环氧树脂/粘土纳米复合材料研究现状

描述了粘土的结构特征和有机化蒙脱土的制备，介绍了插层复合法的基本原理及其在环氧树脂／粘土纳米复合材料制备中的应用，以及近年来国内外环氧树脂／粘土纳米复合材料的研究现状。     

偶联剂对PVC/粘土的插层效果及性能研究

采用固相法，对粘土进行有机插层改性；并与聚氯乙烯（PVC）熔融插层制备了纳米复合材料。结果表明，偶联剂KH560处理的有机粘土（用Org-560表示）与PVC形成PVC／org-550插层型纳米复合材料，而偶联剂KH550处理的有机粘土（用Org-550表示）与PVC形成的PVC／Org-550则是剥离型纳米复合材料；PVC／有机粘土纳米复合材料的玻璃化转变温度高于PVC；Org-550对PVC的力学性能优于Org-560的。     

环氧树脂/粘土纳米复合材料的研究

用原位插层聚合法制备环氧树脂 /粘土纳米复合材料。用X衍射 (XRD)、红外光谱 (FTIR)、示差扫描量热法 (DSC)、扫描电镜 (SEM)对有机化蒙脱土 (OMMT)和环氧树脂 /粘土纳米复合材料进行测试与表征。结果表明 ,与纯环氧树脂固化物相比 ,环氧树脂 /粘土纳米复合材料的力学、热学性能有较大的改善和提高     

丁腈橡胶/粘土纳米复合材料的阻燃性研究

通过利用自制有机改性粘土，采用插层复合法成功制备了丁腈橡胶（NBR）／粘土纳米复合材料。透射电子显微镜（TEM）结果证实了粘土片层在橡胶基体中的纳米级分散。研究结果表明：纳米复合材料的阻燃性能明显高于炭黑补强胶料的阻燃性能。     

粘土/炭黑/NR纳米复合材料的性能研究

在乳液插层法制备的粘土／NR纳米复合材料中加入炭黑，制得粘土／炭黑／NR纳米复合材料，并对其微观结构和性能进行研究。结果表明，炭黑的加入并没有影响粘土在NR基体中的分散状态，粘士炭黑和在NR基体中均达到纳米级分散；炭黑的加入削弱了粘土所形成填料网络的强度，从而改善了复合材料的加工性能；与粘土／NR纳米复合材料相比，粘土／炭黑／NR纳米复合材料的综合物理性能较好。     

环氧树脂插层纳米复合材料固化动力学研究

运用自制的有机蒙脱土，采用浇模固化成型法制备环氧树脂／二乙烯三胺／有机蒙脱土纳米复合材料，对固化产物利用XRD（X射线衍射）分析有机蒙脱土的层间距变化，确定产物为插层型的纳米复合材料，并用DSC（差示扫描量热法）跟踪环氧树脂固化行为。运用Kissinger,Flynn-Wall-Ozawa,Crane方法对环氧树脂的固化反应过程进行分析，求出活化能和反应级数等动力学以在数。结果发现，加入有机化蒙脱土后使固化反应活化能和频率下降，从而有利于固化工艺的实现，便于纳米复合材料实际应用。     

SBS/粘土纳米复合材料的制备和性能研究

通过溶液插层法制备了苯乙烯—丁二烯—苯乙烯聚合物(SBS)／粘土纳米复合材料，并用X射线衍射透射电子显微镜分析其纳米分散结构及形态。研究结果表明：所得复合材料为插层型纳米复合材料；与SBS相比，SBS／粘土纳米复合材料断裂拉伸强度和300％定伸强度显著提高，储能模量明显提高。     

OMMT/IIR纳米复合材料结构与性能的研究

采用熔体插层法制备有机蒙脱土(OMMT)／IIR纳米复合材料。试验结果表明，OMMT／IIR纳米复合材料是插层型纳米复合材料；与无机粘土／IIR微米复合材料及IIR相比，OMMT／HR纳米复合材料具有良好的物理性能，且其物理性能均随OMMT用量的增大而明显提高；与IIR相比，OMMT／HR纳米复合材料具有优异的气密性。     

OMMT/FKM纳米复合材料的结构和性能

采用机械混炼法制备有机蒙脱土（OMMT）／氟橡胶（FKM）纳米复合材料，研究复合材料的微观结构和性能。结果表明，OMMT／FKM纳米复合材料为剥离型复合材料；与FKM相比，OMMT／FKM纳米复合材料具有较优的物理性能、热稳定性和耐溶剂性能。     

聚合物/纳米粘土插层复合材料的研究进展

综述了插层法制备聚合物／纳米粘土复合材料的新进展。根据插层机理和方法的差别，插层法主要分为溶液插层和熔融插层两类、总结了使用二次插层和乳液聚合制备聚合物基纳米复合材料的新方法，展望了聚合物／纳米粘土复合材料的开发及应用前景。     

PBT/粘土纳米复合材料的制备和性能表征

通过插层聚合的方法制备了ＰＢＴ／粘土纳米复合材料，用ＷＡＸＤ、ＤＳＣ、ＰＬＭ等手段研究了其结构与结晶行为，并与纯ＰＢＴ的性能及结构进行了比较。通过测试其力学性能及耐水解性研究了粘土对ＰＢＴ树脂性能的影响。结果表明通过插层聚合制犁纳米ＰＢＴ树脂的性能比树脂有很多优点，为拓宽ＰＢＴ的应用范围开辟了一条新的途径。     

Preparation and thermal properties of resole‐type phenol resin–clay nanocomposites

Resole‐type phenol resin–clay nanocomposites have been prepared successfully by melt compounding phenol resin with organophilic clay. In the resulting phenol resin–clay nanocomposite, the silicate layers of the clay were exfoliated and dispersed as monolayers. The nanocomposite exhibited higher long‐term heat resistance when compared with unmodified phenol resin. It was surmised that the silicate layers of the clay acted as barriers to oxygen penetration into the resin, as the degree of heat degradation of the nanocomposite was much lower than that of the straight phenol resin. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 3236–3240, 2006     

Reaction kinetics and characteristics of polyurethane/clay nanocomposites

The reaction behavior and physical properties of polyurethane (PU)/clay nanocomposite systems were investigated. Organically modified clay was used as nanofillers to formulate the nanocomposites. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to study the reaction behavior of the PU/clay nanocomposite systems. The reaction rate of the nanocomposite systems increased with increasing clay content. The reaction kinetic parameters of proposed kinetic equations were determined by numerical methods. The glass transition temperatures of the PU/clay nanocomposite systems increased with increasing clay content. The thermal decomposition behavior of the PU/clay nanocomposites was measured by using thermogravimetric analysis. X‐ray diffractometer and transmission electronic microscope data showed the intercalation of PU resin between the silicate layers of the clay in the PU/clay nanocomposites. A universal testing machine was used to investigate the tensile properties of the PU/clay nanocomposites. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 1641–1647, 2005     

Polymerization kinetics and thermal properties of dicyanate/clay nanocomposites

The polymerization kinetics and thermal properties of dicyanate/clay nanocomposites were investigated. A type of organically modified clay was used as nanometer‐size fillers for the thermosetting dicyanate resin. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to study the curing behavior of the dicyanate/clay nanocomposite systems. The polymerization rate of the nanocomposite systems increased with increasing clay content. An autocatalytic reaction mechanism could adequately describe the polymerization kinetics of the dicyanate/clay nanocomposite systems. The polymerization kinetic parameters were determined by fitting the DSC conversion data to the proposed kinetic equation. The glass‐transition temperature of the dicyanate/clay nanocomposites increased with increasing clay content. The thermal decomposition behavior of the dicyanate/clay nanocomposites was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 92: 1955–1960, 2004     

Curing behavior and structure of an epoxy/clay nanocomposite system

The curing behavior of an epoxy/clay nanocomposite system composed of a bifunctional epoxy resin with an aromatic amine curing agent and an organically modified clay was investigated. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to investigate the curing behavior of the epoxy/clay nanocomposite system. The curing rate of the nanocomposite system increased with increasing clay content. A kinetic equation, considering an autocatalytic reaction mechanism, could describe fairly well the curing behavior of the epoxy/clay nanocomposite system. The reaction kinetic parameters of the kinetic equation were determined by fitting DSC conversion data to the kinetic equation, using a nonlinear numerical method. Dynamic mechanical analysis was used to investigate the thermomechanical properties of the epoxy/clay nanocomposite system. The glass transition temperature of the epoxy/clay nanocomposite system increased slightly with increasing clay content. The structure of the nanocomposite system was characterized by X‐ray diffraction analysis and transmission electron microscope imaging. The formation of intercalated structures was observed dominantly in the epoxy/clay nanocomposites, together with some exfoliated structures. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 46:1318–1325, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers     

Investigation on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Intercalated Epoxy/Layered Silicate Nanocomposites

Epoxy resin/layered silicate nanocomposites with various clay contents were prepared. The structural studies showed the intercalation of epoxy polymer chains into the clay galleries. The adhesion analysis of nanocomposite coating films on metallic substrates showed the excellent adhesion of epoxy-based nanocomposite coatings on iron plates, especially in lower clay loadings. According to the hardness test results, the organoclay minerals caused the increasing of the hardness of epoxy nanocomposites. The thermal properties of nanocomposites were evaluated by means of DSC and TGA analysis. The tensile and compression strengths of cured epoxy/clay systems were also investigated.     

Preparation of epoxy–clay nanocomposite and investigation on its anti-corrosive behavior in epoxy coating

An epoxy–clay nanocomposite was synthesized using a quaternary ammonium-modified montmorillonite clay and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) type epoxy resin, in order to produce anti-corrosive epoxy coating. Anti-corrosive properties of the nanocomposite were investigated using salt spray and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) methods. The results showed an improvement in the barrier and anti-corrosive characteristics of epoxy-based nanocomposite coating and a decrease in water uptake in comparison with pure epoxy coating. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) patterns and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis showed that the interlayer spacing of clays increased after addition of epoxy resin along with applying shear force and ultrasound sonicator. The best performance of this coating was achieved at 3 and 5 wt.% clay concentration.     

Development of high‐performance epoxy/clay nanocomposites by incorporating novel phosphonium modified montmorillonite

Novel organoclays were synthesized by several kinds of phosphonium cations to improve the dispersibility in matrix resin of composites and accelerate the curing of matrix resin. The possibility of the application for epoxy/clay nanocomposites and the thermal, mechanical, and adhesive properties were investigated. Furthermore, the structures and morphologies of the epoxy/clay nanocomposites were evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. Consequently, the corporation of organoclays with different types of phosphonium cations into the epoxy matrix led to different morphologies of the organoclay particles, and then the distribution changes of silicate layers in the epoxy resin influenced the physical properties of the nanocomposites. When high‐reactive phosphonium cations with epoxy groups were adopted, the clay particles were well exfoliated and dispersed. The epoxy/clay nanocomposite realized the high glass‐transition temperature (T_g) and low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) in comparison with those of neat epoxy resin. On the other hand, in the case of low‐reactive phoshonium cations, the dispersion states of clay particles were intercalated but not exfoliated. The intercalated clay did not influence the T_g and CTE of the nanocomposite. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Structure-property relationships in cross-linked polyester-clay nanocomposites

Crosslinked polyester-clay nanocomposites were prepared by dispersing organically modified montmorillonite in prepromoted polyester resin and subsequently crosslinked using methyl ethyl ketone peroxide catalyst at several different clay concentrations (1.0, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0 wt%). X-ray diffraction studies revealed the formation of a nanocomposite in all cases with the disappearance of the peak corresponding to the basal spacing of the pure clay. Transmission electron microscopy was used to study the morphology at different length scales and showed the nanocomposite to be comprised of a random dispersion of intercalated/exfoliated aggregates throughout the matrix. Thermal degradation of the nanocomposites was found to be slightly but progressively hastened compared to the pure crosslinked polymer, loss and storage modulus were monotonically shifted toward higher frequency values, and the tensile modulus was found to decrease with increasing clay content. These unexpected results were rationalized based on the decrease in the degree of crosslinking of the polyester resin in the nanocomposite, in the presence of clay. In particular, the nanocomposite containing 2.5 wt% clay consistently demonstrated a drop in properties far greater than that observed at other clay concentrations, and was attributed to the greater degree of exfoliation seen in this case which presumably leads to a greater decrease in the degree of crosslinking. Oxygen permeability rates in the polyester nanocomposites decreased with increasing clay content, as expected, and was satisfactorily reproduced using a tortuosity based model.     

In situ preparation of cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin/layered silicate nanocomposites

In this study, in situ modified cyclohexanone formaldehyde resin (CFR) was prepared from clay (montmorillonite) and polydimethylsiloxane with diamine chain ends [α,ω‐diamine poly(dimethyl siloxane) (DA.PDMS)] in the presence of a base catalyst. Different clay contents (from 0.5 to 3 wt %) were used to produce clay‐modified nanocomposite ketonic resins [layered clay (LC)–CFR] and clay‐ and DA.PDMS‐modified nanocomposite ketonic resins (DA.PDMS–LC–CFR). The polymeric nanocomposite material prepared by this method was directly synthesized in one step. These nanocomposites were confirmed from X‐ray diffraction to have a layered structure with a folded or penetrated CFR, and they were further characterized via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy–attenuated total reflectance and NMR spectroscopy. The thermal properties of all of the resins were studied with differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. All of the resins showed higher thermal stability than their precursor CFR resin. The obtained samples were also characterized morphologically by scanning electron microscopy. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2014 , 131, 39918.