民用煤室内燃烧条件下多环芳烃的排放特征

民用燃煤是我国最大的室外和室内空气污染源.为了研究不同煤种在民用燃烧条件下多环芳烃(PAH)的排放特征,对5种成熟度不同的煤种(4种烟煤和1种无烟煤)以蜂窝煤形式燃烧产生的烟气进行采集,对其中24种PAHs进行定量分析,并与原煤的二氯甲烷(DCM)抽提物进行对比.结果表明,不同煤种的PAH排放因子差别显著,无烟煤的排放因子比烟煤低3个数量级,24种PAHs总和仅为184 μg/kg,烟煤则为136～408 mg/kg;原煤PAH抽提率的情况与之相似,无烟煤为4 mg/kg,烟煤为96～156 mg/kg.各种类型PAH(母体PAH、甲基PAH和含O/S-PAH)所占比例在不同煤种之间存在差异,但在烟气中和原煤抽提物的情况一致,说明民用燃煤前后PAH具有一定的继承性.通过4组毒性当量参数的比较,发现无烟煤燃烧烟气中的PAH毒性当量比原煤抽提物明显减少,而烟煤则表现为不同程度的增加.     

火电厂燃煤产物中关键微量元素富集特征研究

煤系共伴生战略性关键元素可在燃煤产物中富集,研究燃煤产物中关键元素的富集特点可为元素的预富集和提取利用提供依据。以我国东西部不同火电厂燃煤产物为例,采用波长色散荧光光谱仪（Axios mAX）、电感耦合等离子体质谱仪（iCAP-Qc）测试了燃煤产物中常量元素和关键微量元素的含量,分析了燃煤产物中关键微量元素分布富集的一般性规律。结果表明：(1)粉煤灰中主要常量元素为Si、Al、Fe,三者氧化物占比达87.79%;微量元素中稀土元素、锂、镓、铀、锗的含量分别为456.95μg/g、163.58μg/g、49.07μg/g、8.67μg/g、4.59μg/g,除铀、锗外均高于世界煤灰平均值。(2)常量元素中P趋向富集于细灰中,Fe、Ca更易富集于粗灰中;稀土元素分布模式保持一致,且在细灰中的含量高于粗灰,锂、镓、铀、锗均在细粒燃煤产物中更为富集,分异系数分别为1.17、2.45、1.53、2.14。(3)数理统计分析表明,煤中稀土元素与无机矿物相关,且富集于燃煤产物的非磁性组分中;锂主要与黏土矿物有关,燃烧后主要以LiAlO2的形式存在;镓、铀赋存形式不单一,与黏土矿物有一定的关系;锗与无...     

准能矸石电厂燃煤产物稀土元素分异规律及矿物特征研究

内蒙古准格尔煤田是煤系金属富集的典型,可以作为新的稀土元素来源,燃煤产物是煤型稀有金属提取冶炼的直接原料。运用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)、X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)、能谱扫描电镜(SEM-EDX)等对内蒙古鄂尔多斯准能矸石电厂流化床燃煤产物进行了分析测试,结果表明：(1)准能矸石电厂炉前煤稀土元素含量190.42μg/g,与世界煤相比表现为轻度富集,但在燃烧后,在粉煤灰和底灰中发生明显的分异,煤中稀土元素约80%进入粉煤灰,使得粉煤灰中稀土元素含量达到865.37μg/g,换算为稀土元素氧化物(REO)含量约为1 081μg/g,参照《稀土矿产地质勘查规范》(DZ/T 0204—2002)规定的稀土元素工业品位要求,具有开发利用价值;(2)准能矸石电厂燃煤底灰与粉煤灰中的矿物种类基本一致,仅存在含量上的差别。燃煤产物的主要组成矿物包括莫来石、石英、赤铁矿、玻璃体等。其中莫来石含量16.3%～19.8%,非晶质玻璃体含量65.7%～69.1%,粉煤灰矿物中莫来石含量与附近的国华电厂(原准格尔电厂)及其他电厂相比相对较少,而非晶态玻璃体含量较高,可能的原因是其炉前煤(黑岱沟6号...     

煤灰中金的地球化学研究进展北大核心CSCD

综述了国内外煤灰中金的研究进展,详细探讨了煤灰中金的分布规律,煤燃烧时金的迁移规律、金挥发的影响因素与利用可行性。世界范围内绝大多数煤灰中金含量比原煤中要富集,仅发现部分地区煤灰中金含量比原煤中低。煤中金的赋存状态、成煤地质地球化学环境及燃烧条件是影响燃煤过程中金挥发的主要因素,其中赋存状态对燃煤过程中金的再分配起控制作用。煤灰中金储量的初步计算结果表明,黔西南煤与煤灰中金颇具利用潜力。     

煤灰中金的地球化学研究进展

综述了国内外煤灰中金的研究进展,详细探讨了煤灰中金的分布规律,煤燃烧时金的迁移规律、金挥发的影响因素与利用可行性。世界范围内绝大多数煤灰中金含量比原煤中要富集,仅发现部分地区煤灰中金含量比原煤中低。煤中金的赋存状态、成煤地质地球化学环境及燃烧条件是影响燃煤过程中金挥发的主要因素,其中赋存状态对燃煤过程中金的再分配起控制作用。煤灰中金储量的初步计算结果表明,黔西南煤与煤灰中金颇具利用潜力。     

在东北地区寻找瘦煤的方向

我国对于煤质分类的研究,虽然已有二三十年的历史,但是一直沿用着很简单的分类法,把煤种分为无烟煤、半烟煤、烟煤、褐煤。这种落后的分类法,已远不能满足我们国家正在突飞猛进的经济建设需要。近几年来,学习苏联先进的工业分类法,根据煤的化学成分,煉焦性能及技术加工特性诸条件,将煤分为泥炭,褐煤、长焰煤,瓦斯煤、蒸发肥煤,煉焦     

烟煤与褐煤燃烧烟气中汞的释放形态与释汞量对比研究

<正>燃煤释放的汞是最大的人为大气汞释放源。褐煤的高挥发分(45%左右)、高水分(30%~50%)、高灰分(20%~30%)、低热值、底灰熔点等特点,褐煤为一种劣质燃料,主要用于发电厂的燃料。至2013年11月中国褐煤在煤炭消费总量中的占比已经接近20%,因此对我国褐煤发电厂燃烧烟气中汞的释放形     

煤中游离气含量估算方法及应用

为了探讨不同煤级煤储层中游离气含量分布特征,本文基于游离气主要存在于煤孔隙中的认识,优化了游离气含量估算方法,并利用全国典型含煤地区包含从褐煤到无烟煤的42组不同煤级煤的煤层气参数测试数据,采用优化的游离气含量估算方法计算了不同煤样的游离气含量,并与解吸气含量结果进行了比较。结果表明:煤中游离气含量所占总气含量的比例随镜质体平均最大反射率增高呈减小趋势,在褐煤到无烟煤三号阶段的所占比例分布在2.13%~33.25%;游离气含量和解吸气含量与镜质体平均最大反射率关系均呈"双峰"特征,但双峰峰值大小顺序正好相反,游离气含量在肥煤阶段的峰值高于无烟煤三号阶段,总气含量与镜质体平均最大反射率关系主要受控于解吸气含量。      

燃煤固体产物的矿物组成研究

利用X射线衍射、穆斯堡尔谱与扫描电子显微镜等方法研究中国典型燃煤煤种的燃烧产物的矿物学特征，揭示出不同化学成分以及不同类型产物中矿物组成的差异性。根据化学成分，可将燃煤固体产物分为硅铝质、铁质和钙质三组，硅铝质产物结晶相主要为莫来石和石英，而结渣中基本为莫来石；铁质产物中主要矿物包括α-Fe2O3、γ-Fe2O3与Fe3O4，其含量随锅炉燃烧湿度的变化而变化；钙质产物中矿物种类复杂，飞灰石检出石灰、石膏和石英，沾污中检出石膏、赤铁矿和石类，而结渣中还发现钙的硅酸盐矿物。上述矿物分布特征是由不同成分的硅酸盐熔体在不同热力学条件下的结晶行为所决定的。     

煤及其转化产物中重金属形态分布研究

参考Tessier形态分析程序,对煤及其转化产物中的Mn、Mo和Pb的存在形态进行了实验研究,为原煤使用形态转化中的环境效应评价提供参考。结果表明,Mn、Mo和Pb在原煤、煤焦、气化灰、燃煤灰中的形态变化依次为：可交换态、碳酸盐结合态比例下降,铁锰水合氧化物结合态比例上升;各元素的可交换态和碳酸盐结合态含量之和在原煤、气化灰、燃煤灰中依次减少;对原煤和煤焦中的有机态重金属的重复及高提取剂浓度提取是有效的。     

Geochemistry of Permian Coal and Its Combustion Residues in Huainan Coalfield, China

INTRODUCTIONMany environmental problems may arise during coal min-ing and utilization. Among these prob1ems, much attention hasbeen paid to S(), and NO. emission during coal combustion.But the environmental effects produced by hazardous elementsduring coal mining and utilization are also important and de-serve to be studied (Goodazi, 1995; Finkelman, 1993; Valk-ovic, l983). For example, when coal wastes are used for landreclamation, the harmful elements in them may pollute water,soil an…     

Coal combustion by-product quality at two stoker boilers: Coal source vs. fly ash collection system design

Fly ashes from two stoker boilers burning Pennsylvanian Eastern Kentucky high volatile A bituminous coal blends were examined for their petrology and chemistry. The source coals have similar trace element contents. One of the ash collection systems was retrofitted with a baghouse (fabric filter) system, collecting a finer fly ash at a cooler flue gas temperature than the plant that has not been reconfigured. The baghouse ash has a markedly higher trace element content than the coarser fly ash from the other plant. The enhanced trace element content is most notable in the As concentration, reaching nearly 9000 ppm (ash basis) for one of the collection units. Differences in the ash chemistry are not due to any substantial differences in the coal source, even though the coal sources were from different counties and from different coal beds, but rather to the improved pollution control system in the steam plant with the higher trace element contents.     

Chemical and petrographical characterization of feed coal, fly ash and bottom ash from the Figueira Power Plant, Paraná, Brazil

The aim of the present study is the petrographic and chemical characterization of the coal at the Figueira Power Plant, Paraná, Brazil, prior and after the beneficiation process and the chemical characterization of fly and bottom ashes generated in the combustion process.Petrographic characterization was carried out through maceral analysis and vitrinite reflectance measurements. Chemical characterization included proximate analysis, determination of calorific value and sulphur content, ultimate analysis, X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, Inductively Coupled Plasma — Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Inductively Coupled Plasma — Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES) analysis, and determination of Total Organic Carbon (TOC) content.Vitrinite reflectance analyses indicate a high volatile B/C bituminous coal (0.61 to 0.73% Rrandom). Maceral analyses show predominance of the vitrinite maceral group (51.6 to 70.9 vol.%, m.m.f). Except of the Run of mine (ROM) coal sample, the average calorific value of the coals is 5205 kcal/kg and ash yields range from 21.4 to 38.1 wt.%. The mineralogical composition (X-ray diffraction) of coals includes kaolinite, quartz, plagioclase and pyrite, whereas fly and bottom ashes are composed by mullite, ettringite, quartz, magnetite, and hematite. Analyses of major elements from coal, fly and bottom ashes indicate a high SiO₂, Al₂O₃, and Fe₂O₃ content. Trace elements analysis of in-situ and ROM coals by ICP-MS and ICP-AES show highest concentration in Zn and As. Most of the toxic elements such as As, Cd, Cr, Mo, Ni, Pb, and Zn are significantly reduced by coal beneficiation. Considering the spatial distribution of trace elements in the beneficiated coal samples, which were collected over a period of three months, there appears to be little variation in Cd and Zn concentrations, whereas trace elements such as As, Mo, and Pb show a larger variation.In the fly and bottom ashes, the highest concentrations of trace elements were determined for Zn and As. When compared with trace element concentrations in the feed coal, fly ashes show a significant enrichment in most trace elements (As, B, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Tl, and Zn), suggesting a predominantly volatile nature for these elements. In contrast, Sn is distributed evenly within the different ash types, whereas U shows depleted concentration in both bottom and fly ash samples.According to the International Classification of in-seam coals the Cambuí coals are of para/ortho bituminous rank of low grade (except for the ROM sample), and are characterized by the predominance of vitrinite macerals.     

From in-situ coal to fly ash: a study of coal mines and power plants from Indiana

This paper presents data on the properties of coal and fly ash from two coal mines and two power plants that burn single-source coal from two mines in Indiana. One mine is in the low-sulfur (<1%) Danville Coal Member of the Dugger Formation (Pennsylvanian) and the other mines the high-sulfur (>5%) Springfield Coal Member of the Petersburg Formation (Pennsylvanian). Both seams have comparable ash contents (11%). Coals sampled at the mines (both raw and washed fractions) were analyzed for proximate/ultimate/sulfur forms/heating value, major oxides, trace elements and petrographic composition. The properties of fly ash from these coals reflect the properties of the feed coal, as well as local combustion and post-combustion conditions. Sulfur and spinel content, and As, Pb and Zn concentrations of the fly ash are the parameters that most closely reflect the properties of the source coal.     

Mineralogy and geochemistry of feed coals and their combustion residues from the Cayirhan power plant,Ankara, Turkey

A total of 48 samples, feed (run-of-mine) coals and their combustion residues (fly ash and bottom ash) were systematically collected twice a week over a 4 week period (June 1998) from two boiler units (I and II) of the Cayirhan power plant (630 MW) that burns zeolite-bearing coals of late Miocene age. The feed coals are high in moisture (22.8% as-received) content and ash (44.9%) yield and total S content (5.1%), and low in calorific value (2995 kcal/kg). The mineralogy of the feed coals contains unusually high contents of the zeolites (clinoptilolite/heulandite and analcime), which are distributed within the organic matter of coal. Other minerals determined are gypsum, quartz, feldspar, pyrite, dolomite, calcite, cristobalite and clays. Common minerals in the crystalline phase of the combustion residues are anhydrite, feldspar, quartz, hematite, lime and Ca–Mg silicate. Minor and trace amounts of magnetite, cristobalite, maghemite, gehlenite, calcite and clinoptilolite/heulandite are also present in the combustion residues. Trace element contents of the feed coals, except for W, fall within the estimated range of values for most world coals; however, the mean values of Mn, Ta, Th, U and Zr are near maximum values of most world coals. Elements such as As, Bi, Ge, Mo, Pb, Tl, W and Zn are enriched more in the fly ash compared to the bottom ash.     

淮南二叠纪煤及其燃烧产物地球化学特征

采用仪器中子活化分析法INAA（instrumental neutron activation analysis)测试了淮南煤田二叠纪主采煤层原煤煤样的地球化学组成，用X－射线荧光光谱XRFS（X－ray fluorescence spectrometry)测试了田家庵和洛河电厂的粉煤灰地球化学组成并与煤样作了对比分析，用电子探针测试了飞灰中主要类型颗粒的化学组成，淮南煤中多数微量元素属正常水平，与克拉克值相比，元素Se,S,As,Sb,Br,U和Cl等在煤中趋于富集，其他元素均趋于分散，有机亲和性弱的亲石元素趋于在粉煤灰中聚集，与铁关系密切的金属元素在粉煤灰中有明显的富集，有机亲合性强的元素在燃烧过程中趋于以气态形式向空气中逸散，粉煤灰中因矿物与粒度的分异明显，致使其化学组成在不同的粒度级和比重级中的分布也有较大的不同，飞灰中一些不定形颗粒主要由铁的氧化物和少量其他金属氧化物组成，硅酸盐类颗粒主要由硅，铝和铁的氧化物所组成，而玻璃珠主要由硅和铝的氧化物组成，残碳中测得的砷，硫和氯的含量最高，说明其对这些元素具有较强的吸附能力，研究粉煤灰的成分特点有助于粉煤灰的综合利用和评价其对环境的 影响。     

淄博煤田煤的稀土元素地球化学特征

应用电感耦合等离子体质谱法（ICP—MS）对淄博煤田煤（35个样品,其中12个顶底板样品及1个夹矸样品）的稀土元素进行测试,并测定了灰分及相关的伴生元素含量。全面分析了稀土元素、地球化学参数、空间分布规律及分布模式,探讨了淄博煤田石炭—二叠纪煤中稀土元素的特征及来源。研究表明:与国内外其他地区相比,淄博地区煤中稀土元素相对富集;太原组煤中的稀土元素高于山西组,在同一煤层中自顶部到底部呈现增高趋势,并在顶底板和夹矸中明显富集;Eu存在明显的负异常,而Ce值基本正常,表明成煤环境可能为浅海或封闭海域,不同煤层稀土元素分布模式基本一致,稀土元素与灰分正相关,与反映陆源的元素相关性较好,而与反映海相的元素相关性较差。     

Arsenic in coal: a review

The review presented covers: (a) historical introduction; (b) some analytical comments; (c) some peculiarities of the As geochemistry in environment; (d) an estimation of coal Clarke value of As; (e) some coals enriched in As; (f) mode of As occurrence in coal; (g) factors influencing the As distribution in coal matter and coal bed; (h) genetic topics; (i) some topics related to environmental impact of As by the coal combustion.The World average As content in coals (coal Clarke of As) for the bituminous coals and lignites are, respectively, 9.0±0.8 and 7.4±1.4 ppm. On an ash basis, these contents are higher: 50±5 and 49±8 ppm, respectively. Therefore, As is a very coalphile element: it has strong affinity to coal matter — organic and (or) inorganic but obligatory authigenic. The coalphile affinity of As is like that for Ge or S.There is strong regional variability of As distribution due to geologic variability of the individual coal basins. For example, bituminous coals in Eastern Germany, Czech Republic and SE China are enriched in As, whereas the coals in South Africa or Australia are very depleted compared to coal Clarke of As. In general, some relationship exists between As content and its mode of occurrence in coals. Typically, at high As content, sulphide sites dominate (pyrite and other more rare sulphides), whereas at low As content, As_org dominates, both being authigenic. A contribution of the terrigenic As (in silicates) is usually minor and of the biogenic As_bio (derived from coal-forming plants) is poorly known.Both organic and inorganic As can exist not only as chemically bound form but also in the sorbed (acid leacheable) arsenate form. With increasing coal rank, sorbed exchangeable arsenate content decreases, with a minimum in the coking coals (German data: the Ruhr coals).Relations of As content in coal to ash yield (or its partitioning in sink–float fractions) and to coal petrographic composition are usually complicated. In most cases, these relations are controlled by main site (form) of As — As_pyr or As_org. If As_pyr dominates, an As accumulation in heavy fractions (or in high-ash coals) is observed, and if As_org dominates, it is enriched in medium-density fractions (or low- and medium-ash coals). Arsenic is in part accumulated in the inertinite vs. vitrinite (As_org ?).There are four genetic types of As accumulation on coal: two epigenetic and two syngenetic: (1) Chinese type—hydrothermal As enrichment, sometimes similar to known Carlin type of As-bearing telethermal gold deposits; (2) Dakota type—hypergene enrichment from ground waters draining As-bearing tufa host rocks; (3) Bulgarian type—As enrichment resulting from As-bearing waters entered coal-forming peat bogs from sulphide deposit aureoles; (4) Turkish type—volcanic input of As in coal-forming peat bog as exhalations, brines and volcanic ash.During coal combustion at power plants, most of the initial As in coal volatilizes into the gaseous phase. At the widely used combustion of pulverized coal, most of As_org, As_pyr and “shielded” As-bearing micromineral phases escape into gaseous and particulate phase and only minor part of As_clay remains in bottom ash. The dominant fraction of escaping As is in fly ash. Because 97–99% of the fly ash is collected by electrostatic precipitators, the atmospheric emission of As (solid phase and gaseous) is usually assumed as rather minor (10–30% from initial As in coal). However, fly ash disposal creates some difficult environmental problems because it is potentially toxic in natural waters and soils. The As leaching rate from ash disposal is greatly controlled by the ash chemistry. In natural environment, As can be readily leached from acid (SiO₂-rich) bituminous coal ashes but can be very difficult from alkali (CaO-rich) lignite ashes.If the As_pyr form dominates, conventional coal cleaning may be an efficient tool for the removing As from coal. However, organic-bound or micromineral arsenic (“shielded” grains of As-bearing sulphides) are not removed by this procedure.Some considerations show that “toxicity threshold” of As content in coal (permissible concentration for industrial utility) may be in the range 100–300 ppm As. However, for different coals (with different proportions of As-forms), and for different combustion procedures, this “threshold” varies.     

民用蜂窝煤燃烧排放颗粒物的化学组成和稳定碳同位素特征

本文选用了镜质组反射率在0.77%-1.88%之间5 种不同成熟度的煤, 将其制成民用蜂窝煤球, 研究民用蜂窝煤燃烧排放颗粒物（PM）的化学组成, 包括元素（C、N、O、S）、有机碳（OC）、元素碳（EC）和水溶性无机离子（WSII）, 稳定碳同位素组成特征和质量吸收效率值（MAE）, 并讨论了它们与煤成熟度之间的关系.结果表明, 5 种原煤C、N、O、S 元素组成差别不大, 但是燃烧后排放的PM 化学组成差别比较大.无烟煤燃烧排放的PM 粒径分布呈双峰结构, 峰值分别在0.09 μm 和0.25 μm; 而烟煤PM 的峰值为0.58 μm.无烟煤排放PM 的颗粒数远小于烟煤.PM、OC 和EC 的排放受煤成熟度的影响非常大, 无烟煤排放的量最小, 分别为2.21 g/kg、0.22 g/kg 和0.004 g/kg; 成熟度最低的烟煤排放量最大, 分别为70.3 g/kg 、46.1 g/kg 和2.42 g/kg.PM、OC 和EC 的排放因子与煤的成熟度成幂指数关系.EC 的MAE 在0.17-21.9 m^2/g 之间, 与煤成熟度呈指数相关关系.燃煤WSII 的平均排放因子为801 mg/kg, WSII 当中含量最高的是NH4^＋ 和24SO4^2- , 平均分别占WSII总量的23.5%和44.4%.燃煤排放PM 的δ^13C 变化范围为–24.5‰-–22.8‰, 平均值为–23.6‰.以上研究有助于人们从原煤性质的角度去考察民用燃煤对人类健康和气候变化的影响, 并为大气污染源解析提供一些科学依据.