丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼靶控输注在老年患者肠镜检查中的临床应用探讨

目的研究丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼靶控输注用于老年患者无痛肠镜检查的安全性、有效性及可行性。方法将67例门诊及住院需要肠镜检查的老年患者随机分为A组（34例）及B组（33例）；A组采用丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼靶控输注，丙泊酚血浆靶控浓度为0．5～1．0μg／ml、瑞芬太尼血浆靶控浓度0．5～1．0ng／ml同时靶控输注：B组常规操作。RamsayⅡ级开始插镜，抵达回盲部停止给药。分别记录术前、进镜至回盲部及检查完毕SBP、DBP、HR、Sp02值及不良反应发生的例数。结果Ramsay评分A组Ⅱ级97．1％，B组Ⅰ级100％（P〈0．01）；进镜至回盲部过程：A组SBP、DBP、HR无明显变化，B组明显高于术前，与A组有显著性差异（P〈0．05）；A组体动及呻吟明显少于B组（P〈0．01）；A组操作成功率及患者满意度明显高于B组（P〈0．01）：A组无呼吸抑制发生。结论老年患者应用丙泊酚-瑞芬太尼靶控输注麻醉效果好，血流动力学稳定，肠镜操作成功率高，患者的耐受性好，是一种安全、有效、可行的无痛肠镜麻醉方法。     

颈髓损伤手术患者全麻诱导时瑞芬太尼和依托咪酯的适宜血浆靶浓度探讨

目的探讨颈髓损伤患者术中靶控输注（TCI）瑞芬太尼复合依托咪酯全麻诱导的适宜血浆靶浓度。方法对30例颈髓损伤患者行嗅鞘细胞移植术,术中采用瑞芬太尼复合依托咪酯全麻诱导,按瑞芬太尼血浆靶浓度（2、4、6n#m1）随机分为R2、R4、R6组,设定依托咪酯血浆靶浓度为0．6μg/ml与瑞芬太尼同时输注。脑电双频指数（BIS）达60后静注罗库溴铵辅助插管,记录患者诱导前（T0）、BIS达60时（T1）、插管前即刻（T2）、插管后1min（T3）、插管后3min（T4）的SBP、HR,记录BIS达60时瑞芬太尼及依托咪酯的血浆靶浓度和效应室浓度。结果R2组T1时依托咪酯的效应室浓度明显高于R4、R6组（P〈0．05）,R2组T3、T4时的SBP均明显高于T9（P〈0．05）,R4、R6组插管前后SBP无显著差异。结论瑞芬太尼4ng／ml复合依托咪酯0．6μg／ml诱导能较好地控制颈髓损伤患者全麻诱导气管插管时血流动力学反应。     

右美托咪定复合靶控瑞芬太尼用于巨大甲状腺肿清醒插管的效果

目的观察右美托咪定复合靶控瑞芬太尼用于巨大甲状腺肿清醒插管的效果。方法择期全麻下行巨大甲状腺肿切除手术患者30例,按照美国麻醉医师协会(ASA)分级为Ⅰ-Ⅲ级,采用随机数字表法,将患者分为右美托咪定组(Ⅰ组)和咪达唑仑组(Ⅱ组)。每组10例。所有患者入室后均给予1﹪丁卡因行口腔、舌根表面麻醉,Ⅰ组给予右美托咪定1μg/kg-1复合剂量,随后以0.5μg/kg-1持续泵入同时靶控血浆靶浓度瑞芬太尼2~4 ng/ml。Ⅱ组给予咪达唑仑0.04mg/kg,靶控血浆靶浓度瑞芬太尼2-4ng/ml。待患者意识消失对言语指令无反应后。行气管插管。记录麻醉前(T0)、插管前即刻(T1)、气管导管越过声门插入气管即刻(T2)、插管完成后1min(T3)、插管完成后5min(T4)的SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2;记录插管过程中有无恶心、呛咳、躁动等插管反应。结果两组患者均顺利完成保留自主呼吸下气管插管,与T0组比较,T1时两组SBP、DBP、HR均明显降低(P<0.05);与T1组比较,T2~T4时两组SBP、DBP均明显升高(P<0.05),HR明显增快(P<0.05);与Ⅱ比较,T2~T4时Ⅰ组SBP、DBP、HR明显降低(P<0.05)。Ⅰ组恶心、呛咳、躁动发生率明显降低(P<0.05)。结论右美托咪定复合靶控瑞芬太尼可有效安全的用于巨大甲状腺肿保留自主呼吸清醒插管,与咪达唑仑复合靶控瑞芬太尼相比,血流动力学更稳定且有效的减少不良反应的发生率。     

瑞芬太尼复合咪唑安定在无痛支气管镜检查中的临床应用

正支气管镜检查是呼吸道疾病诊疗的重要方法,具有侵袭性和有创性。支气管镜检查会经过咽喉部、声门等敏感部位,患者易出现呛咳、憋闷、心率血压波动较大等现象,许多患者因耐受性较差,难以配合检查[1-2]。所以选择合适的麻醉方法应用于支气管镜检查具有现实临床意义。瑞芬太尼是一种起效快、作用时间短、镇痛作用强、不良反应小的阿片类镇痛药物,且代谢速度快,在体内无蓄积,广范在无痛纤维支气管镜检查中应用[3-4]。咪唑安定属于苯二氮卓类催眠药物,具有起效快、作用时间短、顺行性记忆缺失等特点,常用于内镜检查麻醉[5-6]。但目前关于两者复合静脉麻醉用于无痛支气管镜检查的研究较少,且均未观察患者检查后应激状     

在老年肿瘤患者麻醉中七氟烷复合瑞芬太尼靶控输注的应用研究

目的探讨在老年肿瘤患者麻醉中七氟烷复合瑞芬太尼靶控输注的应用效果。方法选取我院2018年12月-2019年6月收治的老年肿瘤患者64例,采用随机数字表法分为两组,各32例。对照组采用丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼靶控输注,观察组采用七氟烷复合瑞芬太尼靶控输注,观察两组不同时间段心率、平均动脉压及不良反应发生率。结果观察组手术30 min、手术停止时心率、平均动脉压均高于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组不良反应发生率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论应用七氟烷复合瑞芬太尼靶控输注效果较好,对心率、血压影响较小,减少不良反应发生。     

瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉用于甲状腺手术时对血流动力学的影响

目的观察比较瑞芬太尼与芬太尼复合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉用于甲状腺手术时对血流动力学、拔管时间和清醒程度的影响。方法40例择期ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级甲状腺手术的患者,随机均分为瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉组（RF组）及芬太尼复合丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉组（F组）。静脉诱导给予咪唑安定0．1mg／kg、丙泊酚1．5mg／kg、维库溴铵0．1mg／kg,RF组给予瑞芬太尼单次剂量2μg／kg,意识丧失后行气管插管,随即静脉持续泵注丙泊酚75μg·kg^-1·min。和瑞芬太尼0．16—0．21μg·kg^-1·min。F组给予芬太尼3哕kg,意识丧失后行气管插管,随即静脉持续泵注丙泊酚75μg·kg^-1·min以及芬太尼0．04—0．06μg·kg^-1·min。记录患者术中血流动力学指标及麻醉恢复情况。结果与RF组相比,F组在术中SBP、DBP显著升高、HR明显增快（P〈0．05）;RF组的自主呼吸恢复时间、呼之睁眼时间及拔管时间均明显短于F组（P〈0．05）;离开手术室时的意识状态OAAS评分明显高于F组（P〈0．05）。结论瑞芬太尼与丙泊酚全凭静脉麻醉用于甲状腺手术具有镇痛完善、血流动力学稳定、苏醒迅速等优点。     

瑞芬太尼用于妇科腹腔镜短时间手术患者麻醉诱导效果观察

目的 观察瑞芬太尼用于妇科腹腔镜短时间手术患者麻醉诱导的效果.方法 选取ASA Ⅰ～Ⅱ级妇科腹腔镜手术患者60例,随机分为瑞芬太尼组和舒芬太尼组,各30例.麻醉诱导采用静脉注射咪达唑仑、依托咪酯、罗库溴铵以及舒芬太尼（舒芬太尼组）或瑞芬太尼（瑞芬太尼组）的方法.两组全麻使用瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚全屏静脉麻醉维持麻醉.记录并比较麻醉诱导前（T0）、气管插管前即刻（T1）、气管插管后1 min（T2）、插管后2min（T3）、插管后3min（T4）、手术结束时（T5）、睁眼时（T6）、拔管时（T7）及拔管后3min（T8）两组患者SBP、DBP、HR、SpO2;手术结束后记录并比较两组患者总麻醉时间、睁眼时间、拔管时间及术后疼痛、术中知晓、恶心、呕吐、呛咳、躁动等不良反应发生情况.结果 瑞芬太尼对患者SBP、DBP、HR的影响较舒芬太尼小.瑞芬太尼组麻醉时间、睁眼时间和拔管时间均较舒芬太尼组短（P均＜0.05）.两组均未发生严重不良反应.结论 对于妇科腹腔镜短时间手术,瑞芬太尼麻醉诱导是值得推荐的一种快通道麻醉诱导方法.     

小剂量右美托咪定复合丙泊酚用于高血压患者全身麻醉下纤维支气管镜的观察

目的 观察输注小剂量右美托咪定对原发性高血压患者喉罩辅助通气丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼全身麻醉下纤维支气管镜检查的麻醉效果.方法 选择患有原发性高血压需择期行纤维支气管镜检查患者40例,其中男、女各20例,随机分为两组（n=20）.麻醉诱导前后分别记录观察组（DEX组）和对照组（生理盐水组）术前（T0）、麻醉诱导前（T1）、麻醉诱导后（T2）、气管镜入声门后1 min（T3）、3 min（T4）、5 min（T5）、术后唤醒即刻 （T6）,各时点的SBP、DBP、ECG、HR、SpO2数据.结果 两组均患者顺利完成检查.与对照组比较,观察组检查期间呛咳少,丙泊酚等麻醉及辅助用药量少,血流动力学更趋平稳.结论 诱导前 15 min 微量泵输注0.4 μg/kg右美托咪定可以安全用于原发性高血压患者纤维支气管镜麻醉.     

咪唑安定、小剂量舒芬太尼合并利多卡因局麻在支气管镜中的应用

目的探讨咪唑安定、小剂量舒芬太尼在支气管镜检查的效果及安全性。方法将62例行支气管镜检查的患者随机分成两组,每组31人,治疗组在行支气管镜检查前5min给予静推咪唑安定及小剂量舒芬太尼,进支气管镜时合并利多卡因局麻,对照组在行支气管镜检查时仅给予利多卡因局麻。观察两组检查前、检查中及检查后收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）、血氧饱和度（SPO2）等变化,和患者的不良反应。结果治疗组纤支镜进声门时（T1）、进声门后5min（他）患者收缩压、心率高于同组基础值110（P〉0．05）,与对照组比较有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。对照组T1、1、2时患者收缩压、心率明显高于基础值TO（P〈0．05）。治疗组出现体动和咳嗽等反应少,患者能在舒适、无痛苦中接受检查。结论采用静推咪唑安定、小剂量舒芬太尼合并利多卡因局麻行支气管镜检查,是一种安全、有效的方法,值得临床推广。     

静吸复合全麻与靶控输注对老年高血压患者麻醉深度的影响

目的评价瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚靶控输注静脉麻醉对老年高血压患者麻醉深度的影响及其用于人工髋关节置换术的临床可行性。方法 2011年2月至2012年8月对实施人工髋关节置换术治疗的患者术前采用瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚靶控输注静脉麻醉,并与采用芬太尼静吸复合全麻的患者进行麻醉效果对比。结果在术后1、2、5 h,静吸复合全麻组患者的心率较麻醉前明显降低(t=4.52、3.85、3.15,P<0.05)。靶控输注组的呼吸恢复时间、睁眼时间、拔管时间与静吸复合全麻组比较无明显差异(P>0.05);而定向力恢复时间和离室时间较静吸复合全麻组明显缩短(t=3.87、3.01,P<0.05)。靶控输注组患者术后发生NPS 16例,静吸复合全麻组术后发生NPS 13例,两组比较无明显差异(χ2=0.57,P>0.05)。结论瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚靶控输注静脉麻醉应用于老年高血压患者行髋关节置换术中麻醉的效果佳,可以更好地控制血压及心率。     

舒芬太尼靶控输注对七氟醚抑制气管插管反应ED50的影响

目的研究舒芬太尼靶控输注对七氟醚抑制气管插管反应最低肺泡浓度ED50的影响。方法40例ASAI级,择期妇科手术患者随机分为舒芬太尼靶浓度0．5ng／ml＋七氟醚吸入组（SS组）和七氟醚吸入对照组（S组）。舒芬太尼靶浓度和七氟醚呼出浓度稳定于预先设定值20min后气管插管。七氟醚抑制气管插管反应最低肺泡浓度ED50测定方法采用医学序贯试验中的上-下法。结果SS组七氟醚抑制气管插管反应最低肺泡浓度ED50为0．99％,95％可置区间为0．85％-1．14％,S组分别为4．59％和4．30％～4．89％。结论舒芬太尼靶控输注可明显降低七氟醚抑制气管插管反应最低肺泡浓度ED50。     

Comparison of 2 effect-site concentrations of remifentanil with midazolam during percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty under monitored anesthesia care: A randomized controlled study

Background:Until now, target-controlled infusion of remifentanil with midazolam in percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty for dysfunctional hemodialysis fistulas has not been described. Here, we investigate 2 effect-site concentrations of remifentanil with intermittent bolus midazolam for percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty under monitored anesthesia care.Methods:A prospective, randomized controlled trial including patients who received a percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty between March 2019 and March 2021 was conducted. Group 1 and Group 2 were, respectively, administered an initial effect-site concentration of remifentanil of 1.0 and 2.0 ng/mL by a target-controlled infusion pump with Minto model. In both groups, maintenance of the effect-site concentration of remifentanil was adjusted upward and downward by 0.5 ng/mL with intermittent bolus midazolam to keep the Observer''s Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale between 2 and 4, mean arterial pressure and heart rate at baseline levels ± 30%, and patient comfort (remaining moveless). The primary outcome was to determine the appropriate effect-site concentration of remifentanil for the procedure in terms of patient comfort (remaining moveless), hemodynamic conditions, and adverse events. Secondary endpoints included the total dosage of anesthetics and total times of target-controlled infusion pump adjustments.Results:A total of 40 patients in Group 1 and 40 patients in Group 2 were eligible for analysis. Most parameters were insignificantly different between 2 groups, except Group 1 having higher peripheral oxygen saturation, while local anesthetic injection compared with Group 2. In addition, Group 1 patients had less apnea with desaturation (peripheral oxygen saturation < 90%; 0 vs 6, P = .034), less remifentanil consumption (189.65 ± 69.7 vs 243.8 ± 76.1 μg, P = .001), but more intraoperative movements affecting the procedure (14 vs 4; P = .016), total times of target-controlled infusion pump adjustment [2 (1-4) vs 1 (1–2), P < .001] compared with Group 2.Conclusion:In percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty for dysfunctional hemodialysis fistulas, target-controlled infusion with remifentanil Minto model target 2.0 ng/mL with 3 to 4 mg midazolam use provided appropriate hemodynamic conditions, sufficient sedation and analgesia, and acceptable apnea with desaturation.     

脑电双频指数反馈闭环靶控输注在电子小肠镜检查中的应用

目的 研究脑电双频指数（BIS）反馈闭环靶控输注（CL-TCI）在电子小肠镜检查中的应用效果.方法 60例需要小肠镜（经口）检查的患者随机均分为3组,A组以BIS作为控制变量的闭合环路靶控输注丙泊酚,结合开放环路靶控输注雷米芬太尼;B组靶控输注丙泊酚、雷米芬太尼;C组恒速输注丙泊酚、雷米芬太尼.检测麻醉前（T0）、入睡睫毛反射消失时（T1）、入镜即刻（T2）、小肠镜经过曲氏韧带（T3）、检查结束出镜后（T4）各组MAP、HR、Sp02、BIS,以及诱导时间、唤醒时间和定向力恢复时间,记录呼吸抑制、体动、呛咳等不良反应发生情况,记录丙泊酚各时段消耗量,电话随访有无术中知晓情况.结果 MAP、HR：与T0时间点比较,3组T1时均下降（P＜0.05）,T2、T3、T4时B组均低于A组（P均＜0.05）;C组T2、T3、T4时不稳定.BIS值：T2、T3、T4时B组均小于A组（P均＜0.05）;C组数值不稳定.诱导时间C组快于A、B组（P均＜0.05）,唤醒时间和离院时间A组快于B、C两组（P均＜0.05）.A、B组均未发生呼吸抑制、体动、呛咳和术中知晓,C组呼吸抑制2例、体动4例.A组丙泊酚总消耗量少于B、C组（P均＜0.05）.结论 BIS反馈下丙泊酚、雷米芬太尼CL-TCI应用于电子小肠镜检查,可使患者生命体征更平稳、丙泊酚用量减少、唤醒时间和定向力恢复时间缩短、留院时间缩短.     

丙泊酚复合不同阿片类药物在老年人结肠镜检查中的镇静效果

目的 探讨丙泊酚复合不同阿片类药物应用于老年人结肠镜检查镇静的效果.方法 60例老年结肠镜受检者随机分为3组,均采用靶控输注方法给予丙泊酚,其中20例单次推注芬太尼(芬太尼组),靶控输注舒芬太尼(舒芬太尼组)、瑞芬太尼(瑞芬太尼组)各20例.记录患者血流动力学改变、镇静深度和不良事件.结果 3组受检患者一般情况、血流动力学改变、镇静深度和不良事件比较差异无统计学意义(均P＞0.05).检查后恢复时间芬太尼组[(21.3±4.6)min]长于舒芬太尼组[(19.9±3.3)min]和瑞芬太尼组[(15.9±1.8)min],且与瑞芬太尼组比较差异有统计学意义(均P＜0.05).结论 丙泊酚复合3种阿片类药物均可安全有效地用于老年人结肠镜检查,但使用瑞芬太尼受检者恢复更为迅速.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the feasibility and safety of fentanyl, sufentanil or remifentanil combined with target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol for sedation in the elderly undergoing colonoscopy. Methods In this prospective randomized study, 60 patients undergoing colonoscopy and propofol TCI were randomly assigned to group F (fentanyl), group S (sufentanil) and group R (remifentanil)(each n=20). Patients in group F received a single bolus of fentanyl, while those in group S and group R received TCI sufentanil and remifentanil separately. The blood pressure, heart rate, blood oxygen content and Bispectral index (BIS) were monitored, and all the complications were recorded. Results All patients were adequately sedated. There were no significant differences in general conditions, hemodynamics changes, sedation depth and adverse event among the three groups (all P＞0.05). Time for recovery was longer in group F [(21.3±4.6) min] than in group S [(19.9±3.3) min] and group R [(15.9±1.8) min, P＜0.05]. Conclusions For the elderly undergoing colonoscopy, sedation with fentanyl, sufentanil or remifentanil combined with propofol TCI is feasible and safe. It is more excellent for the remifentanil group at shorter discharge time.     

不同输注速度瑞芬太尼对小儿心脏快通道麻醉应激反应的影响

目的观察不同输注速度瑞芬太尼对小儿心脏快通道麻醉血流动力学及应激反应的影响。方法24例择期房、室间隔缺损修补术患儿，随机分为两组：Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组（分别持续输入瑞芬太尼0．25μg·kg^-1·min^-1，0．50μg·kg^-1·min^-1）。记录患儿入睡（T0基础），气管插管（T1）、切皮（T2）、劈胸骨（T3）、开始转机（T4）、转机10min（T5）、复温5min（T6）、停机（T7）、停机10min（T8）、穿钢丝（T9）、手术结束（T10）和拔除气管插管（T11）、拔管后0．5h（T12），2h（T13）时血压、心率。T0，T3，T6，T12，T13抽取动脉血检测去甲肾上腺素（Noradrenaline NE）、皮质醇（Cortisol COR）血糖（Blood GlucoseBG）、乳酸浓度（Lacticacid LAC）。记录围术期血管活性、镇静、镇痛药物。结果所有患儿均在手术室内拔管，术中血流动力学稳定，拔管后心率明显增快，Ⅱ组还伴有血压升高，且术后应用降压及镇静药物显著多于1组。两组NE浓度在围术期无显著变化，Ⅱ组T12的NE浓度，T6、T13的COR、BG、LAC浓度均显著高于I组。结论两种输注速度的瑞芬太尼可有效阻断去甲肾上腺素的释放，但0．50μg·kg^-1·min^-1瑞芬太尼可以更好抑制皮质醇、血糖和乳酸的升高，拔管后循环更稳定。     

丙泊酚靶控输注应用于老年患者ERCP的安全性探讨

目的 评价丙泊酚靶控输注在老年患者内镜逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）中的应用价值；探讨该类患者ERCP操作过程中麻醉的处理。方法麻醉下行ERCP患者的2081例，根据年龄分成非老年组（1025例）和老年组（1056例），比较两组问操作过程中丙泊酚靶控输注血药浓度，血压变化，氧饱和度变化及不良事件发生率的差异。结果两组患者麻醉后血压、氧饱和度、心率均有所下降，两组间差异不明显，操作时老年组丙泊酚的血药浓度更低。两组问不良事件发生率没有差异没有统计学意义。结论通过完善的术前评价和准备，高龄患者麻醉下行ERCP是安全、可行的。     

高压球囊气道成形术治疗结核性气道狭窄改善肺功能的观察

目的评价纤支镜介导下高压球囊扩张气道成形术治疗结核性气道狭窄对改善肺功能的作用。方法对24例因气管、支气管结核造成的不同部位近端气道狭窄患者,实施纤支镜介导下高压球囊扩张气道成形术,分别于术前和最后一次球囊扩张术后的当天,对患者的气促评分和肺功能各项参数如肺活量VC(%)、用力肺活量FVC(L)、第1秒用力呼气容积FEV1(%)、第1秒用力呼气容积/用力肺活量FEV1/FVC(%)等进行测定,并对其并发症的发生情况进行评价,设18例对照组患者进行治疗前后比较。所有患者均进行了12～24个月的随访。结果24例患者分别接受高压球囊扩张2～6次,平均接受球囊扩张(3.64±1.29)次。经过高压球囊扩张气道成形术后,气促评分由术前的(1.45±1.01),减少为术后的(0.45±0.59)(P0.01)。术前平均FEV1(%)(81.47±10.07),上升为术后(96.03±10.79),差异有统计学意义(P0.01);术前平均FEV1/FVC(%)及FVC(L)由(79.56±10.77)、(4.03±0.41),上升为术后(87.16±7.55)、(4.62±0.86)差异有统计学意义(P0.05);而VC(%)由术前(77.01±19.35),上升为术后(79.24±15.15)差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。对照组患者治疗前后肺功能各参数变化差异无统计学意义,治疗组12～24个月的随访,远期疗效达91.7%(22/24)。24例接受此方法治疗的患者,除3例出现了远端支气管黏膜轻微撕裂外,未见其他严重并发症发生。结论纤支镜介导下的高压球囊扩张气道成形术是一项有效、安全和简便的治疗结核性近端气道狭窄,改善肺功能的方法。     

Safety and efficacy of ketamine sedation for infant flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy

OBJECTIVE: To describe our experience with ketamine sedation during infant flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. Infants were sedated with midazolam and ketamine with or without fentanyl. The sedation regimen, final procedure performed, procedure duration, and complications were recorded. Complication rates between infants 6 months of age and between infants with upper vs lower airway symptoms were compared by chi(2) test with a contingency table. RESULTS: Fifty-nine procedures were performed in 55 patients aged 6.1 +/- 3.1 months (mean +/- SD). Sedation was achieved with ketamine and midazolam (n = 30) or ketamine, midazolam, and fentanyl (n = 29). Bronchoscopy with BAL was performed in 44 patients and bronchoscopy alone in 3 patients. In 11 patients, severe upper airway obstruction and/or anomalies prevented subglottic passage of the bronchoscope. One patient could not be adequately sedated. There were no major complications. Minor complications occurred in 14 patients (23.7%), most commonly mild hypoxemia (n = 9). Brief central apnea developed in three patients. Complication rates were unaffected by age or indication for bronchoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: Infant flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy can be safely and effectively performed using ketamine sedation. Complications, especially mild hypoxemia, appear more common in infants, likely due to smaller airway diameter. Regardless of the sedative(s) used, additional vigilance is required when performing bronchoscopy in this population.     

Nebulized lidocaine for flexible bronchoscopy: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial

OBJECTIVE: Topical anesthesia for flexible bronchoscopy can be administered via transcricoid injection, nebulizer, or directly through the bronchoscope in a "spray as you go" fashion. We performed a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate whether nebulized lidocaine provides additional benefit and reduces the total anesthetic dose required during bronchoscopy. SETTING: Tertiary care university hospital. METHODS: One hundred fifty patients (93 men; age, 20 to 89 years) undergoing diagnostic flexible bronchoscopy were randomized to receive either 4 mL of 4% lidocaine (160 mg) or 4 mL of saline solution as placebo via nebulization. Combined sedation was achieved using 5 mg of IV hydrocodone and midazolam boluses. Supplemental lidocaine doses and total midazolam required as judged by the bronchoscopist were recorded for each patient. After the procedure, both bronchoscopists and patients charted their perception of cough on a 10-cm visual analog scale (VAS). Similarly, patients recorded their discomfort related to the procedure on a 10-cm VAS. RESULTS: The most common procedures were BAL in 77 cases (51%), transbronchial biopsy in 40 cases (27%), and transbronchial needle aspiration in 34 cases (23%). Outcome parameters, including hemodynamic findings, duration of the procedure, cough scores for physicians and patients, discomfort score for patients, midazolam doses, and supplemental lidocaine doses, were similar in both groups. Mean total lidocaine dose required in the lidocaine group was 318 +/- 41 mg and was significantly higher than the total dose required in the placebo group (157 +/- 44 mg [+/- SD]) [p < 0.001]. CONCLUSION: Additional nebulized lidocaine cannot be recommended for flexible bronchoscopy performed under combined sedation.