235U核裂变后3-5 MeV γ射线时间响应的实验研究

中子诱发核材料所产生的裂变产物在3MeV以上能区的缓发γ射线带有特定的信息,利弗莫尔实验室利用该能区缓发γ射线来表征特定的核材料.本项工作基于3-5MeV能区缓发γ射线定量核裂变数的方法,通过浓缩铀样品热中子堆照实验,研究了单个235U核裂变产生3-5MeV能区缓发γ射线随时间的变化规律,给出了235U热中子诱发裂变产物3-5MeV缓发γ射线强度随时问变化的数据.     

有源符合中子法探测高浓缩铀的技术研究

开展了有源符合中子法探测^235U富集度为90．34％的小圆柱状金属铀块裂变材料的方法与技术研究。使用有源井型中子符合计数装置测量金属铀块中^235U受Am-Li中子源诱发后产生的裂变中子,运用最小二乘法的计算方法将测得的中子总计数率、真符合计数率分别与金属铀块质量做线性拟合,其线性相关性系数达0．999;在此基础上,进一步测量了在相同质量金属铀的条件下不同源、样距及不同样品形状的中子计数变化趋势。     

24.4KeV中子诱发^235U裂变的产额测量

一、前言 对~(235)U热中子裂变已经作了充分的研究,裂变产物的产额作了广泛的测量,并对实验数据进行了多次编评。但是对于其它单能中子诱发~(235)U裂变研究还远远不够,尤其是keV能区的中子更是如此。J.G.Cuninghame等测量了130-1700keV中子诱发~(235)U裂变中一些核素的产额。但是低于130keV中子诱发的裂变研究,文献中未见过报道。为了研究产额随中子能     

基于MCNP的缓发裂变中子衰减时间谱模拟计算

基于核裂变反应发生与缓发裂变中子发射这两个物理过程在时间上可相互分离的思想,利用MCNP程序计算得到了含铀地层0~100s范围内的缓发裂变中子衰减时间谱。模拟计算了球体几何模型中235 U与238 U核裂变反应率空间分布;借助SOURCE子程序依次对缓发裂变中子的发射位置、发射方向、发生核裂变反应的核素、缓发裂变中子所在的群组、发射时间及其初始能量等参数进行了抽样。结果表明,计算得到的缓发裂变中子衰减时间谱的时间特征与铀核素的缓发裂变中子群参数相符合。对缓发裂变中子总计数与地层铀含量之间的关系进行了线性拟合,拟合结果的相关系数平方值大于0.998 5,该结果从理论上验证了缓发裂变中子测井铀含量线性模型的正确性。     

水泥材料的反射中子实验研究

采用铀核裂变法和活化法实验研究D-T聚变中子在水泥材料上的反射中子.在铁球壳外表面水平赤道方向上,用小型浓缩铀和贫化铀裂变电离室结合俘获探测器测量了反射中子引起的235U(包镉)和238U裂变反应率,实验不确定度分别为6.1%-7.3%和6.4%-7.4%.用5种高阈能活化箔测量了反射中子引起的活化反应率,实验不确定度为7.2%-8.0%.比较了252Cf自发裂变中子在水泥材料上反射中子引起的235U(包镉)裂变反应率测量结果.讨论和分析了实验结果.     

有源井型中子符合测量装置研制

在核材料衡算中,有源井型中子符合测量装置(AWCC)是用于含铀核材料无损测量的主要设备之一。该装置基于核材料中的235U具有高的热中子诱发裂变截面,采用低中子能量的Am-Li中子源作裂变中子源,诱发235U裂变,利用3He计数管阵列探测235U诱发裂变产生的中子,通过与标准含铀样品的测     

主动法中子时间关联符合测量探测金属铀质量和丰度

主动法中子时间关联符合测量是金属铀核查认证技术的重要手段之一。本文通过数值模拟分析了窄束²⁵²Cf中子源诱发不同质量、不同丰度的金属铀材料的中子输运过程,并获得了其时间关联符合计数。通过分析时间关联符合计数特征参数,验证了时间关联符合计数的FWTH与增殖系数、FWTH内的总计数与增殖系数和²³⁵U质量的乘积及外中子源衰减与金属铀总质量的正比关系,由此建立了金属铀质量和丰度的主动中子时间关联符合测量探测方法。     

利用NaI(TI)单晶γ谱仪和超热中子活化法测定食品标准参考物中的铀含量

中子活化分析技术用于测定微量元素是很方便和有效的。它的探测灵敏度高,抗干扰能力强,现已广泛地用于各种领域。 中子活化法测量物质中的微量铀,一般有二种方法。一种是通过测量铀的同位素~(235)U的某些裂变产物发射的γ射线或缓发中子,另一种是通过测定铀同位素~(238)U的直接或间接活化产物的γ射线。     

铀材料同位素组成的主动中子测量方法初步模拟研究

通过使用GEANT4模拟工具包初步模拟了一种新的主动中子测量铀材料同位素组成的方法.其基本原理是对于铀材料,在同种能量中子人射下,235U与238U发生诱发裂变与(n,2n)、(n,3n)反应截面不同,从而产生的时间关联符合中子计数也不同,根据测量的符合中子的计数反推其同位素组成.模拟采用了能量分别为2.5 MeV与1...     

铍光中子对研究堆瞬态特性影响研究

在采用铍材作为慢化剂或反射层的热中子反应堆中,由于~(235)U裂变产物放出的高能γ光子会与~9Be发生(γ,n)反应,产生光激发缓发中子,即铍光中子,会对反应堆的动态特性产生影响。本文选取经典的铍光中子分组参数,采用系统程序relap5,研究了铍光中子对研究堆瞬态特性的影响。研究表明,铍光中子的存在导致反应堆剩余裂变功率增多和持续时间增加,从而提高了余热水平;铍光中子的存在使得瞬态中核功率变化滞后,对反应堆安全有一定的影响。     

Measurement and analysis of fission rates in depleted uranium and depleted uranium–polyethylene shells with neutrons from D-T reaction

To validate the concept design of a novel fusion–fission hybrid energy reactor, a depleted uranium assembly and a combined assembly of uranium and polyethylene were designed and assembled based on a depleted uranium spherical shell and a polyethylene spherical shell. The distribution of the fission rates for the depleted uranium and enriched uranium in the two assemblies, as a function of the distance of the detection position to the centre, was measured using a plate fission chamber bombarded by D-T neutrons. The addition of a polyethylene shell significantly changed the neutron spectrum; in particular, the neutron fluxes with energies of 1 MeV and lower were changed. Using MCNP5 and the attached libraries, the fission rate experiments were simulated, and the experimental configuration, including the wall of the experimental hall, was described in detail in the model. The fission rate distributions for depleted uranium and enriched uranium in the two assemblies were reproducible. The difference between the calculated results with different libraries and different tallies is as small as 1.0%. By considering the neutron flux, the fission rate and the C/E values, it is concluded that the fission rates of depleted uranium and enriched uranium induced by the fast neutrons were overestimated, and it is proposed that the fission parameters of uranium for fast neutrons should be re-evaluated, or the margin of the concept design should be enlarged, to make the concept effective.     

主动法探测贫化铀的实验研究

用有源（主动）的方法研究了贫化铀及其组合系统的中子诱发裂变缓发中子的探测技术。在不同质量和不同屏蔽体条件下测量和比较了贫化铀系统的裂变缓发中子随时间的分布，进一步分析了有源探测的入侵性和可核查性。探讨了采用缓发中子区分核与非核、贫化铀和浓缩铀系统的方法。     

脉冲中子-裂变中子铀矿测井技术的蒙特卡罗模拟

脉冲中子-裂变中子铀矿测井方法（PNFN）是采用脉冲式中子源,利用-3He管中子探测器记录瞬发裂变超热中子或缓发裂变热中子,得到地层中铀矿含量信息的测井方法。利用MCNP程序模拟了不同铀含量、不同地层孔隙度地层条件下PNFN的响应,分析了瞬发裂变超热中子和缓发裂变热中子与地层铀含量和孔隙度的关系。结果表明,地层孔隙度对利用PNFN确定地层铀含量有影响,孔隙度越大,利用裂变中子直接计算得到的地层铀含量比真实含量越小。利用瞬发裂变超热中子或热中子时间衰减谱计算得到地层宏观俘获截面,对裂变中子进行校正,可以有效提高地层铀含量计算结果的准确度。     

Neutronics analysis of a stacked structure for a subcritical system with LEU solution driven by a D-T neutron source for 99Mo production

The utilization of neutrons markedly affects the medical isotope yield of a subcritical system driven by an external D-T neutron source.The general methods to improve the utilization of neutrons include moderating,multiplying,and reflecting neutrons,which ignores the use of neutrons that backscatter to the source direction.In this study,a stacked structure was formed by assembling the multiplier and the low-enriched uranium solution to enable the full use of neutrons that backscatter to the source direction and further improve the utilization of neutrons.A model based on SuperMC was used to evaluate the neu-tronics and safety behavior of the subcritical system,such as the neutron effective multiplication factor,neutron energy spectrum,medical isotope yield,and heat deposi-tion.Based on the calculation results,when the intensity of the neutron source was 5×1013 n/s,the optimized design with a stacked structure could increase the yield of 99Mo to 182 Ci/day,which is approximately 16％higher than that obtained with a single-layer structure.The inlet H2O coolant velocity of 1.0 m/s and initial temperature of 20℃were also found to be sufficient to prevent boiling of the fuel solution.     

重屏蔽条件下铀材料丰度的时间关联测量分析

针对高原子序数物质屏蔽下的铀材料，提出了一种新的技术方法来估算其铀丰度。首先，用D-T中子发生器的14 MeV中子对铀材料及屏蔽层进行主动质询，同时利用裂变射线探测器得到裂变中子/γ射线时间关联测量谱。然后，利用成像探测器建立的断层扫描图像得到铀材料及屏蔽层的几何和材料参数，并调用不同的铀丰度参数进行蒙特卡罗模拟计算，得到时间关联计算谱。最后，寻找与测量谱最匹配的模拟谱，确定铀材料的实际铀丰度。通过对比裂变射线探测器实验测量得到的所有裂变中子/γ射线时间关联谱，结果发现在各种屏蔽层状态下，高浓铀材料与贫化铀材料的时间关联谱均存在显著差异，可用时间关联谱作为区分不同铀材料丰度的重要技术特征；对于相同铀丰度和屏蔽状态下的铀材料，模拟谱与测量谱吻合较好，表明时间关联谱的模拟与实验分析可为铀材料铀丰度的估算提供技术基础。     

D-T中子源的反冲质子望远镜模拟研究

为了设计用于监测D-T中子产额的反冲质子望远镜系统,采用MCNP程序模拟了14MeV中子在不同厚度的聚乙烯膜上产生的反冲质子的产额、能谱及角分布,通过对反冲质子的产额、能谱和角分布数据的分析,给出了用于D-T中子产额监测的反冲质子望远镜系统的聚乙烯膜最佳厚度和探测器放置位置。建立了D-T中子源模型,模拟设计了反冲质子望远镜系统,并给出了系统的探测效率。     

活化法区分浓缩铀与贫化铀数值模拟研究

铀材料的辐射探测方法是核查技术研究的重要内容,主动法是铀材料探测的有效方法之一.论文利用MCNP程序计算分析了活化法区分浓缩铀和贫化铀的可行性,研究表明通过铀材料的裂变率-慢化体厚度的关系曲线能够判断是贫化铀还是浓缩铀.计算分析了~(252)Cf和14MeV中子源在铀材料探测中的优缺点,结果表明~(252)Cf中子源优于14Mev中子源.最后从测量的角度,重点分析了探测对象--缓发γ射线和缓发中子,分析表明探测缓发中子优于缓发γ射线.     

The design of “multiple energies from one source” in D-T neutron tube

To obtain multiple monoenergetic neutron sources and realize the on-site calibration of radiation monitoring equipment for nuclear-involved places,the structural characteristics and neutron source features of D-T neutron tube were analyzed;Monte Carlo method was adopted to simulate the effect of interaction between typical materials and different energy neutrons;multilayered shielding materials were combined and optimized to acquire the optimal scheme to shield the neutron sources from the neutron tube.On the base,a tapered alignment filtration construction was designed and Monte Carlo method was employed to simulate the effect of alignment construction.The result showed that the tapered alignment filtration construction can create monoenergetic neutrons including14.1 MeV,0.18 MeV and thermal neutrons and demonstrated good monochrome performance which provides multiple monoenergetic sources for the on-site calibration.     

Calcuiational Method for Neutron Heating in Dense Plasma Systems, (II)

Abstract

The effect of neutron heating on the burn characteristics of inertial confinement fusion pellets is investigated by applying the calcuiational method developed in an earlier paper (Part I). The basic equations are time-dependent transport equations for fusion neutrons and recoil ions, being written in terms of the modified Eulerian coordinates originally proposed by Wienke (1974). After incorporating these equations into the one-dimensional hydrodynamics code MEDUSA, burn simulations are made for isobaric D-T pellets models compressed to 1,000 times the liquid density. It is found that in reactor-grade pellets, the inclusion of neutron heating decreases the fuel gain from the values obtained by neglecting the neutron heating. Calculations neglecting the energy transport by recoil ions overestimate the neutron energy deposition to plasma ions. The energy spectrum of neutrons emitted out of a typical D-T burning pellet is also shown. These neutrons contain fast components whose energies reach more than 20MeV.     

Study of the neutron multiplication effect in an active neutron method

The neutron multiplication effect appears when an item contains large amounts of nuclear material. The neutron multiplication effect in this paper means the effect of subsequent fission reactions which are caused by fission neutrons produced by interrogation neutrons from a neutron generator. The previous active neutron method could not distinguish between first-fission and subsequent-fission neutrons and might overestimate the amount of nuclear material. However, the neutron multiplication effect in the active neutron method has not been adequately investigated. We discuss the evaluation method of the multiplication effect in the fast neutron direct interrogation method, one of the active neutron methods, using simulations with the Monte Carlo code MVP and experiments involving uranium waste drums. The first-generation neutrons from an external neutron source generate fission neutrons called second-generation neutrons, the second-generation neutrons generate third-generation neutrons, and so on. This study supposes that the neutron multiplication effect is mainly caused by the third-generation neutrons under the condition that the fourth-generation neutrons are much fewer. This paper proposes a correction method for the neutron multiplication effect in the measured data.