出生体重对儿童期和成年期高血压影响的队列研究

目的 研究出生体重对儿童期和成年期高血压的影响。方法 基于北京地区儿童血压研究队列资源,1987年基线调查时采用听诊法测量儿童期血压水平,记录Korotkoff第Ⅰ音为收缩压（SBP）、第Ⅳ音为舒张压（DBP-K4）、第Ⅴ音（消音）为舒张压（DBP-K5）,并根据2010年中国儿童血压参照标准P95诊断儿童高血压;2010年3月至2011年3月随访时采用相同方法测量成年期血压,以SBP≥140 mmHg（1 mmHg=0.133 kPa）和（或）DBP≥90 mmHg或正在服用降压药诊断为高血压。出生体重、是否早产及母乳喂养情况通过随访对象母亲的回忆进行问卷填写。采用多元线性回归分析出生体重与血压水平的关系,多因素Logistic回归模型分析出生体重与儿童期及成年期罹患高血压风险的关联。结果 出生体重有效数据936名（男492名,女444名）进入分析,其中低出生体重儿30名（3.2%）,巨大儿78名（8.3%）。出生体重与儿童期及成年期女性SBP呈负相关（P>0.05）。按低出生体重儿、巨大儿及出生体重正常进行分层分析,出生体重与儿童期血压水平的关联在不同出生体重间的规律不同,低出生体重组男性DBP-K5与出生体重呈正相关（b=32.32,P=0.030）,出生体重正常组女性SBP与出生体重呈负相关（b=-2.50,P=0.047）,巨大儿组控制性别后儿童期SBP与出生体重呈正相关（b=6.32,P=0.039）。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,低出生体重预测女性儿童期高血压（SBP与DBP-K4联合诊断）和成年期高血压的RR（95％CI）分别为5.00(1.32~18.88)和5.84(1.05~32.65);未见巨大儿对儿童期及成年期高血压的影响。 结论 不同出生体重与男女儿童血压水平的相关性不一致,低出生体重可增加儿童期及成年期女性罹患高血压的风险。     

母亲妊娠糖尿病与子代孤独症谱系障碍发生风险的关联分析

目的 探讨母亲妊娠糖尿病暴露与子代孤独症谱系障碍（autism spectrum disorder,ASD）发生的关联。方法 采用病例对照研究方法,招募221例ASD儿童与400例健康儿童纳入研究。采用问卷调查及访谈形式收集儿童一般情况、家庭社会经济学特征、母亲孕产史、母亲孕期疾病暴露等情况,采用多因素logistic回归分析探讨母亲妊娠糖尿病暴露与子代ASD发生的关联,并探讨子代性别和妊娠糖尿病暴露对子代ASD的发生是否存在交互作用。结果 ASD组母亲妊娠糖尿病患病比例显著高于对照组（16.3% vs 9.4%,P=0.014）。校正性别、胎龄情况、出生方式、产次、母亲文化程度等变量后,母亲妊娠糖尿病暴露是子代ASD发生的危险因素（OR=2.18,95%CI:1.04～4.54,P=0.038）;在校正以上变量的基础上,进一步校正孕早期复合维生素服用、孕前3个月叶酸服用和辅助生殖等变量后,结果趋势未发生改变,但未见统计学意义（OR=1.94,95%CI:0.74～5.11,P=0.183）。妊娠糖尿病暴露与子代性别对子代ASD的发生存在交互作用（P<0.001）;性别分层分析显...     

广西南宁儿童青少年高血压现状及其与肥胖关系的研究

目的 了解广西南宁地区6~18 岁儿童青少年高血压现状及超重/ 肥胖与高血压发生的关系。方法 采用随机整群抽样方法对南宁地区7 893 名 6~18 岁儿童青少年进行问卷调查并测量血压、身高、体重等生长发育指标。结果 男女生收缩压（SBP）和舒张压（DBP）均随着年龄的增长呈递增趋势。高血压、高收缩压（HSBP）、高舒张压（HDBP）检出率分别为6.58%、4.02%、3.81%,其中男生高血压、HSBP 检出率明显高于女生（P<0.05）。正常组、超重组、肥胖组高血压检出率分别为3.87%、9.84%、19.23%。高血压、HSBP 及HDBP 检出率均表现为肥胖组> 超重组> 正常组 （P<0.05）。与正常组相比,超重组、肥胖组高血压发生的相对危险度（95%CI）分别为2.71（1.69~5.96）和5.91（3.46~7.63）。血压与年龄、身高、体重及体重指数均呈正相关（P<0.01）。结论 广西南宁6~18 岁儿童青少年血压的分布特征为：血压值与儿童青少年的性别、年龄、身高、体重和体重指数相关; 肥胖与高血压患病率密切相关,随着体重的增加,儿童青少年患高血压的危险亦增加。     

新疆伊犁地区2438例哈萨克族儿童血压现况分析

目的：了解新疆伊犁地区哈萨克族儿童血压水平和高血压的发生状况及影响因素。方法：2009年5~6月采用随机整群抽样方法,抽取新疆伊犁地区哈萨克族学龄儿童2438例,进行身高、体重、腰围、臀围、皮褶厚度、血压测量,并计算体质指数（BMI）。结果：2438名儿童收缩压（SBP）平均水平为94±13 mm Hg,舒张压（DBP）平均水平为60±9 mm Hg,低于国内同年龄段汉族平均水平;检出高血压儿童138名,患病率5.66%（138/2438）,其中男童患病率4.38% （54/1232）,女童患病率6.97%（84/1206）,女童患病率高于男童（P<0.05）;血压及高血压患病率与BMI、腰围、臀围、皮褶厚度、性别、年龄均呈正相关。结论新疆伊犁地区哈萨克族儿童血压平均水平较国内儿童低;女童高血压患病率高于男童;肥胖与哈萨克族儿童高血压患病率密切相关。     

我国6～11岁儿童血压升高与出生体重的关系北大核心CSCD

目的分析我国8省（自治区、直辖市）6～11岁儿童出生体重与儿童期血压升高的关系。方法采用分层系统随机整群抽样方法,2010年9至11月中国疾病预防控制中心以我国8省为抽样框,抽取18920名6—11岁儿童作为研究对象,测量其身高、体重、腰围和血压。血压值以Korotkoff音开始（K1）出现时为收缩压,Korotkoff音消失（K5）为舒张压。血压升高定义为收缩压或舒张压大于等于同年龄、同性别和身高者血压的第95百分位数。通过父母自填问卷获得儿童出生体重和高血压家族史等信息。采用方差分析比较低、正常和高出生体重三组儿童身体测量指标和血压水平的差异,采用多因素Logistic回归逐步法分析出生体重、目前体重指数对儿童期血压升高的影响。结果6～8岁和9～11岁组男童可见身高、体重、腰围、体重指数、收缩压和舒张压水平随出生体重分组的升高呈上升趋势,仅6—8岁组男童的腰围在不同出生体重组问差异无统计学意义（P=0．112）,其余各指标在不同出生体重组间差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。6—8岁和9～11岁组女童可见身高、体重、腰围、体重指数和舒张压水平随m生体重分组的升高呈上升趋势,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）,但收缩压在不同出生体重组间差异无统计学意义（P＝0．099）。在调整年龄、高血压患病家族史后,与正常出生体重儿童相比,高出生体重男童和女童发生儿童期血压升高相对风险OR值分别为1．23（1．06—1．43）和0．89（0．71～1．10）;增加调整儿童当前体重指数后,与正常出生体重儿童相比,高出生体重男童和女童发生儿童期血压升高的OR值分别为1．06（0．90～1．24）和0．73（0．58～0．91）。低出生体重组与正常儿童相比,发生儿童期血压升高的相对风险无统计学意义。6—11岁男童和女童当前体重指数每增加1个单位,发生血压升高的相对风险分别为1．16和1．20倍。结论6-11岁儿童血压升高与其当前体重指数密切相关,而与出生体重无明显关系。     

出生体重与学龄前儿童血压关系的研究

目的 分析出生体重与学龄前儿童收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)的关系。方法 选择在上海市闵行妇幼保健院产科出生,于2006年3月至2010年11月接受常规健康体检的2～6岁儿童,采用电子血压计测量SBP、DBP和心率,并测量身高和体重。血压评价参照1997年“日本学龄前儿童正常血压和高血压参考值”,以SBP或DBP≥其性别、年龄相对应的P95诊断为高血压。采用多元线性回归分析出生体重与血压的关系,多因素Logistic回归模型分析儿童期患高血压风险的危险因素。结果 4 642名学龄前儿童进入分析,其中男性2 458例（53%）;低出生体重儿占3.2 %(148/4 642),巨大儿占5.4%（251/4 642）。男童SBP水平和高血压患病率均高于女童（P分别为<0.001和0.002）。低出生体重儿SBP、DBP与正常出生体重儿童无明显差异（P分别为0.492和0.398）;巨大儿DBP低于正常出生体重儿童（P=0.003）。多因素Logistic回归显示低出生体重儿、巨大儿与发生儿童高血压无统计学关联,而心率高于平均水平发生高血压的危险增高,OR= 2.55,95%CI＝1.96～3.31。结论 在学龄前儿童中,男童SBP高于女童。未发现低出生体重、巨大儿与儿童期患高血压有统计学关联;心率、体重对血压水平的影响较为明显。     

母亲糖尿病及UCP2基因多态性与子代先天性心脏病关联的病例对照研究

目的 探讨母亲糖尿病、解偶联蛋白2基因（UCP2）多态性及两者的交互作用与子代先天性心脏病（CHD）的关系。方法 采用以医院为基础的病例对照研究,选择2018年3月至2019年8月在湖南省儿童医院确诊的464例单纯CHD患儿的母亲为病例组,选择同期住院、无先天畸形的504例患儿的母亲为对照组。通过问卷调查,收集相关暴露信息,同时采集母亲静脉血5 mL,用于UCP2基因多态性检测。采用多因素logistic回归分析探讨母亲糖尿病、UCP2基因多态性及两者交互作用与子代CHD的关联性。结果 多因素logistic回归分析显示,在控制混杂因素后,患有妊娠期糖尿病（OR=2.96,95% CI：1.57~5.59）、有妊娠期糖尿病史（OR=3.16,95% CI：1.59~6.28）和妊娠前患有糖尿病（OR=4.52,95% CI：2.41~8.50）均显著增加子代CHD的风险（P < 0.05）。母亲UCP2基因两个位点rs659366（T/C vs C/C：OR=1.49,95% CI：1.02~2.16;T/T vs C/C：OR=2.77,95% CI：1.67~4.62）和rs660339（A/A vs G/G：OR=2.19,95% CI：1.34~3.58）的多态性与子代CHD的风险存在关联（P < 0.05）。交互作用分析显示,UCP2基因两个位点（rs659366和rs660339）的多态性与母亲糖尿病在子代CHD发生中存在交互作用（P < 0.05）。结论 母亲糖尿病、UCP2基因多态性及其交互作用与子代CHD发病相关。     

母亲糖尿病及UCP2基因多态性与子代先天性心脏病关联的病例对照研究

目的 探讨母亲糖尿病、解偶联蛋白2基因（UCP2）多态性及两者的交互作用与子代先天性心脏病（CHD）的关系。方法 采用以医院为基础的病例对照研究,选择2018年3月至2019年8月在湖南省儿童医院确诊的464例单纯CHD患儿的母亲为病例组,选择同期住院、无先天畸形的504例患儿的母亲为对照组。通过问卷调查,收集相关暴露信息,同时采集母亲静脉血5 mL,用于UCP2基因多态性检测。采用多因素logistic回归分析探讨母亲糖尿病、UCP2基因多态性及两者交互作用与子代CHD的关联性。结果 多因素logistic回归分析显示,在控制混杂因素后,患有妊娠期糖尿病（OR=2.96,95% CI：1.57~5.59）、有妊娠期糖尿病史（OR=3.16,95% CI：1.59~6.28）和妊娠前患有糖尿病（OR=4.52,95% CI：2.41~8.50）均显著增加子代CHD的风险（P < 0.05）。母亲UCP2基因两个位点rs659366（T/C vs C/C：OR=1.49,95% CI：1.02~2.16;T/T vs C/C：OR=2.77,95% CI：1.67~4.62）和rs660339（A/A vs G/G：OR=2.19,95% CI：1.34~3.58）的多态性与子代CHD的风险存在关联（P < 0.05）。交互作用分析显示,UCP2基因两个位点（rs659366和rs660339）的多态性与母亲糖尿病在子代CHD发生中存在交互作用（P < 0.05）。结论 母亲糖尿病、UCP2基因多态性及其交互作用与子代CHD发病相关。     

儿童至成年体质指数变化对成年血压水平的影响

目的 探讨儿童到成年体质指数(BMI)变化对成年血压的影响.方法 对1987年"北京儿童血压研究"队列人群于18年后(2005年)追访,进行身高、体重、血压测量和高血压相关器官功能检测等.结果 ①受试对象儿童期超重肥胖检出率8.7%,有86.1%的超重肥胖儿童成年后仍然超重肥胖;BMI正常的儿童中,成年后超重的比例为25.8%,成年后肥胖的比例为8.8%.②控制年龄、性别,儿童、成年两时期BMI均正常组和儿童期超重或肥胖成年BMI正常组的收缩压(SBP)/舒张压(DBP)均值水平基本一致,明显低于成年超重或肥胖组;儿童至成年持续超重肥胖组成年SBP/DBP均值水平最高,其次为儿童期BMI正常成年肥胖组和儿童期BMI正常成年超重组.③调整儿童时期血压对成年血压的影响,无论儿童期BMI是否正常或超重,只要成年BMI正常后,高血压患病率均明显低于成年超重或肥胖组,其中儿童期BMI正常,成年肥胖者和儿童至成年持续超重肥胖者,成年高血压患病率明显增加.④Logistic同归分析,儿童至成年持续超重或肥胖,成年罹患高血压的风险最强,是两时期BMI都正常者的31.5倍(95%CI=7.5～132.8);儿童期BMI正常,成年肥胖或成年超重,高血压患病风险办明显增强,分别为是两时期BMI都正常者的22.9倍(95%CI=6.0～86.6)和6.0倍(95%CI=1.8～19.9);儿童期曾经超重肥胖,成年BMI转为正常者成年高血压患病风险与两时期BMI都正常者比较为零.结论 儿童期曾经超重肥胖,成年BMI恢复正常后,血压仍可恢复正常;儿童到成年期持续超重肥胖以及BMI的过快增长均可导致成年血压水甲以及高血压患病率增加,因此,防治儿童期超重、肥胖,尤其是预防儿童期超重肥胖向成年延续以及由儿童至成年BMI的过快增长是预防成人高血压的重要措施和有效手段.     

母乳喂养对妊娠期糖尿病母亲子代儿童期超重的影响

目的：通过对妊娠期糖尿病（GDM）母亲子代的随访,探讨母乳喂养是否可以降低GDM子代发生超重的风险性。方法：对2003年1月至2009年12月GDM母亲子代1189例进行随访,采用logistic回归分析出生后0～3月母乳喂养方式及母乳喂养持续时间对GDM子代超重发生风险的影响。结果：在对孕前BMI、孕期增重、孕期血糖水平、性别、出生体重、年龄及父亲体重等混杂因素进行校正后,0～3月纯母乳喂养组GDM子代儿童期超重发生风险低于人工喂养组（OR：0.479,95%CI：0.256～0.897）;接受0～3月母乳喂养、4～6月母乳喂养及大于6月母乳喂养GDM子代儿童期超重发生风险均低于人工喂养组（分别OR：0.456,95%CI：0.233～0.827;OR：0.29,95%CI：0.103～0.817;OR：0.534,95%CI：0.280～0.970）;接受4～6月母乳喂养GDM子代儿童期超重发生风险低于0～3月母乳喂养组（OR：0.372,95%CI：0.129～0.874）;而接受母乳喂养时间<6月与接受母乳喂养时间≥6月与GDM子代儿童期超重发生风险无相关性（OR：0.769,95%CI：0.4701～1.258）。结论：出生后0～3月母乳喂养,尤其是纯母乳喂养可以降低GDM子代发生超重的风险,且在出生后6月内,随着母乳喂养时间的增加,GDM子代超重发生风险降低,而出生6月以后,延长母乳喂养时间可能并不能降低超重的发生风险。     

原发性和继发性高血压患儿动态血压监测特点

目的 探讨儿童原发性高血压与继发性高血压的血压特点,提高对儿童高血压的病因识别.方法 选择2003年11月-2011年3月在首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院高血压科住院的高血压患儿为研究对象,按其病因分为原发性高血压和继发性高血压2组.患儿均常规测定身高、体质量、空腹血糖、血Cr、血尿酸、血脂及肾素、血管紧张素Ⅱ和醛固酮水平,并计算体质量指数(BMI).行手测血压、24 h动态血压监测,分析2组间日间、夜间收缩压(SBP)及舒张压(DBP)水平、日间、夜间SBP及DBP血压负荷等指标.结果 高血压患儿中男19例,女6例;年龄(12.4±2.5)岁.原发组患儿体质量和BMI均高于继发组患儿[(70.94±31.46)kg vs (45.93±14.62)kg; (24.98±6.96) kg·m-2 vs (19.13±4.89) kg·m-2],2组间差异均有统计学意义(P =0.013,0.031).与原发组患儿比较,继发组患儿的日间平均DBP水平[(91.14±10.67) mmHg vs (79.06±10.42) mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133kPa)]、夜间平均DBP水平明显升高[(81.43±12.71)mmHg vs (66.83±12.49) mmHg],日间SBP负荷[(79.46±18.17)％ vs(46.88±33.29)％],夜间SBP负荷[(89.02±15.74)％vs54.22 ±27.91)％],日间DBP血压负荷[(62.87±31.33)％ vs(30.94±27.36)％],差异均有统计学意义(Pa＜0.05).结论 原发性高血压患儿多伴有肥胖.继发性高血压患儿动态血压监测中日间和夜间DBP水平增高、日间和夜间SBP负荷、日间DBP负荷高.在儿童中动态监测血压水平,可帮助鉴别病因.     

儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征与血压相关性研究

目的 探讨儿童阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停低通气综合征(OSAHS)与血压的相关性。方法 纳入2012年7月至2013年7月以睡眠打鼾为主诉于上海儿童医学中心睡眠障碍诊治中心就诊的3~18岁儿童青少年,行整夜多导睡眠图(PSG)监测并测量睡前收缩压(SBP)和舒张压(DBP)。根据PSG监测结果分为非OSAHS组和OSAHS组,OSAHS组根据呼吸暂停低通气指数和最低血氧饱和度分为OSAHS轻、中和重度亚组。依据2010年中国儿童青少年血压参照标准诊断高血压。计算收缩压指数(SBPI)和舒张压指数(DBPI)。分析不同程度的OSAHS与血压的相关性。 结果 385例研究对象进入分析,平均年龄(5.5±2.3)岁,男262例,女123例。SBP (100.6 ±10.4) mmHg,DBP (63.2±8.5) mmHg,符合高血压诊断122例(31.7%),其中严重高血压42例(10.9%)。非OSAHS组261例(67.8%);OSAHS组124例,其中轻、中和重度亚组分别有54、43和27例。BMI、BMI-Z评分、颈围、超重及肥胖患病率指标OSAHS组显著高于非OSAHS组。①OSAHS组SBP显著高于非OSAHS组,但调整年龄、性别和BMI-Z评分后SBP的组间差异无统计学意义。OSAHS轻、中和重度亚组SBP和DBP差异有统计学意义 (SBP: F=3.46,P=0.034;DBP: F=4.27,P=0.016),在调整了年龄、性别和BMI-Z评分后SBP和DBP的组间差异仍有统计学意义(P<0.05)。②非OSAHS组和OSAHS组SBPI和DBPI差异无统计学意义;OSAHS轻、中和重度亚组SBPI和DBPI差异有统计学意义(SBPI:F=2.54,P=0.046; DBPI: F=3.25,P=0.042)。③OSAHS轻、中和重度亚组高血压检出率差异有统计学意义,调整了年龄、性别以及BMI-Z评分后,OSAHS重度亚组严重高血压的风险显著高于轻度亚组,OR=5.79 (95%CI: 1.45~23.11)。 结论 鼾症患儿高血压检出率显著高于正常人群,其中重度OSAHS患儿高血压及严重高血压的发生风险最高,提示应密切监测睡眠相关呼吸障碍患儿的血压。     

宁夏银川市城区儿童青少年不同肥胖表型与血压异常的关系

目的:了解银川市城区儿童青少年不同肥胖表型与血压异常的关系,为肥胖儿童青少年提供适宜的治疗及干预措施。方法:采用现况研究设计,以方便整群抽样的方法于2017年9月至2018年9月共抽取银川市1 047名12～18岁儿童青少年为研究对象,其中男530名、女517名,年龄(13.93±1.24)岁,并对其进行问卷调查、体格...     

Blood pressure and growth at 6 years of age among offsprings of mothers with hypertension of pregnancy

The association between hypertension of pregnancy and blood pressure (BP) and physical growth of the offspring at 6 years of age has been studied in a historical prospective study. Ninety-four consecutive women who developed hypertension during pregnancy and were hospitalized with a diagnosis of pre-eclampsia and their children were included. The comparison group consisted of individually-matched normal pregnant women. Each mother-child pair was examined when the child was 6 years of age. The mean systolic BP (SBP) of the offspring was 101.3 +/- 10.2 (S.D.) mmHg and that of the controls 99.8 +/- 9.5 mmHg. The mean diastolic BP (DBP) was significantly higher among the cases than among the controls (66.2 +/- 8.3 mmHg and 63.9 +/- 8.0 mmHg, P = 0.03). Among the cases, 11 children had a DBP above the 90th centile, whereas only four among the controls. A low, but significant, correlation was found between maternal and child BP for the cases. The DBP of the children with a positive family history of high BP was significantly higher than those with a negative history. There were no differences in height, weight or obesity index between cases and controls.     

Effects of hemorheological factors on the development of hypertension in diabetic children

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of hemorheological factors on the development of hypertension in diabetic children without retinopathy and persistent microalbuminuria. Arterial blood pressures were measured in 46 diabetic children and were compared with those of 29 healthy non-obese and 32 obese age- and sex-matched children. Higher systolic (SBP) (109.0 +/- 13.0 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (74.3 +/- 9.5 mmHg) were obtained in diabetics (independent of age, sex, duration, and control degree of diabetes), when compared with non-obese children (SBP: 97.9 +/- 10.3 mmHg, DBP: 74.3 +/- 9.5 mmHg; p < 0.01, p < 0.05, respectively). No significant DBP and SBP difference was found between diabetics and obese children. When compared with non-obese children, blood viscosity, plasma viscosity, serum viscosity, serum albumin, and plasma fibrinogen values were found elevated in diabetics and were correlated with SBP and DBP. Serum haptoglobin levels and lipid profile were normal. The multivariate discriminant analysis demonstrated plasma viscosity and fibrinogen to be the most important variables related to the development of hypertension. The results of this study revealed that: (1) arterial blood pressures are high in diabetic patients independent of age, sex, duration of diabetes, control degree of diabetes, and lipid profiles; (2) arterial blood pressure levels in diabetic children are affected primarily from changes of plasma viscosity and fibrinogen; and (3) a common mechanism might play a role in the pathogenesis of hypertension in obese and diabetic children.     

北京市412例儿童18年后血压纵向对照调查

目的：探讨血压由儿童期至成年期的轨迹变化规律。方法：对1987年开展的"北京地区儿童血压研究"队列人群于2005年进行追访,采用同样的方法测量血压并进行心血管相关因素的健康体检。结果：（1）18年间平均收缩压（SBP）和舒张压（DBP）水平均随年龄增长而增长,增长幅度表现为SBP>DBP ,男性>女性。青春期前,男女血压均随年龄增长而增长,青春期后,血压增长幅度减缓,男性仍随年龄增加而增加,女性随年龄变化趋势不明显。（2）儿童期血压与成年期血压呈现正相关关系,控制成年BMI和身高,男性两时期SBP偏相关系数为0.23（P<0.01）,DBP偏相关系数为0.29（P<0.01）;女性SBP偏相关系数0.38（P<0.01）,DBP偏相关系数为0.19（P<0.01）。（3）分别按儿童SBP/DBP     

Effect of socioeconomic status on the blood pressure in children living in a developing country

BACKGROUND: Lower socioeconomic status has been reported to favor higher blood pressure both during childhood and adulthood, because obesity is more prevalent among this population. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of socioeconomic status on blood pressure and prevalence of obesity among children living in a developing country. METHODS: Prepubertal primary school children (total number 1024, male/female ratio 513/511, mean age 10.32 +/- 0.60 years) living in Izmir, a metropolis of Turkey, were enrolled in the present study. The children were classified into three groups according to the locations of their schools as those from the well-developed (WD; n = 290), moderately developed (MD, n = 356) and underdeveloped (UD, n = 378) areas. Body mass index (BMI), ratio of BMI to the 50th percentile value of BMI for that age (BMI%) and systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressures (DBP) were determined in all children. Each socioeconomic group was subdivided into three subgroups with respect to BMI% as those with less than 90% (SG(< 90)), 90-110% (SG(90-110)), and more than 110% (SG(> 110)). Then, mean SBP and DBP in each subgroup of the WD, MD and UD groups were compared with the corresponding blood pressure values of each other to evaluate the effect of socioeconomic status on the blood pressure. In addition, the SBP and DBP of each subgroup were compared with other subgroups within that group to evaluate the effect of BMI on blood pressure. RESULTS: The BMI and BMI% of the UD group were significantly lower than that of the WD and MD groups (P < 0.05). In addition, the number of children with a BMI of more than 95% for their age was significantly lower in the UD group compared with the WD and MD groups (1.7, 1.9 and 0.5% in the WD, MD and UD groups, respectively, P < 0.05). The SBP and DBP were positively correlated with BMI% in each group and in all of the subjects cumulatively (r = 0.26, P < 0.001 for SBP and r = 0.34, P < 0.001 for DBP). The SBP and DBP were significantly higher in SG(> 110) than in SG(90-110) and were also higher in SG(90-110) than in SG(< 90) in each group. Mean DBP values in all subgroups of the MD and UD groups were significantly lower than the respective subgroups of the WD group. The SBP of SG(< 90) and SG(90-110) of the UD group were significantly lower than those of the corresponding subgroups of the WD and MD groups. CONCLUSION: Obesity is not more prevalent among the children of lower socioeconomic classes in Turkey as a developing country. In addition, independent of anthropometric structure, DBP and SBP were shown to be related to the socioeconomic status in childhood age groups and both values were determined to decrease in accordance with a decrease in the socioeconomic level.     

Distribution curve of waist-to-height ratio and its association with blood pressure among children and adolescents: study in a large population in an eastern coastal province,China

Several studies have suggested that waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) is an accurate and easier index for evaluating abdominal obesity in both children and adults. The present study examined the distribution of WHtR and its association with blood pressure (BP) levels among children and adolescents in a large population in Shandong, China. A total of 38,810 students (19,453 boys and 19,357 girls) aged 7–17 years participated in this study. Height, waist circumference (WC), and BP of all subjects were measured, and WHtR was calculated. Abdominal obesity was defined as WHtR ≥0.5; high BP status was defined as systolic blood pressure (SBP) and/or diastolic blood pressure (DBP) ≥95th percentile for age and gender. Overall, 16.45 % (95%CI: 15.93–16.97) and 7.80 % (95%CI: 7.42–8.17) of boys and girls had a WHtR ≥0.5. WHtR was positively correlated with SBP and DBP in both boys and girls. The mean values of SBP and DBP for both boys and girls were all significantly higher in the WHtR ≥0.5 group than in the WHtR<0.5 group. Z-scores of BP and the prevalence of high BP increased with WHtR. The prevalence of high BP increased from 10.61 (boys) and 9.64 % (girls) in the WHtR <0.34 group to 55.11 (boys) and 51.97 % (girls) in the WHtR ≥0.58 group, an increase of 4.2- and 4.4-times. We conclude that children and adolescents with high WHtR might have an increased risk of elevated BP. These findings highlight the importance of the prevention of abdominal obesity in order to prevent future-related problems such as hypertension in children and adolescents.     

Blood pressure-to-height ratio as a screening measure for identifying children with hypertension

The present study evaluated the feasibility and accuracy of the blood pressure-to-height ratio (BPHR) and proposed the optimal thresholds of BPHR for identifying hypertension in Han children aged 7–12 years. In 2011, anthropometric measurements were assessed in a cross-sectional population-based study of 1,352 Han children aged 7–12 years. Hypertension was defined according to the 2004 National High Blood Pressure Education Program Working Group definition (as gold standard). The following equations for BPHR were used: systolic blood pressure-to-height ratio (SBPHR) = SBP (mmHg)/height (cm) and diastolic blood pressure-to-height ratio (DBPHR) = DBP (mmHg)/height (cm). Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were performed to assess the accuracy of SBPHR and DBPHR as diagnostic tests for elevated SBP and DBP, respectively. After the cutoff points were determined, hypertension was defined by SBPHR/DBPHR (new standard), and the sensitivity and specificity were calculated. The accuracy of SBPHR and DBPHR (assessed by area under the curve) for identifying elevated SBP and DBP was over 0.85 (0.946–1.000). SBPHR cutoff values for elevated SBP were calculated to be 0.76–0.88 mmHg/cm in boys and 0.78–0.90 mmHg/cm in girls. DBPHR cutoff values for elevated DBP were calculated to be 0.51–0.60 mmHg/cm in boys and 0.51–0.58 mmHg/cm in girls. When hypertension was defined by BPHR, the sensitivities were 100 % in boys and 95.0 % in girls. The specificity was 94.3 % in boys and 96.8 % in girls. BPHR is a simple, inexpensive, and accurate index for screening hypertension in Han children.