准铸态贝氏体低碳球铁的组织分析

采用扫描电镜和X射线衍射仪对准铸态贝氏体低碳球铁的组织结构、断口形貌和微区成分进行了分析和研究。结果表明,经准铸态贝氏体工艺处理后,低碳球铁的基体组织以针状无碳贝氏体为主,并有25％～28％的奥氏体;准铸态贝氏体低碳球铁韧塑性的提高,与其组织中形成的大量奥氏体和镶嵌在当中的针状无碳贝氏体密切相关。     

低碳球铁研究的现状与展望

低碳球铁是含碳量远低于常规含碳量的球墨铸铁,现在已经发展了四个品种：1）铸态高韧塑性铁素体低碳球铁,2）铸态高强度珠光体低碳球铁,3）准铸态贝氏体低碳耐磨球铁,4）铸态耐热、耐蚀奥氏体低碳球铁.低碳球铁采用传统球铁生产中被认为有＂反球化＂作用的元素作为球化剂,为球化机理的研究提供新的依据.球化元素与＂反球化＂元素均为表面活性元素,没有本质的区别.低碳球铁的优点是成本低、性价比高.     

低碳球铁的系列化及其应用研究

对低碳球铁中不同种类Sx变质剂的制作工艺和组成进行了研究,对低碳球铁的系列化进行了探讨.研究表明,通过准铸态贝氏体工艺,并利用Sx-2型变质剂对Si-Mn-Cr-Cu低合金化的低碳铁液进行处理,可使低碳球铁稳定获得以针状无碳贝氏体为主,并有一定比例(25%～28%)奥氏体的准铸态贝氏体低碳球铁;含碳≤ 2%的Ni-Si-Cr35 5 2低碳铁液,经Sx-3型变质剂的变质处理,可获得球化良好的奥氏体耐热耐蚀低碳球铁;含2.0%C,2.8%Si的低碳铁液经过Sx-4型变质剂变质处理后,能够在铸态下获得石墨球圆整、金属基体中铁素体比例达85%以上,δ≥10%的高韧塑性铁素体低碳球墨铸铁.     

非合金化管坯冲孔模使用寿命的研究

研究用非合金化奥氏体-贝氏体球铁取代铁素体-珠光体稀土镁钼球铁,提高管坯冲孔模使用寿命的可行性。研究结果表明:球化处理+二次孕育处理的冶炼工艺提高了管坯冲孔模的铸态性能;900℃奥氏体化3h、400℃等温处理3h及水+油的双液快冷的热处理工艺,在管坯冲孔模的工作层中得到了奥氏体-贝氏体组织。经冶炼、热处理后的奥氏体-贝氏体球铁冲孔模的力学性能得到提高,使用寿命延长。     

等温淬火温度对奥贝球铁水脆化行为的影响

研究了等温淬火温度对奥贝球铁(ADI)水脆化行为的影响，水附着条件下不同等温淬火温度处理的ADI均发生水脆化行为，抗拉强度和伸长率显著降低；但随着等温淬火温度升高，ADI的水脆化程度降低。高强度的ADI、淬火回火球铁和珠光体球铁均发生水脆化行为，而铁素体含量高的铸态球铁和铁素体球铁无明显的水脆化行为。     

ADI风镐缸体铸件组织与力学性能研究

研制了一种含Cu、Ni合金成分的风镐缸体铸件,比较了其厚壁和薄壁处铸态和等温淬火态的组织和性能。结果表明:奥贝球铁风镐缸体铸态基体组织为珠光体,存在少量铁素体,石墨比较细小,大部分为球形,圆整度较好,球状石墨数量多;加入适量的合金,采用合理的热处理工艺,等温淬火后,厚壁和薄壁处的金相组织皆由贝氏体、奥氏体和少量碳化物组成,此时ADI(等温淬火球墨铸铁)具有较高的强度和塑性,能满足风镐缸体的使用要求,提高风镐的使用寿命,具有良好的经济性。     

稀土镁球墨铸铁铸态珠光体量与临界温度的关系及其在生产上的应用

本文是研究稀土镁球墨铸铁在干砂型中冷却后所得到的各种不同的铸态珠光体量与热处理临界温度的关系。用膨胀法测定了不同的铸态珠光体量与临界温度的关系曲线,简称P—T曲线。在生产中用正火金相法对P—T曲线进行了验证,测定获得正火后珠光体量大于80%时,铸态珠光体量与二阶段正火分级温度的关系。用珠光体量、渗碳体量的多少来控制6300型柴油机球铁曲轴低碳奥氏体化正火的质量,使大断面球铁曲轴获得较好的综合机械性能。实践证明,P—T曲线可作为球铁热处理工艺参数(加热温度)制定的依据。应用P—T曲线对稳定球铁低碳奥氏体化正火、部份奥氏体化正火、淬火以及等温淬火的质量,对节约燃料的消耗都有深远的意义。     

球墨铸铁抗热疲劳性能的研究

研究了在不同的化学成分以及热处理条件下,不同基体组织的球墨铸铁的抗热疲劳性能.结果表明:铁素体基体球铁的抗热疲劳性能最好,珠光体、贝氏体基体球铁的抗热疲劳性能不如铁素体基体的球铁;加入合金元素后,铁素体球铁和珠光体球铁的抗热疲劳性能均有下降.     

正火处理对破碎铁素体球墨铸铁组织和性能的影响

为了提高球墨铸铁曲轴的强度和韧性,对铸态球铁进行不完全奥氏体化正火处理,在球铁基体内获得了珠光体及分散状的破碎铁索体组织.分析正火保温温度及保温时间对球墨铸铁组织和性能的影响,发现在奥氏体、铁素体和石墨的三相共存区内,随着保温温度的升高、保温时间的延长,正火后球铁基体中珠光体含量增加、铁素体含量下降,试样的强度、硬度呈上升趋势,韧性塑性有一定的下降.在860～870℃下保温1.5 h的曲轴,具有最佳的综合力学性能.     

消失模铸造铸铁基砂轮的工艺研究

对消失模铸造砂轮毛坯模型和浇注系统进行设计并进行了模拟仿真分析。采用两种不同的冷却工艺制备奥氏体-贝氏体球铁基和珠光体-铁素体球铁基CBN砂轮,并研究了铸造球铁基砂轮毛坯的后续机加工工艺。结果表明,所设计的铸造毛坯模型和浇注系统能使铸液在消失模铸造过程中平稳地充型,同时能满足砂轮补缩和后续机加工装夹定位的要求;所制备的奥-贝球铁和珠光体-铁素体球铁均具有高的抗弯强度,但奥-贝球铁的硬度比珠光体-铁素体球铁高1倍。分析制定砂轮毛坯的机加工工艺,以标准轴承外圆面为定位基准,采用慢走丝加工砂轮中心孔,其精度可达到使用要求。     

Study of the isothermal transformation of ductile iron with 0.5% Cu by electrical resistance measurement

A computer-controlled system for measuring electrical resistance has been developed and used to study the isothermal transformation of austenite in a ductile iron (3.31 % C, 3.12 % Si, 0.22 % Mn, 0.55 % Cu). The ability of the technique to follow the isothermal decomposition of austenite was established by measurements on an AISI4340 steel. The times at which the austenite decomposed to primary ferrite, pearlite, and bainite were accurately detected. In the ductile iron, the formation of pearlite and of bainite was easily detected, and an isothermal transformation diagram was constructed from the results. The temperature range for the formation of bainite is especially important in producing austempered ductile iron (ADI) and was mapped. An initial stage of decomposition of austenite to ferrite and high-carbon austenite is followed by a time delay; then the high-carbon austenite decomposes to bainite. The formation of ADI requires austempering to a structure of ferrite and high-carbon austenite, then quenching to retain this structure, thus avoiding the formation of bainite. This is achieved by isothermal transformation into the time-delay region. For the ductile iron studied here, this time region was about 2.6 h at 400 °C and increased to 277 h at 300 °C.     

Effect of austempering time on mechanical properties of a low manganese austempered ductile iron

An investigation was carried out to examine the influence of austempering time on the resultant microstructure and the room-temperature mechanical properties of an unalloyed and low manganese ductile cast iron with initially ferritic as-cast structure. The effect of austempering time on the plane strain fracture toughness of this material was also studied. Compact tension and round cylindrical tensile specimens were prepared from unalloyed ductile cast iron with low manganese content and with a ferritic as-cast (solidified) structure. These specimens were then austempered in the upper (371 °C) and lower (260 °C) bainitic temperature ranges for different time periods, ranging from 30 min. to 4 h. Microstructural features such as type of bainite and the volume fraction of ferrite and austenite and its carbon content were evaluated by X-ray diffraction to examine the influence of microstructure on the mechanical properties and fracture toughness of this material. The results of the present investigation indicate that for this low manganese austempered ductile iron (ADI), upper ausferritic microstructures exhibit higher fracture toughness than lower ausferritic microstructures. Yield and tensile strength of the material was found to increase with an increase in austempering time in a lower bainitic temperature range, whereas in the upper bainitic temperature range, time has no significant effect on the mechanical properties. A retained austenite content between 30 to 35% was found to provide optimum fracture toughness. Fracture toughness was found to increase with the parameter (XγCγ/d)^1/2, where Xγ is the volume fraction of austenite, Cγ is the carbon content of the austenite, and d is the mean free path of dislocation motion in ferrite.     

QT400-18铸态高韧性球墨铸铁拉伸断口特征与断裂机理

通过对QT400-18铸态高韧性拉伸断口特征及断裂机理的分析,发现伸长率超过20%时,试样断口具有韧性断裂的微观特征,在断口上留下较大、较深的韧窝,甚至有撕裂带.而伸长率为15%～16%时,试样断口具有混合型断裂的微观特征,在尖角处易形成微裂纹源,受外力作用时,裂纹源迅速扩展,造成局部穿晶断裂;同时由于铁素体含量减少,珠光体含量增多,基体塑性变形相对较差,在试样断口上留下大量较浅的韧窝.     

欧标低合金结构钢粗晶热影响区组织和韧性的热模拟研究

利用Gleeble-3500热模拟试验机模拟粗晶热影响区的焊接热循环,研究了热输入对欧标低合金结构钢粗晶热影响区晶粒长大、硬度及韧性和组织的影响。结果表明,随着峰值加热温度的提高和高温停留时间的延长,奥氏体晶粒将发生不同程度的长大,粗晶热影响区的最高硬度也逐渐提高;同时随着t_(8/5)的延长,粗晶热影响区的组织将由少量低碳马氏体、针状铁素体以及粒状贝氏体和大量块状铁素体组织,逐渐转化为大量侧板条贝氏体、粒状贝氏体以及粗大长条状M-A组元,甚至出现一定数量的上贝氏体,使得粗晶热影响区的低温冲击韧度急剧下降,由低温韧性断裂转化为低温脆性断裂。     

The influence of chromium on mechanical properties of austempered ductile cast iron

An investigation was carried out to examine the influence of microstructure and chromium on the tensile properties and plane strain fracture toughness of austempered ductile cast iron (ADI). The investigation also examined the growth kinetics of ferrite in these alloys. Compact tension and round cylindrical tensile specimens were prepared from ductile cast iron with Cr as well as without Cr. These specimens were then given four different heat treatments to produce four different microstructures. Tensile tests and fracture toughness tests were carried out as per ASTM standards E-8 and E-399. The crack growth mechanism during fracture toughness tests was also determined. The test results indicate that yield strength, tensile strength, and fracture toughness of ADI increases with an increase in the volume fractions of ferrite, and the fracture toughness reaches a peak when the volume fractions of the ferrite are approximately 60% in these alloys. The Cr addition was found to reduce the fracture toughness of ADI at lower hardness levels (<40 HRC); at higher hardness levels (≥40 HRC), the effect of chromium on the fracture toughness was negligible. The crack growth mechanism was found to be a combination of quasi-cleavage and microvoid coalescences, and the crack trajectories connect the graphite nodules along the way.     

超细晶Q460钢CO2气体保护焊焊接接头组织与性能

采用CO2气体保护焊选择ER55-G焊丝焊接了超细晶Q460钢,研究了焊接接头显微组织、断口形貌以及力学性能。结果表明,焊缝主要由铁素体和少量珠光体构成,焊缝中大量针状铁素体的生成有利于提高焊缝金属的强度和韧性。焊接接头热影响区粗晶区为贝氏体组织,相变重结晶区和不完全重结晶区未出现软化现象。焊缝金属同热影响区冲击断口均为韧窝状韧性断裂,由于超细晶Q460钢材质的高度纯净化以及焊接过程中较小线能量的选择,焊接接头热影响区表现出优异的冲击韧性。     

Influence of slab reheating practice on the microstructural evolution and toughness behavior of quenched and tempered plates of medium carbon microalloyed steel

In the current study, granular bainite was found to be the major component in the microstructure of air cooled 80 mm thick plates of medium carbon microalloyed steel. The second constituent in this granular bainite was identified as cementite. It was further observed that (1) ferrite lath size and (2) amount of cementite in granular bainite varied with slab reheating time before plate rolling. Smaller ferrite laths and a lesser amount of cementite were found in the plate processed with the longer slab reheating time of 26 h. Contrary to this, very large sized ferrite laths and a larger population of cementite were formed in the plate processed with the shorter slab reheating time of 4 h. Subsequent quenching and tempering of these plates favored the formation of lower bainite and tempered martensite in the plate with 26 h slab reheating time. On the other hand, upper bainite and coarser cementite were formed after the quenching and tempering of the plate with 4 h of slab reheating time. The influence of different microstructures, formed due to varied slab reheating time, on the toughness property of tempered plates was evaluated under different test conditions. In tensile test and fracture toughness testing of thinner specimens, a ductile mode of fracture was observed, irrespective of varied microstructures in the tempered plates. However, in the three-point bend test of full thickness specimens, the mode of fracture was ductile in the tempered plate with 26 h slab reheating time, while the tempered plate from the slab with 4 h reheating time gave rise to a predominantly brittle mode of fracture. These observations showed that the toughness property of these tempered plates was sensitive to the microstructure only under the specific condition, which prevailed during the three-point bend test of full thickness specimens. Under this condition, coarse cementite and upper bainite became prone to cracking resulting in a lower toughness of the tempered plate associated with lower slab reheating time.     

等温淬火球铁(ADI)的机械加工性能

等温淬火球铁(ADI)对工程界来说是一种相对较新的材料。其独特的金属基体显微组织奥铁体,即针状铁素体和充分反应的、热力学稳定的、力学上也稳定的,高碳奥氏体的混和组织,使其具有比普通球铁高得多的强度和韧性。然而,高强度、高硬度和高韧性使等淬球铁在机加工时切削刃口受到更高的应力,造成一定困难。考虑了等淬球铁特有的金属基体组织和力学性能,选择了合适的刀具,调整和优化了刀具及加工参数,等淬球铁完全可以成功地进行机加工,从而可以扩大等淬球铁的应用和进一步开拓等淬球铁的潜力。笔者论述了等淬球铁的组织特点,机加工特点,给出了机加工参考参数,并讨论了改善等淬球铁机械加工性能的方法。     

大口径厚规格X80管线钢的低温断裂控制

以大口径(OD1422 mm)、大壁厚(38.5 mm)X80级管线钢热轧板为研究对象,采用光学显微镜和扫描电镜对其显微组织和-20 ℃低温落锤撕裂试验断口形貌进行分析,研究了断裂与组织之间的关系。结果表明,带状组织和不同厚度位置晶粒度大小不均,粒状贝氏体、退化珠光体、准多边形铁素体和马奥岛等混合组织会导致裂纹的萌生和扩展,出现解理断裂,对低温韧性不利,而尺寸为3 μm以下的马奥组织和均匀分布的贝氏体铁素体对裂纹扩展起阻碍作用,说明细小的马奥组织和贝氏体铁素体能够提高钢板的断裂韧性,对低温断裂控制十分有利。     

Effect of Retained Austenite on Properties of Austempered Ductile Iron

Austempered ductile iron (ADI) exhibits a favourable combination of strength and toughness, and has been used as a substitute for quench-tempered or carburise-quenched steel. A characteristic feature of bainite transformation of cast iron, as opposed to carbon steel, is that precipitation of carbide is suppressed by the high concentration of silicon. Thus, a favourable structure, consisting of bainitic ferrite and retained austenite without carbide, can be provided by the optimum austempering treatment. Such microstructure and the mechanical properties of the iron are significantly affected by the conditions of the austempering treatment and the chemical composition. In this study, several grades of ductile iron were austempered under various conditions. The relationship between the impact strength, the quantity of retained austenite and the isothermal transformation curve was investigated. The stability of the retained austenite is considered important, because ADI contains a large amount of retained austenite which contributes to the improvement of ductility and toughness and which may transform to martensite when held at low temperature or subjected to stress. In this study, the stability of the retained austenite at low temperatures was examined by holding or stressing to establish the relations between transformation and temperature, stress and strain.

When the austempering time is short, the untransformed austenite partially transforms to martensite during air cooling, due to the lower carbon content, resulting in lower impact strength. As the austempering time increases, the untransformed austenite is stabilised by carbon-enrichment and there is little transformation to martensite, resulting in a large amount of retained austenite and higher impact strength. When the austempering time becomes much longer, the carbon-enriched austenite decomposes, presumably to bainitic ferrite and carbide, decreasing impact strength. In increasing the silicon content, precipitation of carbide in bainite is suppressed and both the maximum impact value and the content of retained austenite increase. The decreasing rates after the maxima through an additional isothermal holding becomes smaller.

By holding at temperatures down to –40°C, the decrease in retained austenite and the increase in hardness are both small. The retained austenite is stable under stress lower than that required to cause plastic deformation. Compressive stress hinders the martensitic transformation, because the transformation is accompanied by volume expansion.