飞秒激光与金膜作用的脉冲累积效应

采用1kHz飞秒激光（脉宽148fs，中心波长775nm）对石英衬底的金膜的烧蚀过程进行了研究．单脉冲与多脉冲的烧蚀阈值可以通过烧蚀点的直径平方与所用的激光能流的关系曲线获得．通过累积能流和烧蚀脉冲数的关系，可以得到金膜的脉冲累积因子．采用飞秒激光加工材料的一些特点可以合理解释单脉冲阈值附近获得的一些实验现象．     

飞秒激光玻璃微加工技术

为了研究飞秒激光作用下光学玻璃内部发生的改性过程,利用重复频率为1kHz、中心波长为775am、脉宽为130fs的飞秒激光对光学玻璃进行微加工．结果表明,激光辐照区发生永久性折射率改变,并且玻璃的改性线宽随着激光功率的增加而增加,随激光扫描速度的降低而增加．根据飞秒激光致使光学玻璃发生改性的特点,利用飞秒激光在光学玻璃内部直接刻写了相位光栅和二维图案,研究了相位光栅的衍射特性．     

飞秒激光烧蚀MgAl2O4透明陶瓷的实验研究

实验研究了800nm飞秒激光与MgAl2O4透明陶瓷的相互作用，得到其在单脉冲、多脉冲情况下的损伤阈值和损伤面积，用CCD成像技术和扫描电镜观察了烧蚀点的形貌特征，用显微红外光谱仪测试了烧蚀区域的透过光谱．结果表明；单脉冲烧蚀条件下，烧蚀面积与脉冲能量近似为线性关系，而在多脉冲烧蚀条件下，烧蚀面积随着脉冲数量的增加呈近似波尔兹曼（Boltzmann）增大；当激光功率接近损伤阈值时，烧蚀后的区域在波数为2500-7000cm^-1范围内的红外透过率由82％提高到86％，当激光功率超过损伤阈值后，透过率降低20％左右．     

基于三维双温模型的飞秒激光烧蚀面齿轮材料形貌研究

在传统双温模型基础上,建立考虑变离焦量效应和随电子温度变化的动态吸收率效应的三维双温模型。分析烧蚀过程中电子、晶格温度的变化情况和烧蚀凹坑的形貌。对面齿轮材料18Cr2Ni4WA进行飞秒激光烧蚀实验结果表明：随着单脉冲飞秒激光能量密度的增大,电子的峰值温度升高,烧蚀凹坑的深度和直径增大;单脉冲飞秒激光的脉宽对烧蚀形貌的影响并不显著;烧蚀凹坑的直径和深度不会随脉冲数目一直增大,脉冲数目存在阈值,超过该阈值对于烧蚀凹坑的形貌影响反而不利。     

飞秒激光烧蚀Ag膜的研究

研究飞秒激光烧蚀Ag膜表面,采用扫描电镜(SEM)观测其表面烧蚀形貌,发现烧蚀点大致分为3个区域,烧蚀面积随着脉冲能量的增大而增大,脉冲数的增加而增大,但当脉冲数达到一定值后烧蚀面积变化不大.改变脉冲数在烧蚀点得到了周期为650和150nm的长短周期条纹结构.根据烧蚀区域面积与脉冲能量的关系算出单脉冲与多脉冲的烧蚀阈值...     

飞秒激光烧蚀面齿轮材料的齿面表层形态研究

针对面齿轮材料18Cr2Ni4WA,研究飞秒激光辐照面齿轮材料的热力效应,建立飞秒激光烧蚀面齿轮温度-应力耦合模型,分析多脉冲时不同能量密度下电子温度、晶格温度以及热应力的变化过程。结果表明：电子温度、晶格温度以及热应力随激光能量密度的增大而增大。实验和仿真的对比结果说明,烧蚀齿面表层为残余压应力,烧蚀深度和凹坑直径随激光能量密度的增加而增大,较大的激光能量密度会产生较多的熔融物,降低飞秒激光加工质量,当能量密度为1.78 J/cm2时,齿面表层形态较好。本文为提高飞秒激光精微烧蚀面齿轮质量提供了研究基础。     

高频超短脉冲激光诱导玻璃内LiNbO3晶体生长

使用聚焦的800nm，120fs，200kHz的高频超短脉冲激光在Li20-Nb20s-SiO2系玻璃内部空间选择性析出了LiNbO3晶体．经一定条件的飞秒激光照射数秒钟后，玻璃内部激光会聚点的发光由原来的白色转变为强的蓝绿色．发光光谱测定表明，所产生韵蓝绿光为飞秒激光的倍频光．显微拉曼光谱测定表明，飞秒激光会聚处析出了LiNbO3晶体。     

毫秒激光致光学薄膜损伤阈值的测试与分析

根据ISQ-11254分别测量了脉宽1 ms,波长1 064 nm激光作用下TiO2/SiO2高反膜、增透膜的损伤阈值,结合高分辨率CCD和光学显微镜观测了损伤形貌,分析了毫秒量级激光损伤光学薄膜的损伤机理.结果表明:脉宽1 ms激光作用下TiO2/SiO2增透膜的损伤阈值为高反膜的2.4倍,损伤区域为若干分离的损伤点...     

脉冲激光参数在烧蚀固体材料过程中的影响

介绍长脉冲激光和短脉冲激光与固体材料相互作用时的物理模型。介绍激光作用过程中,脉宽、波长等激光参数对材料烧蚀阈值以及加工质量的影响。     

飞秒激光烧蚀材料表面产生纳米波纹结构的实验

利用飞秒脉冲激光烧蚀可以获得远小于激光中心波长（775nm）量级的周期条纹．通过多脉冲飞秒激光烧蚀Ni、Al、Cu、Ti和Si等材料表面的实验,得到材料表面产生光栅的周期均小于飞秒激光中心波长;采用对比实验,改变入射光的偏振特性,发现波纹周期方向随入射光偏振方向的改变而改变;不改变激光偏振态、脉冲能量为4．2J／cm^2时,沿波纹周期走向,发现平台移动速度为0．1mm／s时,可获得清晰的551nm的金属周期结构;最后应用上述实验结果,在铜片表面制备了长为几十微米、周期为551nm的微纳光栅结构。     

Low-threshold self-starting femtosecond Ti:sapphire laser

A low-threshold self-starting Kerr-lens mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser is demonstrated that uses a tight-focusing cavity design in conjunction with a semiconductor saturable-absorber mirror (SESAM). With 3% and 12% output couplers, we achieve mode-locking thresholds as low as 390 and 600 mW, respectively. Stable femtosecond laser pulses with average power of 114 mW are generated at a pump power of 1.2 W, which corresponds to a typical duration of 17 fs and bandwidth of 47 nm. Mode-locking operation is achieved in a pump power range of 600 mW to 4.8 W at an output coupling of 12%; the advantages of using a SESAM for low-power mode-locking operation are demonstrated.     

Femtosecond laser-induced damage of HfO₂/SiO₂ mirror with different stack structure

Laser-induced damage of the "standard" (λ/4 stack structure) and "modified" (reduced standing-wave field) HfO₂/SiO₂ mirrors were investigated by a commercial 800?nm Ti:sapphire laser system. Three kinds of pulse duration of 50?fs, 105?fs, and 135?fs were chosen. The results show that the single-shot damage threshold of the "modified" mirror was about 14%-23% higher compared to that of the "standard" mirror. A model based on the rate equation for free electron generation was adopted to explain the threshold results. It took in account the transient changes in the dielectric function of material during the laser pulse. The simulated threshold agreed with the experimental very well. Besides, for two kinds of mirror, typical breakdown craters for both the single-shots and multi-shots damage tests reveal striking distinct characteristics. Interestingly, the multi-shots damage crater with zigzag-like edge was observed only on the "standard" mirror. These phenomena were illustrated reasonably by the distribution features of the electric field intensity within the mirrors.     

Dynamics of femtosecond laser pulse induced damage in multilayers

We report the single-shot damage thresholds of MgF₂/ZnS omnidirectional reflector for laser pulse durations from 50 fs to 900 fs. A coupled dynamic model is applied to study the damage mechanisms, in which we consider not only the electronic excitation of the material, but also the influence of this excitation-induced changes in the complex refractive index of material on the laser pulse itself. The results indicate that this feedback effect plays a very important role during the damage of material. Based on this model, we calculate the threshold fluences and the time-resolved excitation process of the multiplayer. The theoretical calculations agree well with our experimental results.     

Origin and effect of high-order dispersion in ultrashort pulse multiphoton microscopy in the 10 fs regime

Short pulses can induce high nonlinear excitation, and thus they should be favorable for use in multiphoton microscopy. However, the large spectral dispersion can easily destroy the advantages of the ultrashort pulse if there is no compensation. The group delay dispersion (GDD), third-order dispersion, and their effects on the intensity and bandwidth of second-harmonic generation (SHG) signal were analyzed. We found that the prism pair used for compensating the GDD of the two-photon microscope actually introduces significant negative high-order dispersion (HOD), which dramatically narrowed down the two-photon absorption probability for ultrashort pulses. We also investigated the SHG signal after GDD and HOD compensation for different pulse durations. Without HOD compensation, the SHG efficiency dropped significantly for a pulse duration below 20 fs. We experimentally compared the SHG and two-photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) signal intensity for 11 fs versus 50 fs pulses, a pulse duration close to that commonly used in conventional multiphoton microscopy. The result suggested that after adaptive phase compensation, the 11fs pulse can yield a 3.2- to 6.0-fold TPEF intensity and a 5.1-fold SHG intensity, compared to 50 fs pulses.     

All solid-state Cr:LiSAF laser

Many kinds of experiments about all solid-state Cr:LiSAF lasers have been reported. A tunable all solid-state cw laser having tunability over more than 100 nm was developed by using the spectrum selection self-injection locking (SSSIL) method in 1992. The authors realize tunable picosecond radiation from an all solid-state laser with 146-200 ps pulses in an 88 nm range. Also, 70 fs pulse generation was achieved using a Kerr-lens mode-locking pumped with an Ar⁺ laser     

Isolated sub-50 attosecond pulse generation driven by tricolor multi-cycle pulses

We theoretically investigate the high-order harmonic generation (HHG) driven by laser pulses with tri-color carrier wave in the multi-cycle regime. Through the modulation of the carrier wave, the peak of the return kinetic energy of the electron near the pulse center extends dramatically and the other peaks are suppressed by the envelope. Thus, a very broad continuum spectrum appears in the HHG. Moreover, due to the propagation effect, the long path of the electron for the continuum spectrum is eliminated effectively. Hence, the continuum spectrum is well-phase locked, from which an isolated sub-50 attosecond pulse could be obtained even for the driver pulse with duration of 30 fs.     

Q-switched mode-locking of an erbium-doped fiber laser using cavity modulation frequency detuning

We present the results of an investigation regarding a Q-switched mode-locked fiber laser scheme based on a cavity modulation frequency detuning technique. The approach is based on undamped laser relaxation oscillations occurring due to frequency detuning in the fundamental cavity resonance frequency. Through a range of experiments with an erbium-doped, fiber-based, ring-cavity laser, this approach has been shown to be capable of generating high-quality Q-switched mode-locked pulses from an optical fiber-based laser. The maximum frequency detuning range for a stable Q-switched mode-locking operation has been observed to vary depending on the pump power used. We found that the highest pulse peak power was obtained at the frequency detuning threshold at which the operation changed from the mode-locking to the Q-switched mode-locking regime.     

Primary and secondary damage to biological tissue induced by laser radiation

A simple analytic model describing the evolution of the thermal injury during and after exposure of biological tissue to pulses of intense laser radiation is presented. Estimates for the upper and lower bounds of the extent of the thermal injury associated with protein and enzyme denaturization (secondary damage) relative to the extent of burned tissue (primary damage) are presented. The energy necessary for burn threshold and the energy required to induce both types of thermal injury increase with laser pulse duration. An optimal duration of laser pulse exists at which the extent of the secondary damage relative to the primary damage is the smallest.     

Experimental study on GaP surface damage threshold induced by a high repetition rate femtosecond laser

The surface damage threshold of undoped bulk <110> GaP induced by a high repetition rate femtosecond pulse at 1040 nm with a duration of 61 fs was studied. The threshold value was obtained by a linear fit of the incident single pulse fluence and was confirmed with a breakdown test around the threshold level. The result will be useful in high intensity, high repetition rate laser applications and ultrafast processes.