA掺杂PANi/EP复合粉体具有疏松多孔不规则形貌特征,粒径大小在0.5 μm～1 μm;FT-IR比较发现,SSA的特征峰3113 cm-1消失,1667 cm-1减弱并发生左移,1068 cm-1和1582 cm-1合并成一个1582 cm-1峰.表明SSA与PANi/EP发生了化学反应,即SSA与PANi/EP发生了掺杂.     

聚苯胺/聚氯乙烯复合物的制备及性能研究

将聚氯乙烯(PVC)和苯胺(An)单体置于同一体系中,在乳化剂存在的条件下,分别于不同温度下以过硫酸铵(APS)为氧化剂氧化苯胺聚合,合成了聚苯胺/聚氯乙烯(PANi/PVC)复合物,并探讨了聚合反应中各实验因素及实验条件的改变对聚合反应的影响,以聚合物产率和电导率为基准,确定了聚合反应的最佳工艺条件:聚氯乙烯/苯胺(质量)=2/1,反应温度28℃,反应时间22h。通过红外光谱对复合物结构进行了表征;热重分析表明PANi/PVC复合体系在添加聚苯胺后其热稳定性有明显的改善和提高;SEM分析显示PANi与PVC相容性良好。     

高导电聚苯胺/纳米石墨微片复合材料的结构与性能

以天然可膨胀石墨(GN)为原材料,采用酸及快速热处理制备了膨胀石墨(EG),再将膨胀石墨置于超声波中制得了纳米石墨微片(NanoG),最后采用原位聚合法制备了聚苯胺/纳米石墨微片(PANI/NanoG)导电复合物。扫描电镜(SEM)显示纳米石墨微片长径为0.8μm～20μm,厚度为30nm～90nm。聚苯胺均匀覆盖在纳米石墨微片表面;透射电镜(TEM)揭示了纳米石墨微片的片层分散在复合物中并形成了导电网络;电性能测试表明,当纳米石墨微片含量为0.5%(质量分数,下同)时,复合物电导率达到107.3S/cm,其渗滤阈值达到0.1%,纳米石墨微片独特的结构(宽度/厚度的高比值)及在聚苯胺中的分散造就了复合物良好的导电性能。     

聚苯胺/(蒙脱土-纳米纤维素)三元复合电极材料的制备及电化学性能

采用冷冻干燥法制备蒙脱土-纳米纤维素(MTM-CNFs)复合基底材料,再通过原位聚合,无模版法构建有序纳米阵列线结构,合成了聚苯胺(PANi)三元复合电极材料。对其微观结构、合成机制、电导率及电化学性质进行了分析,研究了一维线性材料、二维片状材料与导电聚合物的复合机制及无模版法制备PANi阵列储能材料的方法。结果表明,二维MTM纳米片的加入有利于聚苯胺在基底材料上进行原位生长,形成排列有序的阵列线结构,有效提高了电极材料的比电容量。当复合基底材料中MTM和CNFs质量比为1∶9时,合成的PANi/(MTM-CNFs)三元电极材料比电容量最高,达到596 F/g,相比PANi/CNFs二元材料提高了11.5倍。随着基底材料中MTM纳米片的进一步增加和堆叠,活性物质的减少导致材料比电容量的下降,但相比二元材料,仍有明显提高。另外,MTM纳米片的加入有助于稳定复合电极材料的库伦效率,在1 000次充放电循环过程中始终保持在100%左右。      

聚苯胺/改性活性炭复合电极材料的制备及其电容性能研究

通过改变有机酸与无机酸的配比研究合成高电导率聚苯胺的最佳条件,使用硝酸对活性炭进行改性,测定活性炭的沉降质量和活化指数并筛选出吸附性能最佳的改性活性炭,将最佳工艺条件下合成的聚苯胺与改性活性炭进行复合制备了聚苯胺/改性活性炭复合电极材料。通过X射线衍射、扫描电子显微镜和电化学性能测试对复合电极材料的结构和性能进行表征和研究。结果表明:用质量分数3%的硝酸改性的活性炭掺杂聚苯胺,二者的相容性最好,且改性活性炭含量为25.5%(质量分数)时,制备的复合电极材料比电容最大,为282F/g,比纯聚苯胺的比容量(210F/g)增加了34.3%。电化学性能测试表明,聚苯胺/改性活性炭复合电极材料内阻小,阻抗高,电容性能优良。     

界面聚合法制备纳米C60/聚苯胺复合材料及其电学性能研究

依靠界面聚合法制备了C60/聚苯胺纳米复合物。透射电子显微镜表明C60/聚苯胺呈纳米纤维状;通过UV-vis光谱证实了C60和聚苯胺之间存在着π-π相互作用;四探针法测试表明C60/聚苯胺纳米复合物具有半导体电导特征,最高电导率可达3.5×10-4S/cm;热重分析表明,C60/聚苯胺复合物具有比纯聚苯胺高的热稳定性。     

掺杂酸和氧化剂的浓度对聚苯胺纳米线导电性的影响

采用水相/有机相界面聚合法合成聚苯胺纳米线,通过调变掺杂酸和氧化剂的浓度,研究了聚苯胺纳米线的酸掺杂度和结晶度及其对电导率的影响.结果表明,掺杂酸浓度为1mol/L、苯胺/APS物质的量比在1:1～16:1之间时,界面法合成的聚苯胺纳米线导电性能良好,电导率在1.6～2.00S/cm之间.掺杂酸和氧化刺的浓度对聚苯胺纳米线的酸掺杂度和结晶度产生重要影响,其良好的导电性能是酸掺杂度和结晶度协同作用的结果.除酸掺杂度和结晶度外其它重要因素(如聚合度、纳米线直径等)也会影响聚苯胺纳米线的电导率.     

水溶性导电聚苯胺-磺化聚（苯乙烯-丙烯酸）复合物的制备和表征

介绍了化学氧化一步诱导合成水溶性导电聚苯胺复合物的方法。详细叙述了水溶性导电聚苯胺复合物的合成方法。着重分析了聚电解质诱导苯胺单体定向排列的作用力，阐述了聚电解质的引入对聚苯胺溶解性、导电性的改善作用。红外光谱、紫外光谱、电导率测试等结果表明成功合成出导电PANI/SPSA复合物。     

新型TiO2（B）/碳复合纳米线负极材料电化学特性研究

以锐钛矿TiO2粉末为原料,通过简单的两次水热及氩气气氛下热处理工艺,制备出新型TiO2(B)/碳一维复合纳米线材料。研究结果表明该复合纳米线主要是由TiO2(B)所组成,其外层包覆一层无定形碳以形成特殊的一维壳/核结构;这种特殊一维壳/核结构和化学组成在诸多领域都将会有着极其广泛应用。本文锂离子电池测试结果证实该复合纳米线电极具有超高的可逆循环电池容量和倍率充放电容量,在30 mAg-1充放电速率下,该TiO2(B)/碳一维壳核结构材料100圈循环后容量高达560 mAhg-1;在750 mAg-1充放电速率下,充放电容量达到200 mAhg-1。鉴于其优良的电化学性能,该一维复合结构材料有望成为下一代最有前途的锂离子电池电极材料。     

Polyaniline–CuO hybrid nanocomposites: synthesis, structural, morphological, optical and electrical transport studies

Thin films of semiconducting polyaniline (PANi) nanofibers reinforced with copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared on glass substrate using spin coating technique. Polyaniline (PANi) have been synthesized by chemical oxidative polymerization method with monomer aniline in presence of (NH₄)₂S₂O₈ as an oxidant at 0 °C. The copper oxide (CuO) nanoparticles were synthesized by sol–gel method. Physical properties of nanocomposite (NCs) films were characterized and analyzed by X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, UV–vis spectroscopy, Two probe resistivity measurement technique and Thermo-emf measurement. Structural analysis showed that the crystal structure of CuO is not disturbed in the PANi–CuO hybrid nanocomposite. Surface morphology study shows the uniform distribution of CuO nanoparticles in PANi matrix. FTIR and UV–Visible studies confirm the presence of polyaniline in emeraldine base form in the composites and suggest incorporation of CuO in polymer. Two probe electrical resistivity measurements of nanocomposites (NCs) film revealed that the resistivity of PANi increases with increasing content of CuO NPs.     

Enhanced electrochemical capacitance of polyaniline/graphene hybrid nanosheets with graphene as templates

Polyaniline/graphene nanocomposites (PANi/GR) were prepared via PANi covalent grafting from the surface of GR. The unique structure of hybrid nanosheets was formed with uniform PANi layer coating GR without phase separation appearing when the weight ratio of aniline-to-graphene was 1:1. The unique PANi/GR hybrid nanosheets as electrode material for supercapacitors have a specific capacitance as high as 922 F/g at 10 mV/s and still retain a specific capacitance of 106 F/g at a high scan rate of 1 V/s due to synergistic effect between PANi and GR. The capacitance retention was ∼90% after 1000 cycles, which is much better than that of pure PANi or other PANi nanocomposites. The enhanced capacitive performance of PANi/GR hybrid nanosheets makes them have potential application in developing high performance energy storage devices.     

Electrical properties of polyaniline and multi-walled carbon nanotube hybrid fibers

We have fabricated for the first time one-dimensional multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) nanocomposite fibers with improved electrical properties using electrospinning. Polyaniline (PANi) and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) were used as a conducting and a nonconducting matrix, respectively, for hybrid nanofibers including MWNTs. The hybrid nanofibers fabricated by electrospinning had a length of several centimeters and a diameter ranging from approximately 100 nm to approximately 1 microm. Transmission electron microscopic analysis confirmed that the MWNTs were successfully oriented along the fiber axis without any severe aggregation during electrospinning. The hybrid nanofibers showed an enhanced electrical conductance with increasing MWNT content up to 0.5 wt%, and compared to PANi/PEO fibers, they also showed a stable linear ohmic behavior. These hybrid conducting nanofibers can be applied to chemical and biosensors that require a high sensitivity.     

碳源对液相法制备Li3V2（PO4）3/C的影响

以4种不同种类的有机物(柠檬酸、水杨酸、聚丙烯酸、蔗糖)为碳源,通过液相反应合成Li3V2(PO4)3/C复合材料。研究了不同碳源对复合材料的晶型结构、形貌及电化学性能的影响。结果表明,碳源对Li3V2(PO4)3/C材料的晶型结构没有影响,但对电化学性能影响较明显,其中采用柠檬酸为碳源制得的Li3V2(PO4)3/C复合材料电化学性能最好。进一步研究了柠檬酸的加入量对复合材料的电化学性能的影响,发现当柠檬酸加入量为钒与碳的物质的量比为1∶4时,样品的平均粒径较小,电化学性能最好,0.1C首次放电比容量为123.59mAhg-1,0.5C首次放电比容量也高达117.27mAhg-1,循环10次后,仍保持在117.19mAhg-1,容量几乎没有衰减,10C时比容量仍有105.43mAhg-1。     

掺杂难熔金属碳化物对炭/炭复合材料烧蚀机理的影响

通过对炭／炭复合材料（C／C）和添加难熔金属碳化物炭／炭复合材料（C／C＋MC）的微观结构对比分析，研究了二者在电弧加热器上的烧蚀机理。结果表明，难熔金属化合物（MC）在烧蚀过程中进入到距表层几个微米之内的纤维和基体炭微晶内，明显影响了相邻微晶的形貌。MC的存在，一方面，加大了机械剥蚀等力学因素引起的质量损失，增大了试样表面粗糙度，从而进一步加重了烧蚀；另一方面，MC具有降低碳的升华总量的效应。从综合效应来看，C／C＋MC复合材料的烧蚀速率比C／C复合材料高。     

Synthesis of polyaniline/multi-walled carbon nanotube nanocomposites in water/oil microemulsion

A water/oil microemulsion system having been successfully used for synthesizing polyaniline(PANi) nanoparticles, was employed for preparing PANi/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) nanocomposites via in situ chemical oxidative polymerization. The structures and the electrical property of PANi/MWCNT nanocomposites were also studied. The studies showed that PANi could coat MWCNTs to form nanocables with core-shell structure, and the backbone structure of PANi was not damaged by the introduction of MWCNTs. The conductivities of PANi/MWCNT nanocomposites were higher than that of PANi. Moreover, a model was supposed to be used for describing a PANi/MWCNT nanocable formation by in situ microemulsion polymerization.     

Doping effect of polyaniline/MWCNT composites on capacitance and cyclic stability of supercapacitors

Polyaniline doped by Zn2+ ions was synthesized as nanocomposites with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) by in-situ oxidative polymerization and investigated as electrode material for supercapacitors. The uniform coating of polyaniline on MWCNT was characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The effect of Zn2+ ions on nanocomposites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The electrochemical performances were investigated by cyclic voltammetry (CV), constant current charging/discharging cyclic test (CC) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) using a three-electrode system. The doped polyaniline composites show higher specific capacitance and better cyclic stability.