Impact on the nutritional attributes of rice bran following various stabilization procedures

ABSTRACT

Rice bran, a valuable byproduct of the rice milling process, has limitations in food industrial applications due to its instability during storage. This review summaries the methodology for stabilization and its impact on the nutritional properties of rice bran. A variety of treatments have been used and these include heat treatment, low-temperature storage, biological and chemical approaches and these will be discussed in terms of their ability to destroy/inhibit enzyme activity and improve storage performance of rice bran. More importantly, changes in the nutritional value of rice bran in terms of vitamins, polyphenols, tocopherols, flavonoids, free fatty acids caused by stabilization of rice bran will also be discussed. This review highlights the importance of appropriate design of processes for stabilization and controlling storage conditions to ensure quality of the rice bran and enhancing levels of phytochemicals in the bran for novel applications in functional foods.     

Effect of drying air temperature and storage on industrial and chemical quality of rice grains

The drying air temperature and storage time can change the milling yield and chemical composition of rice grains. Therefore, the objective was to verify the industrial quality and chemical composition of rice grains, white and integral subgroups, in response to drying air temperature and storage time. For such, the rice grains were subjected to drying in a column dryer with a grain capacity of 1 m³, using 55 and 65 °C drying air temperatures. After, they were stored in PP Woven Bags under environmental conditions for 240 days. After drying and every 60 days the milling was performed, aiming to evaluate the industrial quality and chemical composition of the grains. The whole grains yield was negatively affected by the increase in drying air temperature for both subgroups. The increase in the drying air temperature led to a reduction in the lipid content and an increase in the ash content for grains of white subgroup. The storage time promoted an increase in the whole grains yield in the white subgroup when the grains were dried with the highest drying air temperature. The lipids and proteins contents decreased, while the fibers and ash contents increased during storage for the white subgroup grains. The chemical composition of grains from the brown subgroup did not change during storage, regardless of drying air temperature.     

MOISTURE ADSORPTION INFLUENCES ON RICE

Rice is a hygroscopic grain which adsorbs or desorbs moisture depending on its ambient environment. Moisture desorption is associated with rice drying. Much research has been conducted to determine those drying procedures which produce the highest head rice yield. Moisture adsorption is associated with water reentering the rice grain. This occurs when the vapor pressure within the grain is lower than the vapor pressure in the surrounding air. Rapid moisture readsorption causes the rice grain to fissure. Fissured grains usually break during subsequent hulling and milling operations. This paper reviews the literature related to moisture adsorption and fissuring of the rice grain, and discusses those preharvest and postharvest conditions where rice grains are subjected to moisture-adsorbing environments which have the potential to fissure the grain and subsequently reduce head rice yield.     

粳稻品种新米和储藏米品质性状的比较研究

本文以常温下储藏8个月的7个粳稻品种糙米和相应的新米为研究材料，比较分析了加工和营养品质、稻米淀粉粘滞特性（Viscosity）、食味品质、游离脂肪酸含量及米饭质地的动态粘弹性（Dynamic viscoelas-ticities）。结果表明：短期储藏对粳稻直链淀粉、蛋白质含量和加工品质没有明显影响；储藏米食味普遍比其相应的新米要差，但新米食味好的品种其储藏米也相对较优，储藏米的综合食味评价值与新米一样和米饭外观、滋味、粘性有很高的正相关；粘度谱的衰减值和峰值粘度有所上升；米饭质地的粘弹性和动态损失正切值（Loss tangent）分别比新米上升21．47％和下降26．76％；粳稻储蓄米游离脂肪酸含量的增加是导致食味变差的主要原因，这在食味相对较差的品种中尤为明显。通过米饭质地动态粘弹性和游离脂肪酸含量的测定可以评价储藏米的食味特性。     

两种储粮水分粳稻储藏周期内品质变化及效益分析

水分是影响粮食品质的重要因素,应用空调控温储粮技术,以辽宁盘锦地区粳稻为研究对象,选取正常水分(14.4%)和偏高水分(15.5%)粳稻,定期扦取样品检测各项品质指标变化。结果表明,随着储藏时间的延长,两种水分粳稻的储藏品质变化相近,但偏高水分粳稻的加工品质及食用品质优于正常水分粳稻,能够较好的保持粳稻的营养成分,提高粮食仓储、加工企业的经济效益。     

Technological properties of microwave parboiled rice

Two rice varieties, a short grain (Giza 175) and a long grain (Giza 181), were parboiled by soaking in water at 80–85 °C for 1.5 h and then dried in the microwave oven for 3, 5, 6 and 8 min. The effect of such parboiling treatment on milling output and technological properties (cooking and eating quality) of milled rice were studied. There was a negative significant correlation between head rice and the drying time and a positive correlation between the drying time and the broken grains. The effect of such treatment on the chemical composition of milled parboiled rice, i.e. amylose, protein, fat and ash contents, showed that the amylose content of Giza 175 variety significantly decreased while not affect in Giza 181 variety. No significant differences were obtained in protein, fat and ash contents by increasing drying time. Microwave drying was more pronounced on Giza 175 variety rather than Giza 181 one. However, the optimum cooking time of the parboiled samples of the two varieties was not affected as a result of increasing the microwave drying time.     

Long-term storage of onion and the factors that affect its quality: A critical review

Storage of onions is a multifaceted issue, which involves many preharvest and postharvest factors. One of the major factors that affect onion storage is the selection of the proper cultivar, since there are significant differences in storability between the cultivars and not all of them are suitable for storage. Proper preharvest and postharvest conditions are essential for storability of onion bulbs, whereas they also affect marketability (weight losses, texture and color depth of bulbs) and quality (chemical composition, nutritional value, antioxidant activity). Irrigation and fertilization are essential preharvest factors that substantially affect storability, whereas curing methods and storage conditions (temperature, relative humidity, controlled atmospheres) and processing treatments are postharvest factors. This review article examines the effect of long-term storage on the main quality features of onions, such as the incidence of sprouting and root growth, water losses, and changes in chemical composition (mineral composition, sugar content, nutritional value) and antioxidant activity (phenolic and flavonoid contents, DPPH [2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl] scavenging activity).     

晚籼米加工精度标准样品的研制

加工精度是大米产品的主要定等指标，也是大米贸易中定价的基础。加工精度不仅反映大米的外观品质，而且影响大米的食用品质。以符合GB1350-2009中等质量稻谷为原料，按照《标准样品工作导则》（GB/T 15000.1-15000.9）和《大米》（GB/T 1354-2018）的有关要求，选择《粮油检验 大米加工精度检验》（GB/T 5502-2018）中仪器检测法检验标准样品的留皮度。对大米加工精度样品开展均匀性、稳定性检验和定值及不确定度评估。研制出的晚籼米加工精度标准样品用于大米加工厂家的生产指导，也可用于第三方实验室人员考核、质量控制、仪器校准。     

组学技术与果蔬采后质量和安全控制

果蔬可以提供营养, 有利于人类健康, 而果蔬的后熟及其与环境的相互作用会影响果蔬采后的质量和安全。对果蔬生物学过程的了解和掌握是减少果蔬采后损失和保障果蔬采后质量和安全的关键。在过去的10多年, 基于组学技术的系统生物学在了解果蔬后熟及其与环境相互作用的分子机制方面得到了越来越多的应用。本文对此做了细致的总结, 指出了存在的不足, 并提出了未来的发展方向。     

Numerical simulation approach for predicting rice milling performance under different convex rib helix angle based on discrete element method

Rice milling, as a critical process in rice processing, determines the subsequent storage, nutritional quality and economic value of rice. Unfortunately, due to the complex milling mechanism and few quantitative methods to predict the milling effect of rice, the improvement of the key components of rice mill has become one of the issues restricting the development of rice milling industry. In this work, rice milling performance in rice mill with different convex rib helix angle α was studied through the combination of simulation and experiment. Modified actual milling time distribution can accurately quantify the uniformity of rice milling. Milling uniformity of rice gradually deteriorated with α. Compared with traditional evaluation methods, the regional energy algorithm can reflect the rice milling degree more accurately. Besides, the friction effect between rice become more intense with increased α. These results can provide theoretical guidance for the parameter optimization of rice mill.     

留胚米脂质稳定化及其贮藏关键技术研究进展

留胚米具有营养全面和蒸煮方便等优点,但其在保质期内表现出的脂肪酸值升高、陈化气味明显等质量问题严重限制了留胚米制品的流通和推广。留胚米品质劣变的主要原因在于稻米碾磨后其表层脂质迅速发生难以控制的水解与氧化,且现有抛光、钝酶及包装等加工技术均不能使留胚米制品达到正常流通要求。为解决留胚米类产品的生产难题,本文在对稻米中脂质稳定性进行系统阐述的基础上,分别对不同加工和胁迫条件对稻米脂质稳定性的影响进行分析,最后对稻米中脂质氧化与其自身抗氧化系统的协同作用进行了综合评价,旨在为进一步开展留胚米品质劣变机理相关研究提供理论参考,为探索切实可行的留胚米安全贮藏技术提供新思路。     

Nutritional enrichment of bakery products by supplementation with nonwheat flours

Bakery products are important ready‐to‐eat processed foods. The nutritional quality of these products is low because of the inferior nutritional composition of wheat grain per se. This is further accentuated with the use of refined flours in their preparations. Nutritional composition of these products can be improved by using quality wheat for milling, increased extraction rates, air classification of flours to obtain protein‐rich nonwheat flours and their products. The flours and protein products of legumes, oilseeds, other cereals, tubers, corn gluten and germ, and rice bran can be used effectively as vegetable protein sources for nutritional enrichment of the bakery products. In this article, recent literature concerning the nutritional composition of major bakery products, sources of vegetable proteins for product enrichment, and modifications in conventional processing methods to maintain the rheological and sensory properties of supplemented bakery products are reviewed critically.     

不同加工精度稻米的营养物质含量、米粉特性及米饭品质研究进展

稻米是我国最大宗的主食品种,与国民健康息息相关。长期以来,我国稻米加工与消费重在追求口感与外观品质,导致过度加工现象普遍,营养流失严重。由于稻米糠层中含有丰富的营养物质,加工精度显著影响稻米的营养价值。碾米加工过程及加工精度也会对其淀粉结构及性质、米饭的蒸煮感官品质产生影响。综述了加工精度对稻米的营养物质含量、米粉特性及米饭蒸煮和感官品质的影响,以期为稻米的适度加工提供参考。     

后熟对粳米直链淀粉含量及品质特性影响的研究

粳米在贮藏过程中会发生后熟,后熟影响粳米的食用品质.通过不同的后熟条件处理粳米,测定处理前后粳米直链淀粉含量变化,并对处理前后的粳米进行品质特性测定.研究发现:高温加速后熟前后,粳米中直链淀粉和不溶性直链淀粉含量变化显著,分别由17.2%和10.4%上升至22.7%和14.2%,蒸煮膨胀率由27.2%上升至38.9%.在110 ℃后熟粳米7 h可以明显降低米粉糊化黏度,快速黏度分析仪测定糊化峰值黏度由5068 cP降为1607 cP,物性分析仪测量黏度由357.4 g·s降至163.4 g·s.     

Alternate wetting and moderate soil drying increases grain yield and reduces cadmium accumulation in rice grains

BACKGROUND: Rice is the most important staple food in Asia but has also been identified as one of the major sources of cadmium (Cd) intakes for some Asian population. This study investigated whether grain yield could be maintained but Cd in grains be reduced through proper irrigation management when rice was grown in Cd‐contaminated soil. RESULTS: Compared to the well watered treatment, the alternate wetting and moderate soil drying (MD, re‐watered when soil water potential decreased to ?20 kPa) increased grain yield by 10–12% and improved milling and appearance quality of rice when grown in a soil containing a water‐soluble Cd content of 18 g kg^?1. An alternate wetting and severe soil drying (SD, re‐watered when soil water potential decreased to ?40 kPa) showed an opposite effect. Both MD and SD significantly increased Cd content in roots while they reduced it in the straw. MD reduced Cd content by 19–21% in the grain and by 40% in milled rice. The SD significantly increased Cd content in the grain but reduced it in milled rice. CONCLUSION: An alternate wetting and moderate soil drying could increase rice yield and quality and also reduce Cd in the diet of rice. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

干燥温度对改良挤压法制备的全谷物质构米品质的影响

研究干燥温度(40～80℃)对改良挤压法制备的全谷物质构米的营养特性、食用品质和热力学特性的影响。结果表明:干燥温度在40～80℃,全谷物质构米的粗脂肪和脂肪酸含量随温度升高而降低,对其他营养素无明显影响;当干燥温度低于50℃时,全谷物质构大米样品具有易消解、米饭较软、黏弹性大、口感较好的食味品质;同时,DSC的试验数据表明干燥温度低于50℃时,全谷物质构米具有起始糊化温度略低,糊化时间更短,糊化焓更小的热力学特性。     

大米蛋白质与米饭食味品质关联性研究进展

随着大米消费需求由追求产量逐渐向追求品质的转变,对于米饭营养品质和食味品质的关注度越来越高。因此,明确大米组分与食味品质间的联系,解析米饭质构、香气、滋味的形成机制,对于改善米饭食味品质具有重要的指导意义。蛋白质是大米中含量仅次于淀粉的第二大组分,通过直接或间接的方式参与米饭风味品质的形成。本文通过梳理大米蛋白质与米饭质构、香气和滋味特征的紧密联系,探讨有待进一步深入研究的重点,以期为米饭食味品质的改善优化提供参考和思路。     

易煮全谷物糙米加工技术研究进展

全谷物糙米蒸煮时间长、不易熟化、适口性和消化性较差,且储藏周期短,限制了糙米粒食的消费与推广.为改善全谷物糙米蒸煮特性和满足消费者对全谷物糙米健康属性的追求,利用先进的加工技术提升其食用品质、营养功能性和储藏稳定性已成为当今全谷物糙米的研究重点.阐述了全谷物糙米的成分组成及结构特点,分析了影响全谷物糙米蒸煮品质的主要因素;重点介绍了近年国内外采用的生物和物理加工技术以及新型非热加工技术在全谷物糙米加工中的应用,并阐明其工作原理及作用特点,指出了各种加工技术存在的优缺点;对未来糙米粒食的研究方向进行了展望.本研究旨在为创制高品质、高营养、高生物利用度的易煮全谷物糙米产品提供参考.     

Factors influencing quality variation in cocoa (Theobroma cacao) bean flavour profile — A review

This review examined the factors that influence flavour volatiles of cocoa beans and the volume of work that needs to be done on these factors and their impact on the flavour volatiles of commercial cocoa beans. Cocoa bean flavour is one of the most important quality attributes as flavour is central to acceptability of cocoa beans and cocoa products such as chocolate. The complex composition of cocoa bean flavour depends on bean genotype, postharvest treatments such as pulp pre-conditioning, fermentation and drying, industrial processes such as roasting as well as the type of soil and age of cocoa tree. The bean genotype determines the chemical composition of the bean, specifically the contents of bean storage proteins, polysaccharides, and polyphenols. This determines the quantities and type of precursors formed during fermentation and drying processes leading to flavour formation, hence, influencing both flavour type and intensity. Cocoa bean fermentation and drying result in the breakdown of the storage proteins by endogenous proteases into amino acids and short chain oligopeptides while the polysaccharides are also degraded by invertase to glucose and fructose. The amino acids, oligopeptides, glucose and fructose react with each other during the roasting process to produce the typical cocoa flavour volatiles. Polyphenols are also oxidized by polyphenol oxidase during fermentation and drying which reduce the astringency and bitterness of the beans, thus, enhancing the flavour of cocoa beans. However, the extent to which other factors such as age of the cocoa tree and soil chemical compositions influence the formation of flavour precursors and their relationships with final flavour quality remains unclear. With increasing demand for sustainable production of high quality cocoa beans, greater understanding of factors contributing to the variations in flavour character would have significant commercial implications.     

Study on dynamic response mechanism of rice grains in friction rice mill and scale-up approach of parameter based on discrete element method

Rice milling is a key step that decides nutritional quality and economic benefits of rice in rice processing. Because of diverse requirements for the bran removal degree and rice handling capacity, rice milling effect must be accurately controlled. In this study, the milling process of rice in milling cavity was simulated through discrete element method, and simulation effectiveness was verified by experiments. Dynamic response characteristics of rice particles to different parameters were clarified. The more energy input and the larger particle volume fraction in shear zone, the higher milling degree of rice. A scale-up mathematical model involving structural and operating parameters was established for the first time. There is a linear relationship between the model and the energy loss. Experimental results showed that the model can accurately predict the milling degree of rice. This study can provide theoretical guidance for the design of rice mill or similar equipment.