低温推进剂蒸发量主动控制实验研究

以液氮为研究工质,基于研制的低温推进剂蒸发量主动控制实验平台开展了"零蒸发"贮存实验研究。该实验平台以G-M制冷机作为冷源,通过换热器对500 L液氮贮存容器内部输入冷量,以此控制液氮的蒸发速率,实现液氮的"零蒸发"贮存。实验研究表明,对于液氮贮存空间气相区和液相区分别输入冷量,均能抑制系统压力上升趋势,实现"零蒸发"贮存的目的,其中对于液相区输入冷量效率更高,能够在较短时间内降低系统压力。通过该实验平台上还进行了蒸汽冷却屏控制液氮蒸发速率研究,实验证明通过蒸汽冷却屏可以降低液氮蒸发速率。     

芳纶纤维增强树脂复合材料液氮冷却钻孔试验

芳纶纤维增强树脂（AFRP）复合材料是一种公认的难加工材料,加工中极易出现毛刺、烧蚀等缺陷,目前缺乏对其有效的加工工艺方法。为提高其加工质量,研究了液氮作为冷却介质的AFRP复合材料钻孔试验。在相同切削参数下进行了干式切削和超低温加工对比试验,测量了切削过程中的轴向切削力和孔临近区域的温度,并计算了孔的进出口毛刺面积和分层因子,分析了AFRP复合材料缺陷的成因,探讨了不同加工条件下缺陷的变化规律。结果表明:与干式切削相比,采用液氮超低温冷却加工的切削力升高了约15.2%,切削温度降低了约141.6℃,毛刺面积减少了约24.7%,因切削热产生的烧蚀现象得到抑制,明显改善了AFRP复合材料的加工质量。      

低温热流体两级串联冷却系统的最优中间冷却温度

针对由ORC发电冷却单元与常规冷却单元串联而成的低温热流体的两级串联冷却系统,研究如何确定两级间热流体的中间冷却温度。以系统净输出功率最大为目标,分析了热流体温度、冷却目标温度、热流体流量及环境湿球温度对最优中间冷却温度的影响。结果表明:最优中间冷却温度随热流体温度和环境湿球温度的升高而增大;热流体流量和冷却目标温度的改变基本上对最优中间冷却温度无影响作用。     

冷氦直接增压排放推进剂试验系统的研制及性能调试

针对在液氧贮箱内贮存冷氦气并用于增压煤油贮箱排放的技术方案,研制了一套以液氮为冷源,借助换热器冷却常温氦气获得冷氦,继而送入煤油贮箱进行挤压排放的地面模拟试验系统。对该试验系统的主要功能进行了调试,包括流量调控测试,以及最大排液流量、制冷能力和贮箱内部温度分布测量等。结果表明,该试验系统能够安全可靠地模拟箭上冷氦增压系统的工作过程,可用于相关原理性验证试验和机理研究。     

ZL-2.8/194型制冷机性能检测仪的设计

本文论述了制冷机性能检测仪的设计,提出了检测低温流体流量的新方法。通过采用单征机,设计相应的低温计量容器、选择应变式压力传感器、制作配件补偿电器,产量计算公式为编程依据,实现了液空、液氮产量的机油压力测量的智能化,有利于系统测量准确度的提高。     

用多孔探针测量高压汽水混合物的流量与干度

报告了用多孔探针测量高压汽水混合物的流量与干度的实验结果，实验压力为6、8、10MPa；干度为5%-70%，流量为0.08-0.5kg/s。在修正的均相模型基础上，提出了一个简单的流量干度计算式，该式在实验范围内的误差小于5%。作为多孔探针的一个重要应用，还探讨了应用多孔探针与孔板组合法实现汽液两相流体流量干度双参数测量。     

评定不确定度在调节阀测试中的应用

随着我国节能产业发展和智能化进程的推进,对系统的精准调节和控制提出了新的要求,而调节阀作为关键设备,其性能的优劣直接影响着整个系统的安全性、经济性和可靠性。因而要求调节阀的加工精度不断提高,调节阀往往要在较大流量范围下高精度控制流体流动,并且能够根据阀杆运动充分了解各个开度下的预计流量。阀门流量流阻系数对阀门产品的改进以及流体工程系统降低消耗提供了可靠的数据,通过评定流量流阻装置的不确定度,可以定量评价测量结果的质量,进而有效提高阀门的加工精度和调节特性,为筛选出调节性能更好的阀门提出了依据。     

低温恒温器温场测试的研究

恒温器要成为一个低温环境，首先就需要致冷。若要求槽温恒定在任意温度点，则需要提供一个十分稳定的致冷量，以抵消传导、对流、辐射和搅拌等因素产生的冷损失和发热量。恒温器采用液氮作致冷剂。液氮经输液管流入冷却器，冷却酒精，液氮流量大小随杜瓦瓶中的输液压力而定，输液压力越大，液氮流量越大，槽温下降速度越快。反之亦然。用高精度针阀来调节液氮流量，对槽温进行控制。待温度恒定后，进行温场测试。     

科氏质量流量传感器性能优化技术与发展

基于科氏质量流量传感器敏感结构设计原理,将具有不确定度分布的科氏质量流量传感器结构参数、被测流体的密度以及测量管的密度作为输入参数,科氏质量流量传感器的固有频率以及检测灵敏度作为输出参数.通过量化各输入参数的离散程度,采用随机收敛分析决定输入参数组合的数量,最终建立了基于样本的随机模型.在考虑加工尺寸误差的同时,详细评估了科氏质量流量传感器各结构参数对其检测灵敏度以及固有频率的相对影响程度,从而获得了其影响的关键因素,为相应传感器敏感结构设计与优化提供一定的理论依据.     

手动增压式液氮泵

介绍了获国家实用新型专利的手动增压式液氮泵。该泵用于与符合ＧＢ５４５８的液氮生物容器配套，向其它杜瓦、冷阱等输送液氮。评述了各种液氮传输方法，给出了新泵的原理、结构、使用方法。试验结果：平均流量达到４．１６Ｌ／ｍｉｎ，扬程大于２ｍ，传输效率９５％，质量１．６ｋｇ。使用结果证明新泵具有结构简单、质量轻、连接密封可靠、操作方便、省力、流量大、连续工作性能稳定、传输效率高等优点，是一种较为理想的液氮传输设备。     

开架式气化器竖直圆管内超临界氮换热实验研究

目前国内外对液化天然气(LNG)接收站的开架式气化器中超临界天然气的流动换热实验研究非常少,本文为了研究开架式气化器中竖直管内超临界流体的流动换热特性,搭建了竖直单管超临界流体换热实验平台。以液氮代替液化天然气,研究了氮入口压力、水温和水流量等不同参数对换热的影响。结果表明:在拟临界温度以下,表面传热系数随着压力的增大逐渐减小,但拟临界温度以后,这种趋势相反;当水流量足够大时,氮出口温度取决于管外水温而不是水侧流量。最后,基于实验数据拟合出了适用于竖直圆管内超临界低温流体流动换热的半经验关联式,关联式预测值和实验值的平均绝对偏差为8.42％,可以准确预测竖直加热管中超临界氮的表面传热系数。     

环境压力对低温容器蒸发流量的理论分析和试验验证

建立了用于计算低温容器蒸发流量的数学模型,得出了蒸发流量与环境温度、环境压力之间的关系。结果显示,瞬时蒸发流量变化不但受到环境压力影响,同时还受到环境压力变化率以及容器内液体量的影响。提出了衡量环境压力变化对蒸发流量影响程度的无因次量,讨论了在不同漏热、不同装载量情况下环境压力变化的影响程度。以液氮为工质,对35立方米高真空多层绝热低温容器在不同地点进行了试验,试验结果与计算结果符合较好。     

Flow and heat transfer on cryogenic flow boiling during tube quenching under upward and downward flow

The gravity effects on quenching of tube by cryogenic fluids for the development of cryogenic fluid management on orbit are studied. In this paper, the effects of the tube diameter, the flow directions, and the mass velocity on the tube quenching using liquid nitrogen are investigated systematically in the terrestrial conditions. The experiments are performed by the mass velocity between 100–600 kg/m²s in downward and upward flow directions by using three difference inner diameters of the transparent heated tube (7, 10, 13.6 mm) for measuring fluid behavior observations and heat transfer measurements simultaneously. The results indicate that the difference between the minimum heat fluxes under downward and upward flow conditions increased as the mass velocity increased. These characteristics of heat transfer were caused by filamentary flow pattern that was found in only downward flow and high mass velocity conditions.     

卧式高真空多层绝热低温容器无损贮存规律

介绍了卧式低温容器的传热特点,以及低温液体无损贮存的传热模型.通过2m3卧式高真空多层绝热低温容器在90%、85%和80%初始充满率下的静态无损贮存试验,拟合现有的传热模型,对升压过程中不同规律的3个阶段进行了分析,得到了第一、第三阶段升压的初步规律.     

Liquid nitrogen injection into water: Pressure build-up and heat transfer

This paper is concerned about the expansion of a small amount of liquid nitrogen injected into a relatively large pool of water and the heat transfer behaviour during the process. Both the transient pressure and temperature profiles are experimentally measured and analysed. The results show that the pressure and the rate of pressure rise increase approximately linearly with increasing injection pressure and reach, respectively, to 284 kPa and 500 kPa/s at a liquid nitrogen injection velocity of ∼0.85 m/s. The temperature varies little during the injection process due to relatively small amount of liquid nitrogen injected. A comparison of the experimental results with related work on surface boiling of cryogen suggests that the heat transfer of direct mixing be much stronger than boiling on smooth surfaces and flow boiling through smooth pipes, but comparable to the boiling on very rough surfaces and flow boiling in pipes with porous inserts. A comparison with the results generated by injecting a small amount of water into liquid cryogens shows that a higher pressure increase rate could be achieved if operating conditions are optimised to induce fragmentation. Implications of the results to cryogenic engine work output and ways to improve the performance of cryogenic engines are also discussed.     

Numerical simulation of cryogenic cavitating flow by an extended transport-based cavitation model with thermal effects

Thermodynamic effects on cryogenic cavitating flow is important to the accuracy of numerical simulations mainly because cryogenic fluids are thermo-sensitive, and the vapour saturation pressure is strongly dependent on the local temperature. The present study analyses the thermal cavitating flows in liquid nitrogen around a 2D hydrofoil. Thermal effects were considered using the RNG k-ε turbulence model with a modified turbulent eddy viscosity and the mass transfer homogenous cavitation model coupled with energy equation. In the cavitation model process, the saturated vapour pressure is modified based on the Clausius-Clapron equation. The convection heat transfer approach is also considered to extend the Zwart-Gerber-Belamri model. The predicted pressure and temperature inside the cavity under cryogenic conditions show that the modified Zwart-Gerber-Belamri model is in agreement with the experimental data of Hord et al. in NASA, especially in the thermal field. The thermal effect significantly affects the cavitation dynamics during phase-change process, which could delay or suppress the occurrence and development of cavitation behaviour. Based on the modified Zwart-Gerber-Belamri model proposed in this paper, better prediction of the cryogenic cavitation is attainable.     

An experimental study on flow patterns and heat transfer characteristics during cryogenic chilldown in a vertical pipe

In the present paper, the experimental results of a cryogenic chilldown process are reported. The physical phenomena involve unsteady two-phase vapor–liquid flow and intense boiling heat transfer of the cryogenic fluid that is coupled with the transient heat conduction inside pipe walls. The objective for the present study is to compare the chilldown rates and flow patterns between the upward flow and downward flow in a vertical pipe. Liquid nitrogen is employed as the working fluid and the test section is a vertical straight segment of a Pyrex glass pipe with an inner diameter of 8 mm. The effects of mass flow rate on the flow patterns, heat transfer characteristics and interface movement were determined through experiments performed under several different mass flow rates. Through flow visualization, measurement and analysis on the flow patterns and temperature variations, a physical explanation of the vertical chilldown is given. By observing the process and analyzing the results, it is concluded that pipe chilldown in a vertical flow is similar to that in microgravity to some extent.     

Two-Phase Flow and Heat Transfer During Chilldown of a Simulated Flexible Metal Hose Using Liquid Nitrogen

For many industrial, medical and space technologies, cryogenic fluids play irreplaceable roles. When any cryogenic system is initially started, it must go through a transient chill down period prior to normal operation. Chilldown is the process of introducing the cryogenic liquid into the system, and allowing the system components to cool down to several hundred degrees below the ambient temperature. The chilldown process is an important initial stage before a system begins functioning. The objective of this paper is to investigate the chilldown process associated with a flexible hose that was simulated by a channel with saw-teeth inner wall surface structure in the current study. We have investigated the fundamental physics of the two-phase flow and quenching heat transfer during cryogenic chilldown inside the simulated flexible hose through flow visualization, data measurement and analysis. The flow pattern developed inside the channel was recorded by a high speed camera for flow pattern investigation. The experimental results indicate that the chilldown process that is composed of unsteady vapor-liquid two-phase flow and phase-change heat transfer is modified by the inner wall surface wavy structure. Based on the measurement of the channel wall temperature, the teeth structure and the associated cavities generally reduce the heat transfer efficiency compared to the straight hose. Furthermore, based on the measured data, a complete series of correlations on the heat transfer coefficient for each heat transfer regime was developed and reported.     

低温推进剂贮箱增压过程的传热传质数学模拟

针对火箭发动机地面试验中低温液氧贮箱的预增压和增压过程建立了气相空间的传热、传质数学模型.运用实际气体的状态方程、连续性方程、能量守恒方程以及推进剂与气相空间的传热、传质方程等组成了关于气相空间参数的微分方程组,并运用四阶Runge-Kutta算法对其进行求解.获得了气相空间的压力、温度、增压气体流量、液氧挥发速率以及贮箱壁温等参数的变化规律.结果表明,在发动机启动前的预增压过程中,气相空间的温度和压力急剧增加,液氧的挥发速率也增加很快;发动机启动后的保持增压阶段,由于气相空间的体积不断发生变化,气相空间参数的变化趋于平缓,液氧表面向气相空间的传质速率也趋于稳定.     

车载LNG储罐蒸发率的理论与试验

为研究车载LNG低温绝热气瓶内液体的蒸发规律,以200 L高真空多层绝热气瓶为例,采用液氮(LN2)为工质,进行了一系列LN2日蒸发率试验。列出根据实验系统结构参数得到的相关传热学计算结果,包括试验系统分别贮存LN2和LNG各项漏热及理论蒸发率。对理论计算与实验结果进行比较,通过理论计算结果与LN2蒸发率实验结果对LNG试验蒸发率作了预测。根据大气压力下进行的各种充满率的LN2蒸发率实验,拟合出了系统蒸发率与充满率的关系曲线,并分析了系统中环境温度和压力对蒸发率的影响规律。