绿色建筑集中热水系统CO_2排放量的阈值研究

采用排放系数法对集中热水系统排放的CO2进行了量化,分别对采用不同能源的水加热器进行CO2排放量的计算,确定了各种能源消耗过程CO2排放量,最终确定了集中热水供应系统CO2排放阈值。     

集中式空调系统生命周期碳排放评估

基于生命周期评价理论,将集中式空调系统生命周期划分为生产、运输安装、运行、拆除及回收4个阶段,并建立了集中式空调系统生命周期各阶段及总的CO2排放量核算模型,提出了以集中式空调系统每年单位制冷量的CO2排放量作为不同类型集中式空调系统生命周期碳排放量对比指标的方法。结合工程实例,对比3种集中式空调系统生命周期CO2排放情况,并分析空调系统使用寿命对生命周期碳排放量的影响。     

天津市办公建筑能效交易基准线研究

本文首先通过对天津市552栋办公建筑的调研,获得了有关建筑基本信息、建筑物用能系统和设备基本信息、建筑能耗账单和室内设备使用情况等大量数据。其次,以具有代表性的24栋办公建筑的数据为基础,分析了天津市办公建筑的能耗情况。最后,根据基准线的确定途径,设定了3种基准线情景,计算得到了样本建筑在3种基准线情景下的能耗和CO2排放量。结合天津市的经济技术发展水平,推荐使用第2种基准线情景,即能效水平居于前20%的各单位的能耗和CO2排放量的下限值作为天津市办公建筑能效交易的基准线,具体能耗基准线为16.44 kgce/(m2.a),CO2排放量基准线为63.15kgCO2/(m2.a)。     

中国在碳捕获技术方面的新尝试

为减少中国CO2排放量，中国华能集团与澳大利亚联邦科学工业研究组织（CSIRO）于上月正式宣布在北京成立的燃煤电厂二氧化碳捕集示范工程建成投产。     

外墙保温技术对环境影响的分析

本文从外墙保温技术对环境影响的角度出发,推导出了CO2和SO2等气体的排放量随保温层厚度的变化关系。而后以北京地区为例,计算出了燃煤、燃油、天然气、电驱动热泵采暖等采暖方式的CO2和SO2排放量对比关系。通过分析,得出天然气作为采暖能源是最环保的采暖方式。     

山东济南农村地区秸秆供暖节能技术研究与应用

针对山东济南农村地区158户进行了有关建筑形式、围护结构构造、炊事能源种类、照明器具、供暖方式及用量、家电种类及功率等方面的实地调研,并综合分析当地气候特征、居民供暖需求及建筑用能特点以及当地秸秆资源丰富等情况,研究了秸秆压块成型技术与代加工模式,以及秸秆燃烧炉集成烟气余热回收与储热一体化、正反烧消烟等项技术。并将上述技术应用于示范项目。示范效果表明:尹庄村采用本文所述供暖节能技术后,每年可节约215.7吨标准煤,可减少465.8吨CO2排放量,15.78吨SO2排放量,7.72吨NOX排放量。     

水泥产品品种及能耗与CO_2排放量的数量关系研究

从按标准组织生产角度出发,将水泥行业强制性技术标准《水泥单位产品能源消耗限额》、《通用硅酸盐水泥》及碳排放因子计算原则相结合,研究我国水泥生产的能源消耗量边界与CO2排放量的边界的计算方法。按上述方法计算得出了以不同单线规模生产不同品种的水泥所需的能耗边界与CO2排放量边界,得出产品结构调整对于降低能耗与排放量的数量关系。     

广州城乡老年人住宅夏季室内环境调查与实测

广州夏季高温高湿,基于广州城乡老年人的室内环境差异,通过问卷调查了解了116 名广州城乡老年人的室内居住环境, 并对5 户典型城市及5 户典型农村65 岁以上居民住宅的夏季室内环境进行了对比实测研究,测量每户住宅的客厅,卧室和卫 生间的温度、相对湿度及CO2、CO、PM2.5、挥发性有机物浓度。研究表明,广州农村住户夏季主要使用风扇降温,仅有约三 分之一住户同时使用空调,而城市住户均使用空调,大部分住户同时使用风扇;广州农村住户夏季室内平均空气温度比城市住 户低0.8 ℃,平均相对湿度比城市住户高21.6%;通风较差的住户室内CO2 浓度相对较高,所有实测城市及农村住户的CO、 PM2.5 的浓度都低于国家标准规定的极限值;广州城市住户的室内外PM2.5 浓度及室内总挥发性有机物的浓度总体高于农村住户。 广州农村老年人住宅应加强防潮处理,城市老年人住宅应加强通风换气,优选环保家具。     

上海临港新城中心区低碳规划和目标管理

对上海新建城区——临港新城中心区的CO2排放量用生命周期方法进行评估和预测,确定影响新城碳排放的关键部门,并根据新城的规划目标和建设情况预测CO2排放的变化情况.在此基础上开展低碳规划方法,设定新城的CO2总量减排目标,合理分配到建筑、交通、绿地等各部门.并提供CO2减排的技术和政策路线,建议当地政府实施有效的监管措施,以保证减排目标顺利实现.     

德国可持续污水处理工程典范——Steinhof厂

可持续污水处理之目标以回收污水中资源与能源为己任,特别强调工艺运行逼近碳中和目标,以减少CO2等温室气体的排放。德国布伦瑞克(Braunschweig)市运行已半个多世纪的老厂——斯泰因霍夫(Steinhof)的工艺实践演示,从剩余污泥厌氧消化产甲烷(CH4)中回收的能量不仅可满足其自身供热需要,而且还能提供全厂包括深度处理、营养物利用、出水灌溉在内全部耗电量的79%,相应减少79%的外源CO2。将出水及污泥输送至农业灌溉与施肥后,可节省因灌溉抽取地下/地表水及化肥生产造成的能量消耗,间接减少35%的CO2排放量。这实际上使得该厂总外源CO2减少高达114%,已超额完成碳中和运行目标。强化能量(CH4)生产与转化技术的改进措施显示,向厌氧消化池内投加青草等共消化基质、对剩余污泥采取热水解预处理措施、余热发电采用郎肯循环等可有效提高生物气体的产量与能源转化率,使该厂CO2减排量进一步提高。该厂在营养物及水资源利用方面的做法表明,土地利用是污水中所含资源的理性归宿。     

Residential end-use energy simulation at city scale

This paper describes a simulation model for predicting end-use energy consumption in residential sectors of a city or region. In this model, the annual energy consumption of a dwelling is simulated from the occupants’ schedule of living activities, weather data and energy efficiencies of appliances and dwellings. By summing up the simulation results for various household categories, total energy consumption for the residential sector in a region can be estimated.In this paper, energy consumption for Osaka City is simulated. The result is compared with statistical data. The effects of energy efficiency standards and urban heat island phenomena are examined.     

Proposal of a modeling approach considering urban form for evaluation of city level energy management

The importance of developing a method to bridge the gap between the current increasing trend of CO₂ emission from the commercial sector and the reduced emission level for ensuring long-term sustainability has increased. Various concepts exist for managing the energy use and CO₂ emission. These concepts can be categorized into advancement in technologies, dissemination of energy saving measures in buildings, optimization of local energy generation and distribution systems, spatial building stock pattern management, and improvement in CO₂ emission factor of the grid electricity. In this paper, we propose a modeling approach for energy use in the commercial sector in order to evaluate the options involved in the abovementioned energy management concepts in an integrated manner. In this modeling approach, a district is dealt with as a basic unit. Districts are first classified into several categories according to the spatial building stock pattern, or urban form. The end-use energy consumption per unit floor area is then calculated for each district category using a simulation of energy use in buildings in a representative district; this is used for quantifying the total end-use energy consumption at the municipal level. We carried out a case study in order to demonstrate the simulation capabilities and features of the suggested modeling approach in contrast with the conventional modeling approaches. In this case study, certain scenarios of CO₂ abatement integrating the energy management concepts are applied in the commercial sector of Osaka city, Japan, in order to investigate alternative avenues toward which policy efforts must be directed.     

厨房污染的实验研究

介绍在无机械通风的情况下，使用普通燃具与低污染燃具在模拟厨房中测得空气中NOx和CO含量的分布及变化规律，讨论了通风对厨房空气质量的影响。     

Occupant related household energy consumption in Canada: Estimation using a bottom-up neural-network technique

A national model of residential energy consumption requires consideration of the following end-uses: space heating, space cooling, appliances and lighting (AL), and domestic hot water (DHW). The space heating and space cooling end-use energy consumption is strongly affected by the climatic conditions and the house thermal envelope. In contrast, both AL and DHW energy consumption are primarily a function of occupant behaviour, appliance ownership, demographic conditions, and occupancy rate. Because of these characteristics, a bottom-up statistical model is a candidate for estimating AL and DHW energy consumption. This article presents the detailed methodology and results of the application of a previously developed set of neural network models, as the statistical method of the Canadian Hybrid Residential End-Use Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Model (CHREM). The CHREM estimates the national AL and DHW secondary energy consumption of Canadian single-detached and double/row houses to be 248 PJ and 201 PJ, respectively. The energy consumption values translate to per household values of 27.8 GJ and 22.5 GJ, and per capita values of 9.0 GJ and 7.3 GJ, respectively.     

A comparison of residential and commercial energy use in the United States and Sweden

The differences between the U.S. and Sweden in residential and commercial energy use are discussed in terms of energy efficiencies. The lower Swedish per capita energy consumption in these sectors is principally explained by these factors: (1) better insulation and construction standards in buildings to give considerably higher overall heating efficiencies, (2) more realistic commercial lighting standards, and (3) significant differences in residential end-use devices and end-use choices. Also centralized water heating systems and the practice of district heating contribute to Sweden's more efficient usage of residential and commercial energy.     

Emissions of maritime transport: A European reference system

Emissions from ships have recently received more attention since they have become a significant concern for air quality in harbours and port cities. This paper presents the methodology for a comprehensive maritime transport database of activity data, specific energy consumption, emission factors, and total emissions that have been developed within the European EX-TREMIS project. The model is built upon 3 modules: the fleet module, the transport activity module, and the emission module.The fleet module defines the ship categories, the loading capacities, and the engine characteristics of the different vessels by using EUROSTAT data, Sea Web Lloyd's database, and international literature. The transport activity module transforms total cargo handled (mainly based on EUROSTAT data and CEMT statistics) into ship-equivalents. These ship-equivalents are further transformed into ship-hours. The emission module calculates energy uses and CO₂, NO_X, SO₂, CO, HC, CH₄, NMHC, PM emissions from the resulting maritime activities. We have used technology based emission factors to take into account the technological evolution of vessels.To illustrate this new methodology, we present some results (emissions, fuel consumption and emission factors) for different countries. The overall methodology as well as the results and the country specific energy consumption and emission factors per ship type and size class can be extracted from the EX-TREMIS website (www.ex-tremis.eu). Our results contribute to more accurate estimates of emissions and air quality assessments in coastal cities and ports.     

基于碳排放核算的低碳建筑全寿命周期评价及其决策应用

建筑业作为碳排放的重要来源,是我国实施节能减排的关键领域。从低碳建筑的全寿命周期视角出发,分为设计、施工、运营及拆除 4 个阶段进行碳排放核算。构建了低碳建筑全寿命周期评价体系,将低碳监管融入到全寿命周期过程;根据人员消耗、化石能源、电能等 3 种主要的碳排放因子,建立低碳建筑全寿命周期的 CO 2 排放核算模型;在政府实施碳税政策背景下,基于作业成本法建立了 CO 2 排放成本核算框架,对住宅、商业建筑、工厂厂房、办公楼、会展中心、学校等 6种不同类型低碳建筑项目进行全寿命周期评价,并运用 0-1 混合整数规划模型分析了建筑投资商的项目组合选择问题。     

城市高架桥建造周期内CO_2排放量计算研究

在对高架桥建造周期内CO2排放源分析的基础上,建立了高架建造周期内CO2排放量的计算模型。选取上海市沪闵高架桥工程K48-K50跨作为案例进行计算,分析了CO2排放量的分布,同时提出了低碳设计、低碳施工的一些建议。计算结果表明,在高架桥建造周期内,约97%的CO2排放量是在建材生产过程中产生的,其中,51%是钢材生产过程产生的,46%是由混凝土产生的;而在机械施工过程产生的CO2中,近48%是在节段梁蒸汽养护过程中产生的。因此,减少主体结构材料的用量是实现高架桥低碳设计最有效的途径;而改进节段梁的养护方法也是确保预制工艺达到低碳施工标准的关键所在。     

办公建筑物化阶段CO_2排放研究

建筑物化阶段的CO2排放时间集中、绝对量大,是建筑节能减排的研究重点。构建了办公建筑物化阶段CO2排放的计算模型,包括建材、设备生产与运输的CO2排放,以及施工过程的CO2排放。利用该计算模型,分析计算了78栋办公建筑物化阶段的CO2排放量。平均来看,物化阶段的碳排放量为326.75kg/m2;随着建筑高度的增加单位面积碳排放明显增加,超高层建筑的单位面积碳排放量是多层建筑的1.5倍;土建工程的碳排放量占到物化阶段的75%左右,而钢筋、混凝土、砂浆、墙体材料的碳排放量占到了土建工程的80%以上。分别以建筑层数和建材用量为自变量做了办公建筑物化阶段CO2排放量的预测模型,通过统计学的分析对比,发现以钢筋、混凝土和墙体材料为自变量的预测公式可以很好地预测建筑物化阶段的碳排放。