晚奥陶世生物大灭绝后第一个腕足动物群:来自滇东北镇雄奥陶系顶部硅化腕足类的证据*

首次记载云南镇雄奥陶系顶部尾坝层(赫南特晚期)硅化腕足类,命名其为幼始准携螺贝群落(Eospirigerina putilla Community)。将它与贵州毕节、仁怀观音桥层的德姆贝-褶窗贝群落(Dalmanella–Plectothyrella Community)[赫南特早中期赫南特贝动物群(Hirnantia Fauna)碳酸盐相浅水代表]比较表明,两者面貌差异显著。确认尾坝层腕足类化石群与中国黔北、赣东北和浙西,以及美国、加拿大、瑞典、挪威、俄罗斯、澳大利亚等地赫南特晚期至鲁丹期的化石同属于晚奥陶世大灭绝后第一个动物群,即埃吉伍德-华夏动物群(Edgewood–Cathay Fauna)。它与Hirnantia动物群在组成、多样性、优势度、生态分异、生物地理及共生生物等区别很大。大灭绝第一幕发生后,显生宙历时最短、源自高纬海域、适应冷凉水环境的“机会主义者”——赫南特贝动物群“如鱼得水”,广布全球,却在第二幕降临后,整体灭绝,成为两幕之间海洋底栖生物群演化的一个鲜明标志。此后,诞生了埃吉伍德-华夏动物群,它以世界性、延限历程长的减缩型(含复活型)属种占优势,新生属很少,体现...     

LATE MESOZOIC FISH FAUNA FROM WESTERN LIAONING, CHINA

Thelycopteridsarecharacterizedbythefollowingcombinationoffeatures:na-salstube-like,andseparatedbymesethmoid;temporalfenestrapresentonposterola-teralregionofcranium;hyomandibularwithadistinctanteroventralprocess;ant-orbitalsemicircularinshape,4-5infraorbitalbones,nosupraorbital;innermarginofpectoralfinwithalargeunbranchedray;afullneuralspinepresentonfirstpreuralcentrum,nomorethanoneepural,6-7hypurals,3-5uroneurals;cycloidscaleswithfineconcentriccirculiandwithbasalradii.Amongthenominatedgenerawhi…     

四川炉霍县虾拉沱晚更新世哺乳类化石

本文简记了在四川省炉霍县虾拉沱附近鲜水河左岸发现的十三种哺乳动物化石.根据动物群的性质和 C~(14) 年代的测定,初步确定含化石层的时代为晚更新世最晚期.     

新疆库鲁克塔格上奥陶统杂土坡组叶月贝动物群的发现*

叶月贝腕足动物群是晚奥陶世海洋较深水底域中一个重要的底栖壳相动物群。文中首次报道了在新疆东南部库鲁克塔格地区却尔却克山上奥陶统杂土坡组发现的叶月贝动物群,包括腕足动物5属5种(含两个未定种),分别为:Apatobolus cf.plicatus,Lingulellasp.,Foliomena xinjiangensis,Kassinella(Kassinella)cf.tchingisensis和Eoplectodonta sp.。壳相化石与笔石共同产出,保存在深灰色泥岩中,推测大致相当于BA5甚至稍深的底域环境。在同一条剖面上,叶月贝动物群曾报道于层位稍高的银屏山组[上奥陶统凯迪阶(Katian)上部],二者之间可能存在分类学和古生态学的联系。叶月贝腕足动物群在塔里木板块的持续发育为深入开展这一古板块的古地理重建提供了依据。     

Late Ordovician extinction of North American and British crinoids

After reaching a diversity peak in the Caradocian, North American Ordovician crinoids underwent a gradual decline to a nadir in the early Ashgillian (Maysvillian). This interval, recording extinction of the Cleiocrinidae, Merocrinidae, Ottawacrinidae, Hybocystitidae, and several lineages of camerate crinoids, was apparently caused by major environmental shifts in seas of eastern North America resulting from a westward-prograding wedge of terrigenous clastics derived from the Taconic Highlands, possibly coupled with a marine transgression in the Maysvillian that allowed colder water slope biofacies to invade the craton. Crinoids suffered a major episode of extinction in the late Ashgillian (late Richmondian/Rawtheyan). This event, preceding the end of the Ordovician by at least one stage or 2 to 4 million years, resulted in extinction of 12 families of crinoids including the Xenocrinidae, Tanaocrinidae, Reteocrinidae, Archaeocrinidae, Anthracocrinidae, Cincinnaticrinidae, Iocrinidae, Anomalocrinidae, Carabocrinidae, Cupulocrinidae, Porocrinidae, and Hybocrinidae. Glacio-eustatic lowering of sea level may have triggered this crisis by partially draining the North American craton, resulting in changes in oceanic circulation, salinity, and temperature. Latest Ordovician (Hirnantian) carbonates of the North American mid-continent region contain pelmatozoan assemblages from which Silurian crinoids radiated. These taxa were largely unaffected by a minor extinction event at the Ordovician/Silurian boundary.     

How catastrophic was the end‐Triassic mass extinction?

A review of marine and terrestrial animal and plant fossils fails to reveal convincing evidence of a global catastrophe at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, although this time marked the final disappearance of ceratite ammonites and conodonts, together with the extinction of most calcareous demosponges; important groups of bivalves and brachiopods went extinct. Because of facies problems, however, there is no stratigraphic section that reveals a clear-cut disappearance over a short distance. Other marine animal groups except perhaps the radiolarians fail to reveal a notable extinction of global extent immediately across the boundary. On the other hand, there was a substantially higher extinction rate among marine animals in the Rhaetian as compared with the previous stage. On the land, the record is equivocal. Dramatic changes across the T-J boundary have been claimed for plants in particular areas, such as eastern North America and East Greenland, but only gradual change has been recognized elsewhere. Similarly, claims of a T-J boundary vertebrate mass extinction have not been supported by others. For the Rhaetian as a whole, however, the turnover rate of reptiles was high. Although much remains to be learned, it seems evident that the fossil record of the latest Triassic is more consistent with a gradual scenario extended over time than a 'geologically instantaneous' impact catastrophe.     

华东志留纪最早期的华夏正形贝动物群及其宏演化意义

志留纪最早期的腕足动物群在文献中很少记录,与标准笔石相伴者更为稀罕。江西玉山志留系底部因发现Akidograptus ascensus带的笔石而确定该处盛产志留纪初期（鲁丹早期）、多样性较高的腕足动物群。根据组成、性质与层位,它与浙江江山、常山、淳安、余杭等7个地点的同期组合可统一命名为华夏正形贝动物群（Cathaysiorthis Fauna）。它包含了不同群集,都产自细碎屑岩（如泥岩）中,其分布主要受海水深度和距华夏古陆远近的控制。这个动物群生长在奥陶纪大灭绝后的残存期,文章探讨了它的残存特征。研究揭示,奥陶纪末大灭绝对腕足动物演化的一个实质性的贡献在于制约了奥陶纪占优势的A组（正形贝／扭月贝大类群：发育铰合面、窗齿型铰齿、正扭型主突起和简单腕器官）的繁盛态势,滋生了B组（五房贝／无洞贝大类群：发育后转面、弓齿型铰齿和复杂腕器官但缺失正扭型主突起）在志留纪的优势,造成腕足动物宏演化历程中的一次重大转折。文中提出“优势替代滞后型式（Pattern of lag of dominance replacement）”,专指A组类群的优势被B组类群替代的时间不是紧跟在奥陶纪末大灭绝之后,而是距大灭绝结束约4Ma之后。文中描记新属华夏正形贝（Cathaysiorthis gen．nov．）。     

Reef reconstruction after extinction events of the latest ordovician in the Yangtze platform,South China

Summary Early Silurian reef reconstruction on the Yangtze Platform, in the northern part of the South China Block, is preceded by a combination of regional and global processes. During most of Ashgill time (Late Ordovician), the area was dominated by Wufeng Formation deep water graptolitic black shales. Reefs largely disappeard in the middle of the Ashgill Stage, from the northwestern margin of Cathaysian Land (southeastern South China Block), in advance of the Late Ordovician glaciation and mass extinction, due to regional sea-level changes and regional uplift, unrelated to the mass extinction itselt. Late Ordovician microbial mudmound occurrence is also found in the western margin of the Yangtze Platform, its age corresponding to theDicellograptus complexus graptolite biozone of pre-extinction time. On the Yangtze Platform, a thin, non-reef-bearing carbonate, the Kuanyinchiao Formation (=Nancheng Formation in some sites), thickness generally no more than 1m, occurs near several landmasses as a result of Hirnantian regression. Reappearance of the earliest Silurian carbonates consisting of rare skeletal lenses in the upper part of Lungmachi Formation, are correlated to theacensus graptolite biozone, early Rhuddanian of Shiqian, northeastern Guizhou, near Qianzhong Land. Carbonate sediments gradually developed into beds rich in brachiopods and crinoids in the lower part of Xiangshuyuan Formation, middle Rhuddanian. In the middle part of Xiangshuyan Formation, biostromes, containing abundant and high diversity benthic faunas such as corals, crinoids and brachiopods, show beginnings of reconstruction of reef facies. Substantial reef recovery occurred in the upper part of Xiangshuyuan Formation, lower Aeronian, as small patch reefs and biostromes. During the late Aeronian, carbonate sediments, especially reefs and reef-related facies, expanded on the upper Yangtze Platform, and radiation of reefs occurred in Ningqiang Formation, upper Telychian. The long period of reef recovery, taking several million years, remains difficult to explain, because redistribution of any refugia faunas would be expected to take place soon after the extinction. Reefs and reef-related facies subsequently declined after Telychian time due to regional uplift of the major portion of the Yangtze Platform. Carbonate facies are therefore uncommon in South China during the rest of Silurian time.     

丛枝菌根真菌培养方法研究进展

文章结合最新研究成果着重从十个不同的层面对丛枝菌根真菌(AM真菌)的培养方法研究做了较为系统的介绍与评述。认为活体宿主植物盆栽培养法是最简单、最容易、也是最可靠的AM真菌培养方法,玻璃珠分室培养可方便地将培养基质与AM真菌分开,能获得纯净的AM真菌菌体,具有其它方法不可替代的作用,AM真菌单孢无菌的分室Ri T-DNA转型胡萝卜根双重离体培养是获得AM真菌纯净菌体和研究AM真菌遗传、生理、生化等特性的理想方法,以此方法为基础,在根室中补充碳源、在菌丝生长室置换培养基、多次收获菌体的转型根改良双重培养法是提高某些AM真菌孢子产量的力荐方法。     

印尼爪哇动物群与周口店地区及华南动物群对比

Recently the vertebrate faunal succession established by von Koenigswald in 1930s was replaced by a new one which was proposed by Sondaar (1984), which arose some problems in regional correlations, because the relationship between the two schemes are not very clear,and some of the guide fossils mentioned by von Koenigswald were not included in the new scheme. In China, we used to compare the Jetis Fauna with Gongwangling fauna, Trinil Fauna with Zhoukoudian and Yanjinggou Faunas, but at the present time, both of the faunal names were given up. The new dating works changed the old scheme of faunas, the oldest mammalian fossil record in Java is only 1.5 Ma, which had been thought to be Middle Pliocene in the past half century. The new results from the dating works are not well correlated yet with the turnover of faunal assemblages. It's sure that the Java Faunas have close relationship with that of China, but how we can correlate them precisely is still to be done in the future.
     

禄丰古猿地点中国兔猴一新种

本文记述的是在云南禄丰石灰坝古猿化石产地与古猿共生的一种中国兔猴化石。这类化石以下颌骨和牙齿较纤细,牙齿的颊侧齿带较发育,牙齿狭长,齿尖锐利和臼齿咬合面的三角凹较大,下次小尖向后延伸而使下内尖和下次小尖之间有较大间隔;上臼齿的颊舌径较小等特征区别于中国兔猴厚齿种(Sinoadapis carnosus Wu and Pan.)根据以上的形态特征,作者把它订为中国兔猴一新种:中国兔猴石灰坝种Sinoadapis shihuibaensis sp.nov.。     

禄丰古猿地点中国兔猴一新种

本文记述的是在云南禄丰石灰坝古猿化石产地与古猿共生的一种中国兔猴化石。这类化石以下颌骨和牙齿较纤细,牙齿的颊侧齿带较发育,牙齿狭长,齿尖锐利和臼齿咬合面的三角凹较大,下次小尖向后延伸而使下内尖和下次小尖之间有较大间隔;上臼齿的颊舌径较小等特征区别于中国兔猴厚齿种(Sinoadapis carnosus Wu and Pan.)根据以上的形态特征,作者把它订为中国兔猴一新种:中国兔猴石灰坝种Sinoadapis shihuibaensis sp.nov.。     

庐山蛾类区系研究

庐山,地处中亚热带北沿,北纬29.35°,东经115.59°,属亚热带东部季风区域。庐山襟江带湖,雨量充沛,植物种类繁多,种子植物有1800余种,隶属158科642属。因此,庐山蛾类也较丰富。笔者于1975年5月开始,对庐山蛾类进行了调查,共鉴定出蛾类455种。现将庐山蛾类区系报告如下。 区系分析 庐山蛾类已鉴定出32科340届455种。区系情况如表。 从表可以看出: