乙肝疫苗加强免疫的效果分析

目前,我国实施乙型肝炎(乙肝)免疫的目标人群主要定位在新生儿,并已将新生儿的乙肝疫苗接种纳入儿童的基础免疫。该项接种工作在常山县从1992年开始实施,2002年5月1日开始进行免费接种,疫苗在接种人群中的免疫持久性以及是否需要加强免疫和何时进行加强免疫已成为人们关     

新生儿重组酵母乙型肝炎疫苗免疫11年效果随访

目的评价新生儿接种国产重组(酵母)乙型肝炎疫苗后11年的免疫效果。方法对上海市黄浦区1997年出生并接种重组(酵母)乙型肝炎疫苗的新生儿于免疫后11年进行随访,采血检测乙型肝炎病毒表面抗原(HBsAg),乙型肝炎病毒表面抗体(抗-HBs)和乙型肝炎病毒核心抗体(抗-HBc),1998年开始对乙型肝炎免疫人群开展急性乙型肝炎发病监测。结果随访检测HBsAg阳性率为0.54%,较免疫前本底的HBsAg阳性率呈较大幅度下降,疫苗保护率为88.05%(95%可信区间为85.17%～91.17%)。接受重组(酵母)乙型肝炎疫苗免疫的对象中,无一例急性乙型肝炎病例报告。结论重组(酵母)乙型肝炎疫苗有较好的远期保护效果,免疫人群尚无再免疫的需要。     

两种重组乙型肝炎疫苗免疫效果比较

目的:分析重组酿酒酵母乙肝疫苗与重组汉逊酵母乙肝疫苗的临床应用效果。方法选取2012年11月-2014年12月间接受乙肝疫苗接种的人群120例,根据接受疫苗不同分为A组及B组各60例。A组接受汉逊酵母乙型肝炎疫苗、B组患者接受酿酒酵母乙型肝炎疫苗。对比两组患者的疫苗接种后滴度、不良反应等情况。结果:A组患者接受乙肝疫苗接种后的阳转、保护水平比例、GMT值均高于对照组患者(P0.05);A组患者接受乙肝疫苗后的局部红肿硬结,全身发热、倦怠、厌食等概率均低于B组患者(P0.05)。结论:汉逊酵母乙型肝炎疫苗用于健康人群接种后可以获得更好的免疫效果.是更为理想的乙型肝炎疫苗。     

乙型肝炎疫苗免疫研究进展

乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗自20世纪80年代问世以来,逐渐在世界各国得到广泛应用,由最初采用乙肝血源疫苗逐渐过渡到基因重组疫苗(酵母和CHO基因重组疫苗),以及各种类型的联合疫苗.应用不同类型和剂量的乙肝疫苗在各种人群中的免疫效果研究证实,该疫苗具有良好的免疫原性和保护效果.以下对乙肝疫苗控制HBV感染所取得的成效,以及对免疫应答和加强免疫等方面主要研究进展简要综述.     

乙型肝炎疫苗免疫后抗体阳转情况观察分析

乙型肝炎流行面广,传染性强,病程迁延,易发展为慢性肝炎、肝硬化及肝癌,严重感胁着人类的健康。目前对乙型肝炎治疗无特效方法,接种乙型肝炎疫苗是保护易感人群,降低乙型肝炎发病率的有效措施。乙型肝炎疫苗问世以来,较多地报道了在婴幼儿中的免疫效果,而在不同人群中的免疫效果报道较少,为了解乙型肝炎疫苗在不同人群中的免疫效果,笔者对1999～2000年在我站接种乙型肝炎疫苗的可追踪的受免疫者进行抗-HBs阳转情况观察,现作分析报告。1 材料与方法1.1 观察对象 来自在我站进行乙型肝炎疫苗免疫的部分受     

乙肝疫苗基础及加强免疫后人群免疫状况分析

天津市1992年开始对新生儿接种乙型肝炎(乙肝)疫苗,2002年新生儿乙肝疫苗注射纳入计划免疫规程,2003年开始进行抗-HBs抗体免疫效果监测.为了解实施乙肝疫苗接种13年后人群乙肝抗体水平,为科学预防乙肝提供科学依据,于2005-2007年连续3年进行了人群抗-HBs水平血清学调查,并对部分乙肝表面抗体阴性人群加强免疫,现将结果报告如下.     

成人重组酵母乙型肝炎疫苗免疫效果的研究

目前 ,接种乙型肝炎 (乙肝 )疫苗是保护易感人群唯一有效的措施 ,而对其免疫效果、持续时间、加强免疫以及免疫无应答等问题 ,成人报道较少。为此 ,我们在某高校连续 2年开展了重组酵母乙肝疫苗免疫效果的现况研究。(1)调查对象 :对象是武汉市某高校 1997～ 2 0 0 1年入校、且能够明确记忆自己入学时初次接种乙肝疫苗史的大学生(包括全程或非全程 ) ,调查其接种后 ,不同时间内不同水平抗 HBs的应答率及持续时间 ,评价乙肝疫苗免疫效果及可能存在的问题 (学生入校时接种的疫苗一直使用深圳康泰生物有限公司的产品 )。( 2 )研究方法 :2 0 0 …     

新生儿接种乙型肝炎疫苗免疫效果的长期观察

新生儿接种乙型肝炎疫苗是预防乙型肝炎病毒感染的重要措施,但接种后若干年对乙型肝炎病毒的免疫和感染情况报道尚少。为此,我们对无锡市138名新生儿接种乙型肝炎疫苗后3～8年的免疫情况进行了调查,并同人群中对乙型肝炎病毒的免疫和感染情况进行了比较。     

宿迁市正常人群流脑抗体水平监测

目的:通过开展流脑流行前期人群抗体水平监测,评价宿迁市正常人群流脑的免疫水平.方法:采用ELISA法测定正常人群A、C群流脑抗体水平.结果:2006年全市7个年龄组流脑流行前期人群A群流脑抗体阳性率为83.06%,几何平均滴度GMT为12.33±4.82,各年龄组间A群抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义;C群流脑抗体阳性率为69.95%,GMT为7.99±6.16,各年龄组间C群流脑抗体阳性率差异有统计学意义.结论:本市人群对A群流脑基本保持着较高的免疫水平,目前不太可能发生A群流脑的流行,而人群对C群流脑奈瑟氏菌(NM)免疫力较低.建议调整流脑疫苗免疫程序,用A C群流脑多糖疫苗作为儿童加强免疫用流脑疫苗,并提高人群免疫接种率,增强人群对A群和C群流脑的免疫力.     

湛江市2000～2004年常规免疫接种率监测结果评价

目的了解湛江市常规免疫接种率监测现状,为提高常规免疫接种率水平,促进计划免疫工作发展提供依据。方法采用《全国常规免疫接种率监测方案》提供的差值(D)和比值(R)评价方法对湛江市2000~2004年常规免疫接种率监测结果进行评价。结果湛江市2000~2004年接种率报表报告率保持100%,及时率从2000年的72.2%提高到2004年的94.4%。2000~2004年卡介苗、口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗、百日咳白喉破伤风联合疫苗、麻疹疫苗、乙型肝炎疫苗的基础免疫报告接种率为78.5%~98.4%,5种疫苗基础免疫估算接种率为43.6%~91.7%;2000~2004年口服脊髓灰质炎疫苗、百日咳白喉破伤风联合疫苗、麻疹疫苗、白喉破伤风联合疫苗的加强免疫报告接种率为53.4%~93.8%,4种疫苗的加强免疫估算接种率为49.1%~91.5%。D值显示:除乙型肝炎疫苗外基础免疫资料2个区可信,7个县区可疑;加强免疫资料3个县区可信,6个县区可疑。R值为0.95~1.05。结论湛江市计划免疫工作发展不平衡,存在薄弱环节,加强对计划免疫工作薄弱地区和薄弱环节的管理,提高流动儿童免疫接种率是今后常规免疫工作重点。     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

The human drama of genetics: 'hard' and 'soft' media representations of inherited breast cancer

This paper examines media coverage of 'breast cancer genetics', and explores its implications for public understanding. We present a content analysis of coverage in British newspapers and look at a variety of popular forms, including women's magazines, television soap opera and radio drama. Genetic/inherited risk receives a great deal of coverage across a wide range of media formats and outlets. Much of this attention has focused on individuals from 'high risk families' and dilemmas around prophylactic mastectomies. Through examining media coverage, combined with interviews with media personnel and their sources, we show why this story proved so attractive to the media and highlight the different production values which influence coverage. Finally, we introduce preliminary findings from focus group discussions to demonstrate how such 'human interest' framing has engaged audience attention and influenced public understandings. The paper concludes by highlighting the implications for analysing, predicting, and engaging with, media representations of science.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Fatigue and health in a seafaring population

Background Occupational fatigue is relatively common withinthe general population and has been linked to reduced performance,injury and longer term ill-health. Despite growing acknowledgementof this problem in the maritime sector, little research hasbeen conducted into the risk factors, prevalence and consequencesof seafarers' fatigue. Aims To examine the prevalence of fatigue among seafarers, identifypotential risk factors and assess possible links with poor performanceand ill-health. Methods Cross-sectional questionnaire survey of seafarers workingin the offshore oil support, short-sea and deep-sea shippingindustries. A number of tools were used including the fatiguesubscale of the profile of fatigue-related symptoms, the CognitiveFailures Questionnaire, the General Health Questionnaire andthe SF36 General Health scale. Results In all, 1855 questionnaires were completed giving anoverall response rate of 20%. Fatigue symptoms were associatedwith a range of occupational and environmental factors, manyunique to seafaring. Reporting a greater number of risk factorswas associated with greater fatigue [e.g. OR = 2.53 (1.90–3.35)for those with three or four risk factors and OR = 9.54 (6.95–13.09)for those with five or more risk factors]. There was also astrong link between fatigue and poorer cognitive and healthoutcomes, with fatigue the most important of a number of riskfactors, accounting for 10–14% of the variance. Conclusions Seafarers' fatigue could impact on safety withinthe industry and may be linked to longer term individual ill-health.It can only be addressed by considering how multiple factorscombine to contribute to fatigue.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

Hydrazine inhalation hepatotoxicity

Abstract Hydrazine is a hazardous chemical commonly used as a reactant in rocket and jet fuel cells. Animal studies have demonstrated hepatic changes after hydrazine inhalation. Human case reports of hydrazine inhalation hepatotoxicity are rare. We report a case of mild hepatotoxicity following brief hydrazine vapour inhalation in a healthy young man, which resolved completely on expectant management.     

Fitness standards in airline staff

Employers have a legal duty to manage safety and to meet this duty it is necessary to control risks arising from pre-existing medical conditions. Such conditions can be identified at the time of job placement, but there is little published information about the approach to fitness standards by most airlines. This review is therefore limited to the practice of one major airline. It is illustrated by reference to various occupations within the airline, with the associated rationale.