大鼠胸浅肌肌纤维型组成及其葡萄糖转运蛋白4表达特征

目的:研究大鼠胸浅肌不同肌纤维型的组成分布及其葡萄糖转运蛋白4(GLUT4)表达差异,了解该肌功能。方法:采用Guth-Samaha肌球蛋白ATP酶染色法并稍做改良,对成年SD大鼠胸浅肌冰冻切片进行肌纤维分型研究,并用免疫组织化学法对肌纤维分型后的切片进行GLUT4表达分析。结果:大鼠胸浅肌经肌球蛋白ATP酶染色后可明确分出明亮色白的Ⅰ型纤维和幽暗深褐的Ⅱ型纤维,2种纤维在肌内呈棋盘样均匀分布;Ⅰ型纤维比例为(52·6±6·3)%,Ⅱ纤维为(48·4±5·7)%,两者比例均等。免疫组织化学显色结果显示,GLUT4主要存在于包裹肌束的肌膜和Ⅰ型纤维膜上,而Ⅱ型纤维膜表达不明显。结论:大鼠胸浅肌两型纤维比例均等,属耐力兼速度型肌;Ⅰ型纤维膜的GLUT4表达高于Ⅱ型纤维,表明前者葡萄糖摄取能力高于后者。     

大鼠胸深肌肌纤维型的组成及分布

目的探讨SD大鼠胸深肌的肌纤维型组成和分布,借以了解该肌功能。方法采用Guth-Samaha肌球蛋白ATP酶组织化学染色法并稍做改良,对成年SD大鼠胸深肌冰冻切片进行肌纤维分型研究。结果大鼠胸深肌经肌球蛋白ATP酶组织化学染色后可明确分出2型肌纤维,即明亮色白的Ⅰ型纤维(慢缩纤维)和幽暗深褐的Ⅱ型纤维(快缩纤维),并且,两种纤维在肌内呈棋盘样均匀分布;图像分析仪下计数Ⅱ型纤维达到65%±6%,而Ⅰ纤维仅占35%±5%,前者明显高于后者(P<0.01)。结论大鼠胸深肌以Ⅱ型纤维为主,属于力量和速度型肌。     

羊髋部和大腿肌组织的肌纤维类型分布

<正> 组成肌肉内肌纤维类型与其运动和姿势的功能有关。作者在本文检测了组成羊的髋部和大腿肌肉的肌纤维类型和不同的分布。分别以肌球蛋白ATP酶和NADH四唑鎓还原酶(NADH——TR)活动把肌纤维分为Ⅰ型,ⅡA和ⅡB型。股中间肌只由Ⅰ型肌纤维组成,这些纤维显示出弱硷稳定肌球蛋白ATP酶和强NADH——TR活性。臀辅     

实验大鼠斜方肌肌纤维型组成及分布研究

目的探讨大鼠斜方肌的肌纤维型组成和分布,借以了解该肌功能。方法取成年SD大鼠斜方肌升部肌组织进行冰冻切片(8μm厚),采用Guth-Samaha肌球蛋白ATP酶组织化学染色法并稍做改良,对其进行肌纤维分型研究。结果SD大鼠斜方肌经肌球蛋白ATP酶组织化学染色后可明确分出2种肌纤维型,即白色的Ⅰ型纤维(慢缩纤维)和深褐色的Ⅱ型纤维(快缩纤维),2种肌纤维在肌内呈棋盘样均匀分布;图像分析计数其Ⅰ型纤维占(48.8±6.9)%,Ⅱ型纤维比例为(51.2±6.9)%,2者比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论SD大鼠斜方肌2型肌纤维所占比例均等,与其维持颈背部姿势的作用一致。     

大鼠腹外斜肌肌纤维型组成及分布研究

目的探讨大鼠腹外斜肌的肌纤维型组成和分布,借以了解该肌功能,并为运动训练模型的建立提供理论依据和研究平台。方法采用Guth-Samaha肌球蛋白ATP酶组织化学染色法并稍做改良,对成年SD大鼠腹外斜肌冰冻切片进行肌纤维分型研究。结果SD大鼠腹外斜肌经肌球蛋白ATP酶组织化学染色后可明确分出2型肌纤维,即明亮色白的Ⅰ型纤维(慢缩纤维)和幽暗深褐的Ⅱ型纤维(快缩纤维),并且,2种纤维在肌内呈棋盘样均匀分布;图像分析仪下计数Ⅱ型纤维达到(84.8±5.3)%,而Ⅰ纤维仅占(15.2±2.1)%,前者占绝对优势(P<0.01)。结论SD大鼠腹外斜肌以Ⅱ型纤维为主,除了起保护腹腔脏器作用外,还参与力量和速度运动。     

背阔肌的组织化学特征研究

本文用酸碱预孵育肌球蛋白ATP酶法、乳酸脱氢酶法、油红O法、PAS法,研究了20只犬的背阔肌.结果表明,用肌球蛋白ATP酶法可将肌纤维分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型.Ⅰ型可分为3个亚型,Ⅱ型可分为ⅡA、ⅡB和ⅡC3个亚型.Ⅱ型肌纤维在背阔肌中占的比例大.Ⅱ型肌纤维含有较多糖原,Ⅰ型肌纤维含有较多脂肪颗粒.通过酶的染色观察,Ⅰ型、ⅡB和ⅡC亚型肌纤维的乳酸脱氢酶活性强弱无明显差别,ⅡA亚型肌纤维乳酸脱氢酶活性较弱.本文对背阔肌组织化学特征进行了讨论.     

人三角肌亚部化,肌纤维型分布及面积的研究

根据人三角肌的肌纤维起止、排列和神经支配特征,将该肌分为前、中、后3个亚部。用新鲜男性尸体标本16侧三角肌,按上述3个亚部的浅、深区分别取材,作恒冷箱冰冻横向切片,肌球蛋白ATP酶染色,将肌纤维分为Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型。检测各区的肌纤维型构成比例,并用图像分析仪测量各区两型肌纤维的横切面积和直径。结果发现,肌中部的I型纤维比例明显高于前、后两部,各亚部深区的I型纤维比例均比浅区高,而左、右侧之间无差异。各亚部及浅、深区。Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肌纤维的直径都相似(57～6lμm),仅中部深区Ⅱ型纤维直径(52.9μm)较其他各区肌纤维明显细小;除中部深区外,右侧两型纤维的直径均比左侧稍大,但统计学分析左右侧差异不显著。作者认为,三角肌纤维型分布的肌内差异,与该肌功能的分化密切相关。中部深区的Ⅰ型纤维比例较高,Ⅱ型纤维直径较细,可能提示该区的主要功能是维持肩关节稳定。     

酸性和碱性预孵育处理对骨骼肌肌纤维分型的影响—肌球蛋白ATP酶法

为比较分别经酸性和碱性预孵育液处理的肌球蛋白ATP酶反应法对骨骼肌肌纤维分型的影响．采用酸性（pH4．5）和碱性（pH10．4）预孵育肌球蛋白ATP酶法对大鼠躯干的腹外侧荐尾肌、后肢的处长伸肌相邻切片分别染色，然后比较相邻切片的相同肌纤维类型。结果显示两种预孵育液对ⅡA型肌纤维的分型设有影响，而酸性预孵育液处理后所鉴别的Ⅰ型和ⅡB型肌纤维，在经碱性预孵育液后有少数分别呈现为ⅡB型和ⅡA型肌纤维。本研究表明酸和碱性预孵育ATP酶染色对骨骼肌肌纤维的分型没有完全对应的“镇相”结果，这可能提示肌球蛋白ATP酶的活性在不同的酸性和碱性环境中有不同的稳定性。     

退变性颈椎失稳颈后深部肌肉的组织化学特征及其临床意义

目的：研究颈后深部肌肉的肌纤维型分布和横切面积,探讨其生理功能和在退变性颈椎失稳发病中的作用。方法：应用肌球蛋白ＡＴＰ酶染色法,观察正常人（４例）和退变性颈椎失稳患者（４例）颈后深部肌肉各型肌纤维的比例和结构特征,并测量肌纤维的横切面积。结果：正常人和退变性颈椎失稳患者颈后深部肌肉Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型纤维交织排列,横切面呈多边形或椭圆形,Ⅰ型纤维数量及横切面积均显著大于Ⅱ型纤维。退变性颈椎失稳患者肌纤维边界不清,横切面上可见小空泡,Ⅰ型纤维减少,Ⅱ型纤维增多。结论：颈后深部肌肉对维持颈段脊柱的生理姿势和运动起重要作用,肌纤维病理学改变是退变性颈椎失稳发病的重要因素之一。     

低氧高糖条件下家兔骨骼肌Ⅰ型纤维向Ⅱ型纤维转化的作用

目的通过在体外对家兔骨骼肌两型肌纤维细胞进行不同培养方法的摸索和对其标志蛋白MHC同功型变化的检测,探索两型肌纤维细胞间的转化条件。方法运用改良的肌球蛋白ATP酶组织化学染色法对家兔骨骼肌的肌纤维类型进行染色并观察;应用RT-PCR方法检测在不同培养条件下家兔骨骼肌MHC亚型mRNA的表达情况。结果肌组织消化组:固有半膜肌表达MHCⅠ型及少量的MHCⅡ型,副半膜肌表达MHCⅡa和Ⅱb型。细胞培养组:常氧高糖组固有半膜肌表达MHCⅡa和Ⅱb,不表达MHCⅠ型;副半膜肌表达MHCⅡa和Ⅱb,不表达MHCⅠ型;低氧高糖组固有半膜肌表达MHCⅡa和Ⅱb,不表达MHCⅠ型;副半膜肌表达MHCⅡb,不表达MHCⅠ型。结论含15%FBS的常氧高糖培养基适宜骨骼肌细胞生长,并且在低氧高糖条件下,骨骼肌Ⅰ型纤维有向Ⅱ型纤维转化的趋势。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.