低纬大气Kelvin波和Rossby波的非线性相互作用

利用多重尺度摄动法,对低纬大气Kelvin波和Rossby波的波包演变进行了分析,得到两波的非线性相互作用方程为耦合的非线性复系数Landau方程组。数值计算表明两波相遇将使波振幅变化,波宽变窄;两波非线性相互作用可能是低纬强烈天气突然爆发的原因之一。     

Energy-Casimir方法在中尺度扰动稳定性研究中的应用

考虑湿空气中的水汽效应,引进Casimir函数(它是虚位温的单值函数),在x方向动量方程和总能量方程的基础上,采用Energy-Casimir方法建立了三维非地转平衡和非静力平衡的拟能量波作用方程,由于该方程建立在非地转平衡和非静力平衡的动力框架下,因此可用于讨论层结稳定大气内中尺度扰动系统的发展演变.理论分析表明,拟能量波作用方程具有非守恒形式,其中的拟能量波作用密度主要由扰动动能、有效化能和浮力能三部分组成;拟能量波作用密度局地变化除了受拟能量波作用通量散度影响之外,纬向基本气流切变、科氏力作功以及山非绝热加热和水汽相变所构成的波作用源汇项对其也都有贡献.诊断分析结果表明,对流层中低层的拟能量波作用密度与观测的6 h累积地面降水在水平空间分布和时间演变趋势上比较接近,说明拟能量波作用密度能够较好地抓住强降水区上空对流层中低层动力场和热力场的扰动特征,并在一定程度上可以有效地表征降水系统的发展演变,因而与地面降水量存在紧密联系.波作用方程各项的计算分析表明,波作用通量散度与拟能量波作用密度局地变化的倾向以及强降水区的变化比较一致,并且在强度上强于纬向基本气流切变项和科氏力作功项,因此波作用通量散度对拟能量波作用密度的局地变化具有重要贡献.     

垂直切变流中非线性重力波及其相互作用

利用多重尺度摄动法，推导出斜压大气中(基本风场具有垂直切变)两个非线性重力波相互作用方程，这两个方程联立组合为耦合非线性schrǒdīnger方程组。两个重力波相互作用时可激发出重力驻波。数值计算表明：两个孤立重力波相遇，相追会使波振幅增大，波宽变窄。强烈对流天气突然爆发的可能原因之一是中尺度重力波非线性相互作用的结果。     

台风莫拉克登陆期间的中尺度波动特征分析

利用波作用理论对台风莫拉克登陆期间的降水进行诊断分析。结果表明:波作用密度异常能在一定程度上指示暴雨雨区发展移动,其异常值的空间分布能够反映雨区上空动力场和热力场的典型垂直结构特征。台风内中尺度波动与暴雨落区宏观上具有一定联系。为了详细研究台风内部的波动特征,利用WRF(Weather Research and Forecasting model)模式模拟的高分辨率资料对台风登陆过程中波动特征进行分析,低波数波动的传播主导强对流的非对称分布,2波在登陆初期对对流分布起着关键作用,中尺度波动中同时存在涡旋罗斯贝波以及重力惯性波的特征,对登陆期间涡旋混合的现象有重要作用。     

切变基本纬向流中赤道Rossby包络孤立波

利用多重尺度摄动法，从描写赤道Rossby波的正压大气位涡度方程中推导出在切变基本纬向流中非线性赤道Rossby波包演变所满足的非线性Schrodinger方程，并得到其单个包络孤立子波解，分析基本流切变对非线性赤道Rossby波动的影响。     

梅汛期南亚高压活动的谱特征分析——波能密度谱

本文是应用100hPa北半球高度场格点资料,选取2003-2005年6-7月南亚高压季节性东进、北移的15个过程,其中包括这3年中在入、出梅期间500 hPa副热带高压有响应的季节性北移个例.计算了40 °N的波谱物理量-1～7波的方差比和波能密度,分析其西风带长波-超长波的调整和南亚高压的东进、北移的相关,并从波能密度的演变特征来识别何种长波波动对南亚高压的季节性变化具有最大的贡献.从而得出100hPa 40 °N的超长波的调整是南亚高压季节性东进、北移的环流背景,而西风带4～6波的长波槽波能密度的激增是诱发南亚高压季节性演变的最大贡献者.     

非线性涡旋Rossby波的演变特征

利用多重尺度摄动法，推导出非线性涡旋Rossby波波包的演变方程是非线性Schroedinger方程。对该非线性Schroedinger方程的周期波动解及其稳定性进行了研究，得到了有关稳定和不稳定的判据。数值计算表明：非线性涡旋Rossby波的相速值为10^0m／s量级，这和台风中的螺旋雨带实测移速的量级是一致的，可以从涡旋Rossby波说中较好地解释台风中的螺旋雨带的形成和维持。     

能量转化视角下一次引发冬季区域强对流的南支槽研究

2020年1月24—25日广西出现一次罕见区域性强对流,过程伴随近20年最大范围冰雹天气。南支槽异常发展东移是此次过程的扰动背景,提供了必要的热动力及水汽条件。基于波作用通量及多尺度能量诊断方法,利用常规观测资料、风云卫星资料、NCEP/NCAR以及ERA5再分析资料,从能量转化角度对此次引发区域强对流的南支槽过程进行研究。结果表明:整个过程中纬度和副热带西风急流均较历史同期偏强,有利于上游扰动向下游传播。欧亚大陆上空存在南北两支活跃Rossby波列。源自地中海一带的南支副热带西风急流Rossby波列对南支槽起到主要调控作用,Rossby波能量沿急流频散并在南支槽区辐合,促进了南支槽发展东移。源自北大西洋阻塞高压内部的北支Rossby波列则起到协同作用,促进了乌拉尔山冷槽发展及其与中东槽合并,从而增强了南支波列向下游的传播,进一步增强南支槽;天气尺度有效位能向天气尺度动能的转换以及由背景场向天气尺度的动能输送是南支槽天气尺度扰动发展的主要贡献项。动能的平流输送将获得的天气尺度动能在空间上再分配,维持南支槽稳定发展东移。在此背景下,天气尺度向对流尺度的降尺度动能串级是区域强对流最主要能量...     

定常行星波的垂直传播及其动力学效应

本文用一个β平面准地转模式考察了定常行星波在大气中垂直传播的特性，讨论了波的水平尺度和基本气流的结构等对定常行星波垂直传播的影响，指出了高低层大气之间相互作用的特点及条件。     

长江中下游地区冬季极端降水事件与天气尺度瞬变波活动的可能联系

利用ERA40、NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料和长江中下游地区85站逐日降水资料,从大气内部天气尺度瞬变波的角度对长江中下游地区极端降水事件进行了成因分析。研究发现瞬变波活动与极端降水的发生关系密切;冬季在两支急流并存的欧亚大陆上空存在南北两支瞬变波活跃带。南支瞬变波在冬季极端降水频发、少发年存在较明显的差异。总体而言,极端降水频发年,瞬变波活动活跃,欧亚大陆上空的瞬变波持续时间长、传播连续、强度偏强;极端降水少发年,则反之。从逐日变化来看,南支瞬变波的强度和能量传播过程与极端降水的发生频次均具有一定的对应关系。北支瞬变波的传播及瞬变波对水汽的输送和极端降水的发生也有一定促进作 用。这些结果均表明,冬季极端降水的发生与天气尺度瞬变波的活动联系紧密,天气尺度瞬变波的异常活动及传播可能是极端降水发生的重要条件,研究可为极端降水的成因研究提供新的思路。     

西北太平洋海域风浪、涌浪、混合浪波浪能资源特征

用ECMWF的ERA-40海浪再分析资料,应用波浪能流密度计算方法,对西北太平洋海域的风浪能、涌浪能、混合浪能展开研究。结果表明:(1)波浪能流密度呈现出显著季节性差异。混合浪能流密度表现为冬高夏低;春、夏、秋季的涌浪能流密度明显大于风浪能流密度,冬季相反;(2)混合浪能流密度的大值区主要分布于阿留申群岛附近海域,高值中心可达60 kW/m以上;近海的大值区主要分布于琉球群岛—巴士海峡—传统的南海大风区一带,年平均值在4 kW/m以上,南海北部可达12 kW/m以上;(3)黄渤海的涌浪和混合浪能流密度峰值出现在8—9月,波谷出现在6月。风浪能流密度峰值出现在11月—次年3月,波谷出现在6—8月,均呈现双峰型月变化特征。东海、南海北部、南海中南部海域能流密度的月变化特征相似,都为双峰型,12月—次年4月的能流密度整体较高,波峰出现在12月,波谷出现在5—7月;(4)2 kW/m以上混合浪能流密度出现的频率较高,近海低于大洋;(5)0.5 m以上有效波高出现的频率都非常高,中国近海稍低于大洋;(6)涌浪能流密度的稳定性明显好于风浪能流密度;大洋的能流密度稳定性明显强于近岸。1月份能流密度的稳定性最好,4月和7月次之,10月的稳定性最差。     

Group velocity of anisotropie waves—Part II: Conservative properties

It has been argued in Part I that traditional expression of multidimensional group velocity used in meteorology is only applicable for isotropic waves. While for anisotropic waves, it cannot manifest propagation of waves group along the trajectory of a reference wave point, and varies with rotation of coordinates. The general mathematical ex-pression of group velocity which may be used also for anisotropic waves has been derived in Part I. It will be proved that the mean wave energy, momentum and wave action density are all conserved as a wave group propagates at the general group velocity. Since general group velocity represents the movement of a reference point in either isotropic or anisotropic wave trains, it may be used to define wave rays. The variations of wave parameters along the rays in a slowly varying environment are represented by ray-tracing equations. Using the general group velocity, we may de-rive the anisotropic ray-tracing equations, which give the traditional ray-tracing equations for isotropic waves.     

Group Velocity of Anisotropic Waves-Part Ⅱ: Conservative Properties

It has been argued in Part I that traditional expression of multidimensional group velocity used in meteorology is only applicable for isotropic waves. While for anisotropic waves, it cannot manifest propagation of waves group along the trajectory of a reference wave point, and varies with rotation of coordinates. The general mathematical expression of group velocity which may be used also for anisotropic waves has been derived in Part I. It will be proved that the mean wave energy, momentum and wave action density are all conserved as a wave group propagates at the general group velocity. Since general group velocity represents the movement of a reference point in either isotropic or anisotropic wave trains, it may be used to define wave rays. The variations of wave parameters along the rays in a slowly varying environment are represented by ray-tracing equations. Using the general group velocity, we may derive the anisotropic ray-tracing equations, which give the traditional ray-tracing equations for     

An ocean wind-wave climatology for the Southern Brazilian Shelf. Part II: Variability in space and time

Previously validated model results were used to characterize the wave climate over the Southern Brazilian Shelf (SBS). The low mean significant wave height over the western South Atlantic shelves was shown together with examples of cyclone-induced extreme wave fields and other typical wave conditions. The mean offshore spectra showed a bimodal shape with a predominance of S/SSW and ENE/E waves with distinctive interannual rising periods in wave energy density. Along-shelf wave energy gradients were seen near the coast with higher energy located off capes and coastal projections and energy minima between them. A considerable drop in wave energy suggests the 40 m depth as the mean wave base and consequently the lower limit of the SBS shoreface. The upper shoreface mean wave energy density varied abruptly along the shelf in response to differences in bottom declivities. The large and shallow shoreface was responsible for an intense refraction of the waves and hence very small angles of attack. Additionally, it was shown the sheltering effect caused by capes and coastal projections and a remarkable north/south energy asymmetry between them, caused by a windowing on the wave propagation to the shore. Altogether, it was possible to state that bottom friction plays a major role in wave differentiation along the SBS shoreface, thus suggesting that shelf morphology might indeed be more important to generate wave variability than the offshore wave variation itself.     

Using the SWAN Wave Model and Satellite Altimeter Data to Study the Influence of Climate Change at the Coast

This paper describes the development and application of a technique for using satellite altimeter measurements as boundary data to drive the nearshore spectral wave model, SWAN. The aim was to assess the impact in coastal areas of extreme events or changes in offshore climatology and to extend the usefulness of satellite altimetry further inshore.

For the purpose of verifying the technique, three test areas where both bathymetry and some in situ data were available were chosen. The technique could, potentially, be applied to any coastal location where there is bathymetric information although, as the results reported in this paper show, intelligence must be used in adapting the methodology for different sites. It is also necessary to have information on the local wind field from either models or measurements.

The experiments at the three test areas demonstrated that there is not a simple relationship between the offshore wave height climate and the inshore climate in a particular region. Important complicating factors are bathymetry, tidal range and incident wave angle. As was most clearly demonstrated in the Carmarthen Bay test area, bathymetric complexity leads to high spatial variation in the amount of wave energy dissipated close to the coast. In the study of extreme wave events described in this paper the exact value of the local wind field was not found to be critical.

This work was a first trial combining wave climatology derived from satellite altimetry with a third generation coastal wave model so was necessarily experimental. The general trends and patterns of spatial variation obtained are encouraging but there remains significant, unquantifiable uncertainty in the results. Better observations of nearshore waves, improved understanding of the joint probability distribution of water level and waves as well as more knowledge of future climate change would all improve accuracy.     

Experimental observation of strong mixing due to internal wave focusing over sloping terrain

This paper reports on experimental observation of internal waves that are focused due to a sloping topography. A remarkable mixing of the density field was observed. This result is of importance for the deep ocean, where internal waves are believed to play a role in mixing. The experiments were performed on the rotating platform at the Coriolis Laboratory, Grenoble. The rotation, its modulation and density stratification were set to be in the internal wave regime. After applying various data processing techniques we observe internal wave rays, which converge to a limiting state: the wave attractor. At longer time scales we observe a remarkably efficient mixing of the density field, possibly responsible for driving observed sheared mean flows and topographic Rossby waves. We offer the hypothesis that focusing of internal waves to the wave attractor leads to the mixing.     

Wind and Wave Data Analysis for the Aegean Sea - Preliminary Results

In this paper, a statistical analysis on wind and wave buoy measurements and wind and wave model forecasts obtained during a two-year period (1999-2001) is presented with reference to four characteristic near-shore sites of the Aegean Sea. The measurements are a main product of the "POSEIDON" system aiming at the monitoring and forecasting of the state of the Greek seas, operated by the National Centre for Marine Research (NCMR). Although the two-year period is rather short for a thorough analysis of the local wind and wave climate, yet the obtained results, presented herein for the first time, reveal some interesting features of the corresponding wave and wind characteristics. Comparisons between the measurements and the forecast results are also performed at the locations under consideration. It is found that (i) wind speeds obtained from the POSEIDON weather forecasting system are, in general, in agreement with the measurements, except for high wind speeds which are systematically underestimated, (ii) the WAM model can successfully follow the monthly and over year trend of the evolution of wind and wave characteristics, but face significant problems for efficient sea-state forecasting. Finally, the overall pattern of the wind/wave climate for the entire Aegean Sea as obtained from the models is presented by means of the spatial distribution of the mean annual wind and sea-state intensity.     

旋转正压大气中的Rossby波射线

本文将缓变介质中波动的传播理论应用于Rossby波。在基流和不同走向地形假设下，计算了Rossby波射线路径及沿射线波数的变化。结果表明大尺度地形对Rossby波射线有显著影响。     

On the Effect of Planetary Rotation on Shear and Density Layers in Stratified Flows

The effect of the Coriolis forces on the dynamicsof shear and density layers instratified flows is investigated, an effectthat has not been taken into account inmost previous studies of turbulence-meanfield or wave-mean field interactions.For instance, recent studies have shownthat shear and density layers can grow inthe presence of turbulence in a stronglystratified fluid but the effect of planetaryrotation was not taken into account. Toaddress this problem, wave-mean flowinteraction in a stratified fluid is hereinvestigated in the presence of rotation usingdirect numerical simulation. The results showthat the wave-mean flow interactionand the formation of layers is less intensewhen rotation is present because thehorizontal mean motions are deviated by theCoriolis forces, which tends to reducethe distortion of the wave field, and thusthe wave-induced fluxes of buoyancy andmomentum. This effect appears even when therotation rate is weak.