Surface-mount sapphire interferometric temperature sensor

A fiber-optic high-temperature sensor is demonstrated by bonding a 45 degrees -polished single-crystal sapphire fiber on the surface of a sapphire wafer, whose optical thickness is temperature dependent and measured by white-light interferometry. A novel adhesive-free coupling between the silica and sapphire fibers is achieved by fusion splicing, and its performance is characterized. The sensor's interference signal is investigated for its dependence on angular alignment between the fiber and the wafer. A prototype sensor is tested to 1,170 degrees C with a resolution of 0.4 degrees C, demonstrating excellent potential for high-temperature measurement.     

蓝宝石单晶光纤高温传感头的高温损伤机制

揭示了蓝宝石单晶光纤高温传感头在高温下的性能劣变现象,指出光纤表面在高温下的永久损伤是产生性能劣变的主要原因。通过对光纤表面的显微分析,明确了损伤的主要机制为外部杂质在高温下与光纤表面的相互作用。并由此确认特殊的光纤表面保护可以保证蓝宝石单晶光纤高温传感头在高温下的稳定工作。     

Multi-channel Optical Fiber Thermometer for PEM Fuel-Cell Applications

Miniature, durable, and fast-responding temperature sensors are needed for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). When embedded in a single cell or in a cell stack, they can provide useful information both at the design stage for optimizing the cell efficiency and during operation for monitoring the working conditions and thus preventing failures. Optical fiber sensors are especially promising in this field because they are small, rugged, and inexpensive. In addition, they can provide safe temperature measurements in an electrically hostile environment. A four-channel optical fiber thermometer, based on intensity-independent fluorescence lifetime thermometry was developed at INRIM. It consists of a photonic unit for the excitation/detection of the fluorescence signals and a set of custom optical fiber probes based on a temperature-sensitive fluorescent material attached to the distal end of an optical fiber. The system was characterized in the range from room temperature to about 100 °C in order to point out its metrological features. A temperature repeatability to within 0.06 °C with a response time lower than 1 s to a step temperature change was obtained. A preliminary investigation inside a PEMFC stack using the optical fiber fluorescence thermometer was also performed. In order to check the temperature uniformity along the stack, temperatures within an adjacent membrane electrode assembly (MEA) of a six-fuel-cell stack were measured during the unit operation. The system design, the probe construction, and its laboratory testing are presented in this article together with an assessment of the overall system performance. The application of such a system in a fuel-cell test rig is also described. The experimental results demonstrate the suitability of the system in real-time temperature mapping in operating fuel cells.     

蓝宝石光纤黑体腔传感器定度技术研究

基于Planck辐射原理和光纤测温技术的溅射高温陶瓷薄膜的蓝宝石光纤黑体腔传感器可进行恶劣环境下瞬态高温的测量。本文介绍了该传感器的结构和用来对其进行定度的系统,将已标定的钨铼热电偶和被定度的瞬态表面高温传感器同时置于乙炔焰热源所形成的高温均热金属熔池,实现了传感器静态定度;采用阶跃上升的高功率CO2激光脉冲对黑体感温腔加热进行动态标定,解决了此类高温传感器在工程应用中的标定问题。实验结果表明该传感器响应时间在10^-2s数量级,标定技术简单实用,利用该传感器首次成功地测量了某导弹发射时的瞬态高温。     

Side illumination fluorescence emission characteristics from a dye doped polymer optical fiber under two-photon excitation

Two-photon excited (TPE) side illumination fluorescence studies in a Rh6G-RhB dye mixture doped polymer optical fiber (POF) and the effect of energy transfer on the attenuation coefficient is reported. The dye doped POF is pumped sideways using 800 nm, 70 fs laser pulses from a Ti:sapphire laser, and the TPE fluorescence emission is collected from the end of the fiber for different propagation distances. The fluorescence intensity of RhB doped POF is enhanced in the presence of Rh6G as a result of energy transfer from Rh6G to RhB. Because of the reabsorption and reemission process in dye molecules, an effective energy transfer is observed from the shorter wavelength part of the fluorescence spectrum to the longer wavelength part as the propagation distance is increased in dye doped POF. An energy transfer coefficient is found to be higher at shorter propagation distances compared to longer distances. A TPE fluorescence signal is used to characterize the optical attenuation coefficient in dye doped POF. The attenuation coefficient decreases at longer propagation distances due to the reabsorption and reemission process taking place within the dye doped fiber as the propagation distance is increased.     

New PTB Setup for the Absolute Calibration of the Spectral Responsivity of Radiation Thermometers

The paper describes the new experimental setup assembled at the PTB for the absolute spectral responsivity measurement of radiation thermometers. The concept of this setup is to measure the relative spectral responsivity of the radiation thermometer using the conventional monochromator-based spectral comparator facility also used for the calibration of filter radiometers. The absolute spectral responsivity is subsequently measured at one wavelength, supplied by the radiation of a diode laser, using the new setup. The radiation of the diode laser is guided with an optical fiber into an integrating sphere source that is equipped with an aperture of absolutely known area. The spectral radiance of this integrating sphere source is determined via the spectral irradiance measured by a trap detector with an absolutely calibrated spectral responsivity traceable to the primary detector standard of the PTB, the cryogenic radiometer. First results of the spectral responsivity calibration of the radiation thermometer LP3 are presented, and a provisional uncertainty budget of the absolute spectral responsivity is given.     

Thermal Radiative Properties and Temperature Measurement from Turbine Coatings

Recent studies have displayed the spectral radiative properties of ceramic thermal barrier coatings which are finding applications in high performance turbine engines. As a function of temperature, a region in the long wavelength infrared spectrum exhibits properties which will minimize the classical errors associated with temperature measurement by radiometric detection. Hollow sapphire waveguides transmit the portion of the long wavelength infrared spectrum which is optimum for radiometric temperature measurement from these materials, while the physical properties of the sapphire can withstand the combustion conditions within the engine. A prototype long wavelength infrared radiation thermometer was constructed to obtain surface temperature measurements from coated turbine blades subjected to high temperature combustion conditions.     

红外空芯光纤辐射温度计的研制及应用

为了对冲击发电机的轴套温度进行监测,设计并研制了一种新型的红外光纤辐射温度计.温度计主要由红外空芯玻璃光纤、红外探测器、放大电路及80C552单片机组成.在分析各部分实现功能的基础上,重点研究了环境温度变化对探测器的影响,并实现了数学建模.温度计的工作波长是8~14μm,测量温度范围是60~400℃,测试环境温度范围是25~60℃.利用可精确控温的实物标定炉和环境模拟箱对温度计进行了标定,测量误差小于2%.经过几个月的在线监测,取得了较好的测量结果.     

Low-temperature thermometer using sputtered ZrNx thin film

A thin film thermometer using sputtered zirconium nitride has been investigated as a low-temperature thermometer. This film deposited on a sapphire substrate can be used to measure a wide temperature range from 1 to 300 K with reasonable sensitivity within a fast response time. The thermometer sensitivity can be altered by changing fabrication conditions. Moreover, the thermometer is almost insensitive to magnetic fields. The temperature error in a magnetic field of 6 T is less than 10 mK at 4.2 K.     

Thermal Image Degradation Through a Heated Sapphire Window

Optical windows are indispensable for monitoring industrial processes under vacuum or high pressure by using thermal imagers and radiation thermometers. When a thermal imager observes a sample through an infrared window at elevated temperatures, the window emits additional thermal radiation and increases the background signal of the thermal images, which results in image degradation. Standard four-bar images with various radiance temperature differences were measured using a thermal imager with a spectral band from 3 ??m to 5 ??m through a UV-grade sapphire window. The four-bar images are given by a blackbody collimator with various image patterns. The window was indirectly heated in a furnace and then rapidly placed on the optical path between the collimator and the thermal imager. The four-bar image degradation was measured as a function of the window temperature and the radiance temperature difference of the four-bar pattern. A simple equation which describes the contrast of the four-bar image by using the transmittance and reflectance of the sapphire window was proposed. It was confirmed that the model can properly predict the window temperature when the appearance of the four-bar pattern cannot be determined.     

Retrieval of chlorophyll fluorescence from reflectance spectra through polarization discrimination: modeling and experiments

The polarization discrimination technique we recently developed, shows that it is possible to separate the elastic scattering and the chlorophyll fluorescence signal from the water-leaving radiance by making use of the fact that the elastically scattered components are partially polarized, while the fluorescence signal is unpolarized. The technique has been shown to be applicable to a wide range of water conditions. We present an extension of experimental and analytical results, which serve to define the scope of this technique and its range of applicability. A new analysis, based on vector radiative transfer computations, and on laboratory and field measurements on eastern Long Island and in the Chesapeake Bay, shows that the technique is generally effective for both open ocean and coastal waters, but that it is limited if the ocean bottom albedo and/or multiple scattering due to very high mineral particle concentrations result in depolarizing the water-leaving radiance. In addition, we show that in contrast with the polarization-based retrieval, the traditional method of extracting fluorescence height using the baseline method can give significant errors, particularly for coastal waters where it strongly overestimates the fluorescence values.     

Primary Radiometry for the Mise-en-Pratique for the Definition of the Kelvin: The Hybrid Method

A task group of CCT-WG5 (radiation thermometry) was established in May 2008 to write text for the mise-en-pratique for the definition of the kelvin (MeP-K) for high temperatures. This task group reviewed and gave summaries for the existing techniques for filter radiometry as a means of determining the absolute radiance, and hence the thermodynamic temperature of a blackbody source. Three approaches were described??the radiance method, which calibrates the radiation thermometer for radiance responsivity, the irradiance method, which calibrates a filter radiometer for irradiance responsivity and then measures the source through two apertures, and the hybrid method that introduces a lens to the irradiance method. In the ??hybrid method?? the radiation thermometer consists of a filter radiometer, a double aperture system, and a lens. The lens allows the instrument to view a small area blackbody source. The system is calibrated ??in parts????i.e., the filter radiometer is calibrated for irradiance responsivity, and the transmittance of the lens and the geometric factor are determined separately. The main drawbacks of this single lens instrument are its high size-of-source effect (~0.2 %), and that this effect has to be determined in an ??absolute?? sense??relative to a theoretical infinite source. However, although the correction is large, with careful evaluation, the associated uncertainty can be made sufficiently small to measure the temperature of fixed-point cell transitions with low uncertainties. This article reviews the hybrid method and gives a comprehensive discussion of the associated uncertainty components.     

基于CCD器件的苯甲酰脲类农药荧光检测系统

根据苯甲酰脲类农药在紫外光的照射下能够发出荧光的机理,设计了一种基于CCD(电荷耦合器件)的检测该类有机农药残留的光纤荧光测量系统.该系统以脉冲氙灯为激发光源,利用光纤探测和传输荧光,采用线阵CCD代替传统的光电倍增管作为荧光信号的光电检测元件,同时配备A/D高速数据采集卡,实现了单片机控制下荧光信号的光电转换以及数据采集,进而实现了对卡死克和盖虫散(氟铃脲)农药浓度的测量.实验结果表明,在激发波长分别为290nm和345nm时,卡死克和盖虫散的荧光强度分别在360nm和418nm处达到最大,最低检出限分别为12 μg/L和20 μg/L.在25～1 000μg/L范围内,荧光强度和溶液浓度基本呈线性关系.该测量系统灵敏度高,线性范围宽,可以满足荧光检测的要求.     

A Vacuum Infrared Standard Radiation Thermometer at the PTB

A thermal infrared radiation thermometer was jointly developed by the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt and Raytek GmbH for temperature measurements from − 150°C to 170°C under vacuum. The radiation thermometer is a purpose-built instrument to be operated with the PTB reduced-background infrared calibration facility. The instrument is a stand-alone system with an airtight housing that allows operation inside a vacuum chamber, attached to a vacuum chamber, and in air. The radiation thermometer will serve to calibrate thermal radiation sources, i.e., blackbody radiators, by comparing their radiance temperature to that of a variable-temperature reference blackbody inside the reduced-background calibration facility. Furthermore, since it can be operated under vacuum and in air, the instrument also allows the water- and ammonia-heat-pipe reference blackbodies of the PTB low-temperature calibration facility operated in air to be compared with the variable-temperature blackbody operated under vacuum. Finally, provided that sufficient long-term stability is achieved, the instrument shall be used as a transfer radiation thermometer to carry and compare the temperature scale of PTB by means of radiation thermometry to remote-sensing calibration facilities outside PTB. The mechanical, optical, and electrical designs of the instrument are reported. Results of investigations on the temperature resolution, size-of-source effect, and the reference function are given. The heat-pipe blackbodies operating in air are compared to the variable-temperature blackbody operated under vacuum by using the vacuum radiation thermometer. References to commercial products are provided for identification purposes only and constitute neither endorsement nor representation that the item identified is the best available for the stated purpose.     

Monochromator-Based Absolute Calibration of a Standard Radiation Thermometer

Centro Español de Metrología (CEM) is disseminating the International Temperature Scale (ITS-90), at high temperatures, by using the fixed points of Ag and Cu and a standard radiation thermometer. However, the future mise-en-pratique for the definition of the kelvin (MeP-K) will include the dissemination of the kelvin by primary methods and by indirect approximations capable of exceptionally low uncertainties or increased reliability. Primary radiometry is, at present, able to achieve uncertainties competitive with the ITS-90 above the silver point with one of the possible techniques the calibration for radiance responsivity of an imaging radiometer (radiance method). In order to carry out this calibration, IO-CSIC (Spanish Designated Institute for luminous intensity and luminous flux) has collaborated with CEM, allowing traceability to its cryogenic radiometer. A monochromator integrating sphere-based spectral comparator facility has been used to calibrate one of the CEM standard radiation thermometers. The absolute calibrated standard radiation thermometer has been used to determine the temperatures of the fixed points of Cu, Co–C, Pt–C, and Re–C. The results obtained are 1357.80 K, 1597.10 K, 2011.66 K, and 2747.64 K, respectively, with uncertainties ranging from 0.4 K to 1.1 K.     

Single-crystal sapphire tubes as economical probes for optical pyrometry in harsh environments

One-end-sealed single-crystal sapphire tubes are presented as a simple, robust, and economical alternative for bulky lightpipe probes. Thermal radiation from a blackbody cavity created at the inner surface of the sealed end is gathered by a simple lens-based collecting system and transmitted via optical fiber to the remote detection unit. Simplicity and applicability of the concept are demonstrated by the combination of commercially available sapphire tubes with a common optical pyrometer. Radiation thermometers with sapphire tubes as invasive probes can be useful for applications requiring immunity to electromagnetic interference, resistance to harsh environments, simple replacement in the case of failure, and enhanced mechanical firmness, enabling wider range probe positioning inside the medium of interest.     

有效亮度温度理论

经典亮度温度和有效波长理论忽略了环境辐射的影响,且实际测温理论偏离了亮度温度的定义.考虑了环境辐射影响,提出新的有效亮度温度概念,使有效亮度温度适用于存在环境辐射的任意温度测量;进一步提出了基于带通辐射温度计测量的积分有效亮度温度和等效波长理论,使辐射温度计的"主观"测量结果与物体的客观辐射特性相联系,避免了实际测量理论偏离被测量定义.     

Fluorescence decay characteristic of Tm-doped YAG crystal fiber for sensor applications, investigated from room temperature to 1400/spl deg/C

An yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) crystal fiber with a thulium-doped end tip was specially grown by means of the laser heated pedestal growth approach and designed to be incorporated in a fiber-optic temperature probe. The fluorescence decay characteristics of the crystal fiber, including the temperature dependence of both the fluorescence lifetime and intensity, were comprehensively investigated. Experimental results indicated that the crystal fiber showed a monotonic relationship between the fluorescence lifetime and temperature with an average lifetime sensitivity of 3 /spl mu/s /spl deg/C over a wide temperature range, taking measurement from room temperature to 1200/spl deg/C. Good stability (up to 1400/spl deg/C) was observed with high repeatability of the fluorescence lifetime during the annealing process carried out on the fiber over this temperature range. The fiber was found to be an excellent candidate material to be used as a fluorescence decay-based fiber thermometer probe and the results are presented on its performance.     

蓝宝石光纤高温测量技术进展

温度是表征物体状态的参数之一,在科学研究和工程应用中具有重要的理论意义和价值。在氧化、高温、腐蚀、电磁干扰等恶劣环境下,温度的准确测量一直是难题。传感器材料是进行温度测量的基础。蓝宝石单晶光纤具有物理化学性能稳定、熔点高、机械性能强等优点,是进行高温测试的一种首选材料。本文介绍了利用蓝宝石单晶光纤进行温度测量的几种方法,即蓝宝石光纤辐射高温测试技术、蓝宝石光纤光栅高温测试技术、蓝宝石光纤珐珀高温测试技术、蓝宝石超声波导高温测试技术的原理、现状、优缺点及发展趋势,并进行了比较,为蓝宝石光纤温度测量应用奠定基础。     

Underwater light polarization and radiance fluctuations induced by surface waves

The underwater light field is an ever-changing environment. Surface waves induce variability in the radiance and the light's polarization. We examined the dependence of the polarization fluctuations associated with diffuse light (not including contribution from direct skylight) on the viewing zenith angle (30 degrees, 70 degrees, and 90 degrees), solar zenith angle (23 degrees -72 degrees), depth of 0.5-3 m, and light wavelength (380-650 nm) while observing within the azimuthal plane in the wind-wave direction. Polarization and radiance fluctuated with time. Light variability (presented by the coefficient of variation calculated over a series of fluctuations in the radiance and percent polarization, and by the standard deviation calculated over a series of fluctuations in the e-vector orientation) was highest at a viewing zenith angle of 70 degrees , depended positively on the solar zenith angle, and decreased with depth at viewing zenith angles of 30 degrees and 70 degrees . Additionally, the variability of the percent polarization was significantly higher than that of the radiance. The temporal light fluctuations offer possibilities, such as enhancing the detection of transparent and reflecting objects; however, they set constraints on the optimal underwater polarization vision by both animals and by the use of instruments.