面向海量数据的相对波速变化计算的并行化方法

随着地震台站数量大大增加,测量数据量也急剧增长.传统的串行化相对波速变化计算方法面向海量数据时存在计算速度慢、消耗时间长等问题,已不能满足日常业务的需求.针对此问题,提出一种面向海量数据的相对波速变化计算的并行化方法.通过对地震数据集的划分和算法调度,将数据集分布到基于Spark计算框架的分布式集群上进行并行运算.实验...     

Rendering Wave Effects with Augmented Light Field

Ray–based representations can model complex light transport but are limited in modeling diffraction effects that require the simulation of wavefront propagation. This paper provides a new paradigm that has the simplicity of light path tracing and yet provides an accurate characterization of both Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction. We introduce the concept of a light field transformer at the interface of transmissive occluders. This generates mathematically sound, virtual, and possibly negative‐valued light sources after the occluder. From a rendering perspective the only simple change is that radiance can be temporarily negative. We demonstrate the correctness of our approach both analytically, as well by comparing values with standard experiments in physics such as the Young's double slit. Our implementation is a shader program in OpenGL that can generate wave effects on arbitrary surfaces.     

Fresnel层析成像并行算法研究

与射线层析成像相比,Fresnel层析成像考虑波频率的影响,具有较高的分辨率,但所需的存储空间和计算量更大,因此提出了Fresnel层析成像的并行算法.把大型层析反演方程组的求解,转化成对其中的各个方程进行相互独立的计算,避免了大型系数矩阵的存储问题;把一个Fresnel带的正演和反演计算放在一个进程,不同Fresnel带的计算相互独立进行,不需要信息传递,达到了极高的并行度;从进程之间没有通信,仅当从进程计算结束后,在主进程与各从进程之间有少量的数据传递,使通信开销达到了极小的程度.应用MPI在LinuxPC集群环境下实现了该算法,实际测试表明,该算法具有较高的并行度和加速比.     

通用线程库的设计与实现

随着采集、处理、解释一体化地震勘探软件的发展,构建跨硬件、操作系统的云计算平台成为必要;而云计算平台中,通用线程库成为开发有大计算量算法的地震勘探软件的关键.通过对线程模型和同步机制的分析,分类整理出线程的属性、线程的控制、线程执行流的构建和同步的属性及操作;最后在这些通用的组件基础上,通过对各种本地线程库的封装,实现基于任意本地线程库的跨平台通用线程库.     

MTCLAB: A MATLAB®-based program for traveltime quality analysis and pre-inversion velocity tuning in 2D transmission tomography

A MATLAB^®-based computer code that analyses the traveltime distribution and performs quality analysis at the pre-inversion stage for 2D transmission experiments is presented. The core tools of this approach are the so-called mean traveltime curves. For any general recording geometry, the user may select any pair of subsets of contiguous sources and receivers. The portion of the domain swept by the implied rays defines a zone of analysis, and for each source (receiver) the outcoming (incoming) ray fan is named a source (receiver) gather. The empirical mean traveltime curves are constructed, for each zone, by assigning the average and the standard deviation of the traveltimes in the gathers to the positions of the sources (receivers).The theoretical expressions assume isotropic homogeneous velocity inside each zone. The empirical counterparts use the observed traveltimes and make no assumptions. Isotropic velocity in each zone is inferred by least-squares fitting of the empirical mean traveltime curves. The user may refine the analysis considering different zones (multi-zone analysis). Initially the whole domain is modelled as a single zone. The procedure compares empirical versus theoretical curves. In addition, residuals can be plotted using source–receiver positions as plane coordinates. The results are used to unravel the possible presence of anomalous gathers, heterogeneities, anisotropies, etc. Depending on the kind of anomalies, velocity estimation and mean time residuals are different in the source and receiver gather curves.This software helps to grasp a better understanding of the data variability before the inversion and provides to the geophysicist an approximate zonal isotropic model and a range of velocity variation that can be used in the inverse problem as a priori information (regularization term). Its use is described through tutorial examples. A guided user interface leads the user through the algorithm steps.     

Integrated opto-mechanical analysis of a PMMA Fresnel lens for a concentrated photovoltaic system

This study presents the integrated opto-mechanical analysis of a polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) Fresnel lens used in solar concentrators for concentrated photovoltaic systems. A solid model of a flat Fresnel lens made of PMMA was constructed based on the design parameters and derived formula of a Fresnel lens. Ray-tracing simulations were used to investigate the two main influences of temperature variation on the Fresnel lens: variations in the refractive index and thermal distortion. The temperature dependence of the refractive index of the PMMA lens was analyzed based on the temperature coefficient of the refractive index (dn/dT). The thermal distortion of the Fresnel lens at various temperature increases was calculated using finite element analysis. The temperature-induced effects, refractive index variation, and deformed lens geometry were then simultaneously imported into a ray-tracing simulation. Thus, this study investigates and discusses the thermal–optical effects of a flat Fresnel lens on its optical performance, including the spot size, the maximum irradiance on the receiver, and the optical efficiency at different temperature increases.     

Generation of continuously adjustable vehicle models using symbolic reduction methods

Vehicle dynamics has been an active field of research for many decades. The well-known single-track model already introduced in 1940 by Riekert and Schunck is still used to explain fundamental effects in vehicle dynamics such as under- and oversteering. However, meanwhile also very complex multibody dynamics models exist, which allow very detailed simulations. On the other hand, real-time computations necessary for active safety and driver assistance systems are demanded for models of lower complexity. As important effects at the handling limits are not covered by the linear single-track model, but complex multibody models cannot be integrated fast enough by electronic control units of safety systems, models with an adjustable degree of complexity are desired. As an example, model-predictive control is an upcoming field of application and relies on models that are integrated over the prediction horizon. Therefore, the selection of an appropriate model is an important task. The crux of the matter is to make a compromise between computation time and accuracy of the model having only a rough guess of the accuracy of the model. In this contribution a systematic approach is proposed. Instead of selecting an existing model, which is supposed to match requirements in computation time and level of detail, a complex model is reduced to match the requirements using symbolic model reduction techniques. This approach has two major advantages: First, the accuracy can be set by the user. Second, the model is continuously adjustable in its complexity or propagation precision.     

基于国产众核处理器三维地震声波正演模拟

三维地震声波理论与计算方法是地质勘探研究的基础,通过分析不同介质中声波的传播特性,完成三维地震声波正演模拟。针对三维地震声波有限差分交错网格方程正演过程中存在数值计算大、内存消耗大等实际问题,提出了基于神威·太湖之光超级计算机系统中国产异构众核处理器(申威26010)的三维地震声波正演模拟编程模型,完成了基于处理器间的进程级并行基于计算核心间的线程级并行优化策略。研究了DMA(直接内存读取)通信方式,提出2.5D流水线任务划分、通信与计算的相互掩盖的多角度优化策略。实验结果表明,该策略有效缓解了带宽瓶颈,发挥了处理器强大的计算能力,解决了程序在申威26010异构众核处理器处理有限差分问题时,并行效率过低的问题。在大规模测试下,使用266240个计算核心,程序仍能够保持稳定的计算性能,达到5.5 GFlops的场值更新。     

声波数值模拟中的多核并行方法研究

波动方程数值模拟普遍存在计算量大的问题,如何根据波动方程有限差分方法的特点开展并行化方法研究是适应微机多核发展的必然趋势。结合波动方程数值模拟中的多层循环嵌套问题和OpenMP的特点,通过确定循环体并行顺序、减少串行环节、合并循环体、准确设置制导语句以及线程绑定优化等方法有助于实现微机多核的高效并行。针对波动方程特点的多核并行不仅有助于提高单机计算效率,对于提高计算机集群上常用的MPI+OpenMP混合并行效率也具有重要意义。     

一阶有限群控制下实数域多方向计算的实现

根据一阶有限群的多方向计算,实现实数域运算描述的数学模型的多方向计算。多方向计算是以群论和图论为理论基础。一阶的有限群是对研究的初等代数运算描述的数学模型的最高形式的抽象。把一阶的有限群的多方向计算的性质应用到实数域的数学模型,应用到科学和工程领域的大量计算中去。根据这些研究建立一个计算系统的软件,名叫“九章”。“九章”能够加载以初等代数公式描述的数学模型,并演算求解模型各个计算方向的应用。它的特点是能够对数学模型进行多方向计算。把可以多方向计算的数学模型从应用程序分离出来,由“九章”来运行,提供数学模型多方向执行和并行执行的特征。     

概率粗糙集三支决策在线快速计算算法研究

随着大数据和物联网技术的不断发展,动态在线计算已经成为了一种常见的计算模式,在动态在线计算中进行不确定问题的推理和求解是一项具有挑战性的新议题。概率粗糙集三支决策理论是一种处理不确定性知识挖掘的有效工具,根据在线计算模式中数据同步增减的动态特点,提出了一种概率粗糙集三支决策的在线计算方法。首先,以内存滑动窗口模式对在线动态计算的数据变化特点进行理论建模;然后,根据上述模型中在线计算的数据变化模式,推导出不同类型数据变化模式下的三支决策条件概率及三支区域的变化规律;最后,提出了一种新型在线快速计算算法,其获取的三支决策规则与经典概率三支决策算法是等效的。通过与经典三支决策计算算法的多组对比实验,验证了提出的在线快速计算算法的高效性与稳定性。     

Web-based simulating system for modeling earthquake seismic wavefields on the grid

We have developed the SYNSEIS (SYNthetic SEISmogram) tool within the GEON (GEOscience Network) project to enable efficient computations of synthetic seismic waveforms for research and education. SYNSEIS is built as a distributed system to support the calculation of synthetic seismograms in 2D/3D media. The underlying simulation software is a finite difference code, E3D, developed by LLNL (S. Larsen). This code is embedded within the SYNSEIS environment and used by our SYNSEIS tool to simulate seismic waveforms of either earthquakes or explosions at regional distances (<1000 km). The SYNSEIS architecture is based around a Web service model. Especially, the computing Web services seamlessly access Grid computing resources by hiding the complexity of grid technologies. Even though the Grid computing is well-established in many computing communities, its use among domain scientists still is not trivial because of multiple levels of complexities encountered. We have also developed the grid-enabling E3D application code which takes our own dialect XML inputs that include geological models that are accessible through standard Web services. Also, the XML inputs for this application code contain structural geometries, source parameters, seismic velocity, density, attenuation values, number of time steps to compute, and number of stations.In this paper, we emphasize the development of a state-of-the-art web-based scientific computational environment. Our system can be used to promote an efficient and effective modeling environment to help scientists as well as educators in their daily activities and speed up the scientific discovery process.     

GPGPU技术研究与发展

半导体工艺的发展使得芯片上集成的晶体管数目不断增加,图形处理器的存储和计算能力也越来越强大。目前,GPU的峰值运算能力已经远远超出主流的CPU,它在非图形计算领域,特别是高性能计算领域的潜力已经引起越来越多研究者的关注。本文介绍了GPU用于通用计算的原理以及目前学术界和产业界关于GPGPU体系结构和编程模型方面的最新研究成果。     

Broadband slat noise prediction based on CAA and stochastic sound sources from a fast random particle-mesh (RPM) method

The application of a low-cost computational aeroacoustics (CAA) approach to a slat noise problem is studied. A fast and efficient stochastic method is introduced to model the unsteady turbulent sound sources in the slat-cove of a high-lift airfoil. It is based on the spatial convolution of spatiotemporal white-noise and can reproduce target distributions of turbulence kinetic energy and length scales, such as that provided by a RANS computation of the time-averaged turbulent flow problem. The computational method yields a perfectly solenoidal velocity field. For homogeneous isotropic turbulence, the complete second-order two-point velocity correlation tensor is realized exactly. Two RANS turbulence models are applied to the slat noise problem to study how sensitive the aeroacoustics predictions depend on turbulence kinetic energy predictions. Results for the sound generation at the slat are given for a Menter SST turbulence model with and without Kato-Launder modification. The aeroacoustic simulations yield a characteristic narrow band spectrum that compares very well with the experimental data. The directivities found point toward an edge noise mechanism at the slat as the main cause for slat noise sound generation.     

Multi-tenant Verification-as-a-Service (VaaS) in a cloud

Formal methods and verification technique are often used to develop mission-critical systems. Cloud computing offers new computation models for applications and the new model can be used for formal verification. But formal verification tools and techniques may need to be updated to exploit the cloud architectures. Multi-Tenant Architecture (MTA) is a design architecture used in SaaS (Software-as-a-Service) where a tenant can customize its applications by integrating either services already stored in the SaaS database or newly supplied services. This paper proposes a new concept VaaS (Verification-as-a-Service), similar to SaaS, by leveraging the computing power offered by a cloud environment with automated provisioning, scalability, and service composition. A VaaS hosts verification software in a cloud environment, and these services can be called on demand, and can be composed to verify a software model. This paper presents a VaaS architecture with components, and ways that a VaaS can be used to verify models. Bigragh is selected as the modeling language for illustration as it can model mobile applications. A Bigraph models can be verified by first converting it to a state model, and the state model can be verified by model-checking tools. The VaaS services combination model and execution model are also presented. The algorithm of distributing VaaS services to a cloud is given and its efficiency is evaluated. A case study is used to demonstrate the feasibility of a VaaS.     

A high-order implicit procedure for the 3-D electric field in complex magnetogasdynamic simulations

An approximately factored compact-difference-based method, up to sixth-order accurate in space, is developed to obtain the electric field in magnetogasdynamic (MGD) interactions. The three-dimensional current continuity equation is solved on curvilinear meshes for the general case where electrical conductivity is a spatially varying tensor due to the presence of Hall and ion-slip effects. Compatible high-order boundary conditions are described for electrodes and insulators. Several computations verify the formulation, including a test case with an analytic solution and several cases for the potential arising between continuous and segmented electrodes with variable conductivity and velocity profiles. Issues related to the computation of the electric field in the high-speed regime are addressed by computing the initial induced field in a Type IV shock-on-shock interaction under a frozen velocity field assumption.     

A coarse-grained parallel approach for seismic damage simulations of urban areas based on refined models and GPU/CPU cooperative computing

Refined models and nonlinear time-history analysis have been important developments in the field of urban regional seismic damage simulation. However, the application of refined models has been limited because of their high computational cost if they are implemented on traditional central processing unit (CPU) platforms. In recent years, graphics processing unit (GPU) technology has been developed and applied rapidly because of its powerful parallel computing capability and low cost. Hence, a coarse-grained parallel approach for seismic damage simulations of urban areas based on refined models and GPU/CPU cooperative computing is proposed. The buildings are modeled using a multi-story concentrated-mass shear (MCS) model, and their seismic responses are simulated using nonlinear time-history analysis. The benchmark cases demonstrate the performance-to-price ratio of the proposed approach can be 39 times as great as that of a traditional CPU approach. Finally, a seismic damage simulation of a medium-sized urban area is implemented to demonstrate the capacity and advantages of the proposed method.     

利用微波散射估计海面气体传输速度*

把作者提出的水气界面处气体传输率复合计算公式及适用于不同频率的微波散射反演公式〔1〕结合起来,探索根据微波散射直接反演水气界面处气体传输率的可行性。介绍了根据此反演方法所作的预测与Wanninkhof和Bliven〔2〕在Delft大学100 m长风水槽进行的微波散射和气体传输同步测量结果所进行的比较,比较结果是令人满意的。这表明:从微波散射系数反演水气界面风速,进而推求水气界面处气体传输速度是全球尺度遥测估计水气界面气体传输的一条很有希望的途径。在此采用的反演计算方法较之直接关联遥感据与传输速度的预测方法更有其普遍性和灵活性,即它不依赖散射计工作频率,同时还可依据不同的气体传输测量数据来源不断改进反演公式。     

Modeling and implementation of Z-number

Computing with words provides symbolic and semantic methodology to deal with imprecise information associated with natural languages. It encapsulates various fuzzy logic techniques developed in past decades and formalizes them. Z-number is an emerging paradigm that has been utilized in computing with words among others. The concept of a Z-number is intended to provide a basis for computation with numbers, specifically with reliability of information. Z-numbers are in confluence between the two most prominent approaches to uncertainty, probability and possibility, that allow computations on complex statements. Certain computations related to Z-numbers are ambiguous and complicated leading to its slow adaptation into areas such as computing with words. The biggest contributing factor to the complexity is the usage of probability distributions in the computations. This paper seeks to provide an applied model of Z-number based on certain realistic assumptions regarding probability distributions. Algorithms are presented to implement this model and integrate it into an expert system shell for computing with words called CWShell. CWShell is a software tool that abstracts the underlying computation required for computing with words, and provides a convenient way to represent and compute with unstructured natural language using specialized language called Generalized constraint language (GCL). This paper introduces new constructs for Z-numbers to GCL and provides detailed inference mechanism and computation strategy on those constructs. We present two case studies to demonstrate the working and feasibility of the approach.     

一种适应数据与计算密集型任务的私有云系统实现研究*

与公有云计算相比,针对数据与计算双重密集型任务的私有云计算系统对计算效率和系统管理效率提出了更高的要求,目前的公有云计算系统显得过于复杂和繁琐,因此需要一种简便易用的能够适应数据与计算密集型任务的私有云计算系统实现。借鉴公有云计算的相关理论和实现方法,提出了一种针对数据与计算双重密集型任务的私有云计算系统实现方案。该方案通过作业文件描述用户的计算任务,确定计算任务的计算模型和计算的输入输出文件;针对私有云的特点,简化Google云计算系统的MapReduce并行处理框架,得到更加直观的数据计算模型;自动连