城市污水A~2/O处理工艺剩余污泥产率研究

利用规模为100m3/d的中试装置,在污水处理厂内研究了正置A2/O工艺在不同工况下的剩余污泥产率。试验结果表明,剩余污泥表观产率(Yobs)随污泥负荷的提高而增大,随泥龄的延长而减小,随温度的升高而减小;污泥合成产率(Y)与污泥负荷、泥龄和温度关系不大;衰减系数(Kd)随污泥负荷的提高而减小,随泥龄的延长而增大,随温度的升高而增大。在本试验条件下,Yobs值为0.35～0.49kgVSS/kgBOD5,Y值为0.67～0.72kgVSS/kgBOD5,Kd值为0.025～0.035d-1。     

关于活性污泥工艺中剩余污泥量计算的讨论

根据酒仙桥污水处理厂2001年3～10月运行数据及方庄污水处理厂2001年1～6月运行数据,探讨了活性污泥工艺中剩余污泥量计算的有关问题.通过建立污泥产率系数与MLVSS/MLSS比值的关系,论述了污泥产率系数会在较大范围内变化的原因.     

卷贝进行污泥减量的应用研究

利用卷贝在合建式活性污泥反应器中摄食污泥进行污泥减量试验。试验发现,污泥表观产率系数与卷贝密度呈负相关,卷贝对污泥的相对减量约为40%,绝对减量为37.5mgVSS/(L·d),减量速度为0.177mgVSS/(mgP.acuta·d),活性污泥系统中卷贝的存在对COD、氨氮和总磷的去除不会产生影响,对污泥沉降性能也影响不大。     

采用脱氢酶进行AB工艺A段细菌增殖及污泥产生规律的研究

采用测定活性污泥脱氢酶含量变化的方法对AB法A段细菌增殖及剩余污泥产生规律进行研究。结果表明 :A段细菌比生长速率 μ为 0 .0 5 9～ 0 .0 84h- 1;细菌世代时间为 7.9～ 11.7h ;A段剩余污泥量中 ,增殖的活细菌质量占 6 .89%～ 10 .99% ,未转化的SS占 89%～ 93.12 % ;A段细菌的高速增殖不是产泥量大的根本原因 ,不设初沉池 ,造成大量SS随污水进入反应器才是A段污泥产量大的真正原因 ;得出了污泥产率系数YBOD为 0 .0 6 38～ 0 .10 15kg微生物 /kgBOD ,进水SS造成的污泥增量系数YSS为 0 .84 5～ 0 .893kgMLSS/kgSS ,此外 ,得出了A段剩余污泥量计算式 ,并分析探讨了A段污泥的减量途径及方法     

生物除磷脱氮系统工程设计中值得探讨的几个问题

针对目前生物除磷脱氮系统工程设计中几个热点问题进行了分析探讨,以引起设计人员的重视。首先分析了系统总污泥龄与好氧污泥龄的区别,强调好氧污泥龄不宜盲目取大,可用满足硝化功能的最小污泥龄乘以适宜的安全系数求得;其次,指出仍沿用设置初沉池时的f值进行无初沉池A2/O系统的工程设计会带来约40%～60%的误差,对系统产率系数的性质进行了探讨,建议不设初沉池的生物除磷脱氮系统采用反映系统综合性能的净过程产率系数Yn或总产率系数yBOD进行设计计算;最后强调了活性污泥总量的重要性,同时给出了设计程序。     

生物膜-膜生物反应器处理生活污水的试验研究

采用生物膜-膜生物反应器处理生活污水.结果表明在DO,pH等因素控制得当的情况下,系统对COD,NH3-N和TN的平均去除率分别为92.82%,93.04%和88.93%,同时获得了0.156 gSS/gCOD的剩余污泥产率.试验期间还对膜通量的变化情况进行了考察,在小试的基础上提出了延缓膜污染的措施.     

共存重金属离子对好氧活性污泥活性影响的实验研究

采用序批式实验研究了铜、锌、镍离子共存条件下,对活性污泥表观产率、生物吸附降解能力、污泥絮凝沉降性能和耗氧速率等方面的影响,并测定了两种重金属离子共存的情况下,不同浓度重金属离子之间的相互作用。实验结果表明:Cu2+和Zn2+、Cu2+和Ni2+、Zn2+和Ni2+3种离子共存总浓度分别为5、5、10 mg/L以内,对污泥表观产率的影响不是很大,系统可以稳定运行。3种离子共存总浓度分别为5、3、3 mg/L以内,对CODCr的去除率没有影响,MLSS都可以稳定的增加,大于这个基点,系统都无法正常的运行;Cu2+和Ni2+共存的情况下对微生物的呼吸有协同抑制的作用。     

膜生物反应器的污泥特性和膜污染研究

对中试规模的缺氧—好氧—膜生物反应器(A/O—MBR)处理城市污水进行研究,并对好氧池内活性污泥的特性和膜污染后期的影响因素进行了分析。试验结果表明:污泥浓度(MLSS)对CODCr、氨氮等各指标的处理效果均有影响。与传统活性污泥工艺相比,膜生物反应器污泥负荷小、表观产泥率低。     

生物捕食污泥减量化系统的污泥特性

通过中试分析了以减量化为目的的微型动物捕食系统中活性污泥的特性.结果表明,细菌分散培养段的悬浮污泥浓度比原生动物捕食段约高15%,比大型微型动物捕食段约高40%;微型动物的捕食作用在减少剩余污泥产率的同时,可以提高悬浮污泥的沉降性能约36%,轮虫可作为该系统污泥沉降性能的指示生物;低底物浓度下,大型微型动物的捕食活动可以增强污泥的活性.     

新型摇动填料生物膜反应器处理生活污水的试验研究

采用新型摇动填料生物膜反应器处理生活污水,获得了较好的CODCr和NH3-N去除效果.水力停留时间为1.1 h时,CODCr进水负荷最高可达5.5 kgCODCr/(m3·d),平均进水负荷为3.65 kgCODCr/(m3·d),出水CODCr平均浓度48 mg/L;氨氮进水负荷最高可达1.2 kg NH3-N/(m3·d),出水氨氮平均值低于5 mg/L.摇动填料内生物膜硝化活性高于降解有机物活性,且上部生物膜活性普遍高于中部和下部.系统污泥产率系数为0.15 gSS/gCODCr,低于传统活性污泥法的污泥产率.     

Integration of sulphate reduction, autotrophic denitrification and nitrification to achieve low-cost excess sludge minimisation for Hong Kong sewage.

An integrated anaerobic-aerobic treatment system of sulphate-laden wastewater was proposed here to achieve low sludge production, low energy consumption and effective sulphide control. Before integrating the whole system, the feasibility of autotrophic denitrification utilising dissolved sulphide produced during anaerobic treatment of sulphate rich wastewater was studied here. An upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor was operated to treat sulphate-rich synthetic wastewater (TOC=100 mg/L and sulphate=500 mg/L) and its effluent with dissolved sulphide and external nitrate solution were fed into an anoxic biofilter. The anaerobic reactor was able to remove 77-85% of TOC at HRT of 3 h and produce 70-90 mg S/L sulphide in dissolved form for the subsequent denitrification. The performance of anoxic reactor was stable, and the anoxic reactor could remove 30 mg N/L nitrate at HRT of 2 h through autotrophic denitrification. Furthermore, sulphur balance for the anoxic filter showed that more than 90% of the removed sulphide was actually oxidised into sulphate, thereby there was no accumulation of sulphur particles in the filter bed. The net sludge productions were approximately 0.15 to 0.18 g VSS/g COD in the anaerobic reactor and 0.22 to 0.31 g VSS/g NO3- -N in the anoxic reactor. The findings in this study will be helpful in developing the integrated treatment system to achieve low-cost excess sludge minimisation.     

Adsorption and biodegradation of azo dye in biofilm processes.

The removal of a common azo dye, acid orange 7 (AO7), in biofilm systems was investigated in this study. The abiotic and biotic fate of AO7 was examined under a variety of operating conditions: aerobic nitrification, anoxic denitrification and anaerobic digestion. A comparison of the performance between biofilm and activated sludge treatment processes was made. The adsorption of AO7 onto biofilm matrix and activated sludge flocs was found to fit the Langmuir equation. However, there is a significant difference in the adsorption capacities between biofilm and activated sludge. AO7 was recalcitrant in both biofilm and activated sludge systems under aerobic conditions. Under anaerobic conditions, AO7 was readily decolorized. AO7 decolorization was also observed under anoxic conditions. However, the presence of nitrate inhibited AO7 decolorization.     

A nitrate biosensor based methodology for monitoring anoxic activated sludge activity.

An improved methodology based on a nitrate biosensor is developed and applied successfully for in-depth monitoring and study of anoxic activated sludge activities. The major advantages of the methodology are its simplicity, reliability and high data quality. The resulting data allowed for the first time to monitor anoxic respiration rate of activated sludge (nitrate uptake rate (NUR)) at a high time resolution making it clearly comparable with high frequency oxygen uptake rate (OUR) measurements obtained under aerobic conditions. Further, the anoxic respiration data resulting from a pulse addition of carbon source to endogenously respiring anoxic activated sludge shows a clear start-up phenomenon and storage tail that is usually also observed in high-frequency OUR measurements. Finally, the improved methodology can be expected to serve as an anoxic respirometer for activated sludge treatment plants where denitrification process occurs in single-step. Further, it can be used for a variety of purposes e.g. for toxicity and activity monitoring, process control and parameter estimation of the activated sludge process, similar to the aerobic respirometers.     

Potential of activated sludge ozonation.

The disposal of sewage sludge and the agricultural use of stabilised sludge are decreasing due to more stringent regulations in Europe. An increasing fraction of sewage sludge must therefore be dewatered, dried, incinerated and the ashes disposed of in landfills. These processes are cost-intensive and also lead to the loss of the valuable phosphate resources incorporated in the sludge ash. The implementation of processes that could reduce excess sludge production and recycle phosphate is therefore recommended. Partial ozonation of the return sludge of an activated sludge system significantly reduces excess sludge production, improves the settling properties of the sludge and reduces bulking and scumming. The solubilised COD will also improve denitrification if the treated sludge is recycled to the anoxic zone. However, ozonation partly kills nitrifiers and could therefore lead to a decrease of the effective solid retention time of the nitrifier, thus reducing the safety of the nitrification. This paper discusses the effect of ozonation on sludge reduction, the operating stability of nitrification, the improvement of denitrification and also presents an energy and cost evaluation.     

Anaerobic processes in activated sludge

We found anoxic zones in aerated activated sludge flocs, and demonstrated denitrification under normal operating conditions. Sulfate reduction was not found. Micro-environments and microbial conversions in flocs from bulking and non-bulking activated sludge were determined with microsensors for H₂S, O₂, NO₂₋ and NO₃₋. Denitriftcation and sulfate reduction rates were measured with ¹⁵N- and ³⁵S-tracer techniques. We showed that under normal reactor conditions (ca. 20% air saturation) anoxic zones develop within flocs allowing denitrification. The denitrtftcation rates amounted to 40% of the rates under anoxic conditions. At 100% air saturation no anoxic zones were found and no denitrification occurred. However, in flocs from bulking sludge (at 20% air saturation) anoxic zones were absent and denitrification did not occur. In bulking sludge only at total anoxia was denitrification found. Confocal microscopy showed that flocs from bulking sludge were much looser than those from non-bulking sludge. The absence of anoxic zones and of denitrification was attributed to the open floc structure, allowing advective oxygen transport.Sulfate reduction was not detected in any of the sludges tested by microsensors or by tracer techniques even under anoxic conditions. This indicates that the sulfur cycle (sulfate reduction and sulfide oxidation) does not play a role in mineralization processes and bulking in activated sludge. Preliminary molecular work (in situ hybridization with the 16S-rRNA probe SRB385) indicated the presence of small amounts of sulfate reducing bacteria in all sludges. Either the probe is not specific or the sulfate reducers present are not active under reactor conditions.     

Partial ozonation of activated sludge to reduce excess sludge, improve denitrification and control scumming and bulking.

Disposal of sewage sludge is forbidden and agricultural use of stabilized sludge will be banned in 2005 in Switzerland. The sludge has to be dewatered, dried, incinerated and the ashes disposed in landfills. These processes are cost intensive and lead also to the loss of valuable phosphate resources incorporated in the sludge ash. The implementation of processes that could reduce excess sludge production and recycle phosphate is therefore recommended. Partial ozonation of the return sludge of an activated sludge system reduces significantly excess sludge production, improves settling properties of the sludge and reduces bulking and scumming. The solubilized COD will also improve denitrification if the treated sludge is recycled to the anoxic zone. But ozonation will partly inhibit and kill nitrifiers and might therefore lead to a decrease of the effective solid retention time of the nitrifier, which reduces the safety of the nitrification. This paper discusses the effect of ozonation on sludge reduction, the operation stability of nitrification, improvement of denitrification and gives also an energy and cost evaluation.     

Behaviour of activated sludge from a system with anoxic phosphate uptake

Activated sludge from a new activated sludge modification for biological phosphorus and nitrogen removal was studied. Population dynamics and the phenomenon of anoxic phosphate uptake with simultaneous denitrification were investigated.The ability of the process to remove nutrients and to suppress filamentous bulking was studied. The course of phosphate concentrations along the tested system showed an anoxic phosphate uptake with simultaneous denitrification. The mechanism of anoxic phosphate uptake was confirmed using kinetic batch tests. © 1998 IAWQ. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd     

Extracellular polymers in partly ozonated return activated sludge: impact on flocculation and dewaterability.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of partial ozonation of return activated sludge on settling properties and dewaterability of sludge. Sequencing batch reactors with two sets of aerobic and alternating anoxic/aerobic conditions were used. In each set, one reactor served as a control and the other was subject to the ozone treatment (doses in the range of 0.016-0.080 mg O3/mg TSS of initial excess sludge). The level of total suspended solids (TSS) in each reactor was controlled at 1,800 mg/l. To evaluate settleability and dewaterability, settling kinetic studies, sludge volume index (SVI) and capillary suction time test (CST) were used. For extraction and quantifying sludge biopolymers, thermal-ethanolic extraction was employed. The ratio of bound-to-total extracellular polymer substances (EPS) was higher for the strictly aerobic reactor than for the alternating anoxic/aerobic one, indicating the stronger structure of the aerobic flocs. After ozone treatment, the fraction of bound EPS was released and solubilized, increasing soluble EPS. Increased apparent food-to-microorganism (F/M) ratio favoured production of EPS in ozonated reactors, enhancing flocculation, which had potential to improve settling. Dewaterability, measured by CST test, was better in alternating anoxic/aerobic reactors than in aerobic ones, indicating that incorporation of an anoxic zone for biological nutrient removal leads to improvement in sludge dewatering. The negative impact of ozonation on dewaterability was minimal in terms of the long-term operation.     

Performance analysis of anoxic selector in upgrading activated sludge process in tropical climate.

The paper describes and analyses the performance of anoxic selectors in upgrading activated sludge process in a municipal wastewater treatment plant under tropical climate, where poor sludge settleability is a problem due to elevated temperature. Site monitoring and laboratory experiment were conducted to study the denitrification, sludge settleability, kinetics, mass balance, pH and alkalinity variation in the system. The sludge settleability measured in Sludge Volume Index (SVI) was observed to improve with the increasing degree of denitrification in the anoxic selector. Under well-developed stable state, an average SVI value of 136 ml/g was achieved, which was significantly lower than the value of 250 ml/g before the application of anoxic selector. The specific reaction rates for denitrification and nitrification at 30 degrees C were 0.06 mg NO3-N/mg MLSS day and 0.08 mg NH4-N/mg MLSS day, respectively. The overall efficiencies of nitrification and denitrification were 86 percent and 55.4 percent, respectively, with an alkalinity recovery ratio of 15.4 percent. 32 percent of total COD removed was used up as electron donor in the denitrification process. However, due to absence of the internal Mixed Liquor Recirculation (MLR), a higher degree of denitrification occurred in the secondary sedimentation tank than in the anoxic zone. Issues for further studies are also discussed.     

Effects of extracellular polymeric substances on granulation of anoxic sludge in sequencing batch reactor

Variations of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and its components with sludge granulation were examined in a lab-scale sequencing batch reactor (SBR) which was fed with sodium nitrate and sodium acetate. Ultrasonication plus cation exchange resin (CER) were used as the EPS extraction method. Results showed that after approximately 90 d cultivation, the sludge in the reactor was almost granulated. The content of extracellular polysaccharides increased from 10.36 mg/g-VSS (volatile suspended solids) at start-up with flocculent sludge to 23.18 mg/g-VSS at 91 d with matured granular sludge, while the content of extracellular proteins were almost unchanged. Polysaccharides were the major components of EPS in anoxic granular sludge, accounting for about 70.6-79.0%, while proteins and DNA accounted for about 16.5-18.9% and 4.6-9.9%, respectively. It is proposed that EPS play a positive role in anoxic sludge granulation and polysaccharides might be strongly involved in aggregation of flocs into granules.