Classification of children with learning problems and the establishment of special classes in Delaware from the 1930s to the mid-1940s

ABSTRACT

This study focuses on J. E. Wallace Wallin, who recognised the rights of children with disabilities to receive an education, and who tackled the scientific classification of children and the provision of special classes in the state of Delaware from the 1930s to the middle of the 1940s. This study intends to clarify how Wallin recognised and classified children who exhibited learning problems, and how he provided an educational environment for them. Wallin advocated the democratic philosophy of providing differentiated education based on the individual differences among children. He classified children with learning problems as “mentally deficient”, “backward”, and “special subject-matter disabilities”. He also recommended special educational treatment in not only special classes but also regular classes. He insisted that regular class teachers and special class teachers share the responsibility of educating children with disabilities. However, in addition to tailoring education based on the diversity exhibited by children with learning problems, it is essential to tailor it for disabled children in public school special classes established in their communities. In terms of both human and material resources, it was difficult to address learning problems suitably in regular classes while improving the quality and quantity of education in special classes.     

中国近现代大学体育理论发展的历史寻踪

通过文献资料、专家访谈,在指导思想与理论表现形态上,对中国近代以来大学体育理论的历史发展脉络进行了梳理,认为:(1)中国大学体育理论发展历程,根据存在形态与"体育理论"和"学校体育学"的关系上,可以分为滥觞期(清末~1927年);系统引进国外"体育教育理论"时期(1927年~50年代末);混沌于自主建设的"体育理论"各个部分时期(五十年代末~1983年);分化于"学校体育学"(1983~至今)时期;(2)大学体育理论长期处于与中小学体育理论并存统一的局面,基本上是从学校教育层面上进行的讨论,受中小学体育理论影响较深,整体上对对象结构、承担任务、服务领域日益复杂、特殊、广泛的大学体育实践的指导性较差,种种迹象表明,大学体育理论在新时期正酝酿新的突破.     

Education of Visually Impaired Children in the U.S.A.: Current Issues in Service Delivery

This paper discusses current issues in the education of visually impaired children in the U.S.A., with emphasis on appropriate educational placement. A review of recent literature suggests that a dichotomy exists between advocates of public school and residential school programs, with differing interpretations of how Public Law 94‐142 will ultimately affect educational placement of the visually impaired. The author concludes that both types of programs will continue to operate and that cooperation between public and residential schools may increase thus creating a favorable climate for the provision of a continuum of appropriate educational services for visually impaired children.     

品味历史的美感:历史教学中的审美教育刍论

初中历史课程标准指出学生要从历史中汲取智慧,培养人文素养,以应对新世纪的挑战。基于基础教育改革的不断推进和完善,初中历史课程教学这一动态生成的活动离不开历史审美教育的观照。文章通过思考初中历史课程中历史审美的概念,探讨现阶段初中历史审美教育所面临的问题和承担的使命,并提出对历史审美教育的些许展望。     

Some proposals for change to the role of the catholic sector in the Australian school funding policy process

This paper is set against a history of school funding policies in Australia that begins with the first public policy recognition of the disadvantages experienced by government and non-government schools in the 1973 Schools in Australia (Karmel) Report. The paper traces a history of school funding policy linking it with the current backlash against public education and retaliatory backlash constructions of public schools as the new disadvantaged in an increasingly competitive and deregulated school funding policy environment. These backlashes, argued to be against the indiscriminate funding of independent schools policy by several protagonists of public education, are framed in terms equivalent to what Lingard and Douglas (1999) have called ‘recuperative’ politics. From the kind of recuperative statist politics considered in this paper, construing the backlash effects of public and private schools as damaging and unproductive as those emerging from the gender wars in education policy, I propose a move to an Australian school funding arrangement in which all schools, both public and private, are integrated into one deregulated and equally funded sector, as typify diverse school provisions in several OECD polities (Caldwell 2004, FitzGerald 2004).While briefly tracing a school funding policy chronology, this paper also concentrates on the current policy moment in relation to school funding, that signals the end of distinctive public and private education sectors, and in the context of which it argues that private schools should be funded equally to state schools, a trend in evidence since 1996. The focus on the current policy moment entails an abbreviated analysis of the Fitzgerald Report (‘Governments Working Together: A Better Future for All Australians’ 2004), which makes a number of recommendations to the Victorian and other governments in relation to the public funding of all Australian schools¹. The paper addresses the impact of this trend especially on the funding of Australian Catholic schools.     

社会教育与其他教育关系之争的历史考察

社会教育与学校教育、家庭教育的关系以及与其相近、相关的各种教育关系之争,是近代教育现代化进程中的一次教育大讨论,引起众多教育家以及教育学者的关注,留下了大量的富有启发性的言论和教育观点。社会教育与各种教育关系之争,源起于国外各种教育思潮的影响以及学习外国教育的失望,肇始于国内教育对象的复杂性与多样性,具有深刻的教育思想渊源与教育制度探索的背景。这些争论“话语”具有丰富的教育学价值与教育史价值,为探索适应国情的,具有中国特色与中国价值的教育学思想体系、话语体系以及制度体系,为书写中国近代国民教育史,留下了宝贵的本土经验。     

Improving the Research Climate in Social Work Curricula

Abstract

Research courses are associated with performance anxiety and educational insecurity for many social work students. This paper makes the case that student anxiety associated with research courses is rooted in the history of the social work profession, and this history sheds light on the present day climate of research in social work education. The authors suggest that improvement to the research climate in social work education requires an “institutional” response. To that end, this paper describes a committee process that resulted in changes to one school's curriculum policy by revamping student learning objectives for a sequence of five research courses that spanned BSW and MSW programs. The committee produced a continuum of student learning expectations based on Bloom's taxonomy, which represents a logical progression of knowledge and skill competencies as students advance through their course work.     

Contesting knowledge,constructing legitimacy: knowledge making in mother-tongue education schools in Nepal

Scholars in education have drawn our attention to the ways in which social power and control manifests in the process of knowledge production in education institutions especially through school curriculum. In this paper, I analyse school textbooks along with classroom instruction events and everyday practices in a mother-tongue school in Nepal. Drawing on the concept of ‘legitimate knowledge’, this paper discusses mother-tongue education as a struggle over symbolic resources, whereby familiarity with ‘daily life in the locality’ is discursively drawn upon to articulate mother tongue as an effective pedagogy and legitimate knowledge. The paper argues that the introduction of mother tongue in the school curriculum is, therefore, more than an addition of new language. It is a process of negotiating what it means to ‘know’ things in school. In doing so, this paper illustrates a dynamic process of re-signification of local languages, knowledge and identities that is underway.     

论学校文化传承的路径——以上海市育才中学为例

学校文化的建设不是一个短期的过程,特别是对于一所办学历史悠久的学校而言,学校文化的形成势必更是一个长期的过程。在这个过程中,学校的文化是如何孕育、生成和传承的,是一个非常值得研究的问题。本论文选取上海市育才中学为研究样本,将研究视角聚焦于该校学校文化的传承问题,力求通过论文的研究总结样本学校的文化传承策略与经验。     

美国师范教育发展历史给我们的启示

美国的师范教育经历了师范学校、师范学院及综合大学教育院（系）的三个阶段,这种演变蕴藏着一些规律。我国师范教育历史悠久,自创建以来,为不同层次的学校提供所需师资,培育了大批人才。然而我国师范教育却也存在很多问题,面临重大挑战。美国师范教育的发展历史对我国师范教育的改革有一定的启示作用。     

新加坡学校道德教育发展过程探微

新加坡的学校道德教育兼具东西方特色。文章系统地探讨了新加坡建国以来学校道德教育的内涵及其发展历程,对新加坡学校道德教育的特色进行了提炼,试图从中获得有益的启发。     

Research into the School as an Organization. II: The School as a Complex Organization

Berg, G. & Wallin, E. 1982. Research into the School as an Organization. II: The School as a Complex Organization. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 26, 161‐181. This article starts by examining the development of general organization theory, then proposes an overall organization model for analysing the school. A distinction is made between the school as an institution and the school as an organization, the latter defined as a function of the control emanating from the societal and the ‘actor’ level. A set of conceptual tools believed to describe and analyse the school as an organization is outlined. In the latter part of the article an illustration of how the theoretical discussion can be applied to practical situations is given, firstly by an analysis of a case study and secondly by giving examples of factors worth taking into account in concrete analyses of the organizational structures of schools.     

迪庆州与玉溪市教育扶贫对口帮扶的意义与措施探究

为全面推进迪庆藏区教育精准扶贫工作,提高普通高中教育教学质量,夯实教育基础,迪庆高中班在昆明、玉溪、曲靖三市相继开办,开启了迪庆教育历史上的人才培养新模式。文章基于教育扶贫对口帮扶的背景,分析在玉溪市民族中学成立迪庆高中班的重要意义,并对迪庆高中班存在的问题及采取的措施进行了探讨。     

浅析中学历史教学中的审美教育

本文对美和审美的定义和作用做适当阐述，结合课程改革中对审美教育的要求，阐述了在中学历史教学中实行审美教育的必要性和可行性，就实施审美教育进而培养学生的审美能力的具体方法和手段做了一定探讨，并进一步揭示了实施审美教育带来的现实作用。     

美国教师教育大学化形成的路径研究

美国教师教育大学化形成的四种路径是:(1)从师范学校到教师学院再到大学教育学院,(2)从大学教育讲座制到教育系再到大学教育学院,(3)大学直接建立教育学院,(4)文理学院建立教育系。美国教师教育大学化的意义在于,确立了教师教育在综合性大学和文理学院中的独立地位,确立了教师教育在高等教育学术科层结构中的位置。     

建设高校校史馆的意义

高校校史馆是学校历史发展的真实记录和鉴证,是高等教育发展信息系统的基础。它在高等院校教书育人和学校发展方面起着重要的作用。本文作者的论述,期盼人们关注并重视高校发展史与建设高校的关系,由此提高对建设高校校史馆重要意义的进一步认识。     

对高中历史教学中德育教育的思考

本文深入探讨了高中历史教学中德育教育处于弱势地位的主客观原因,并提出改变这种地位的措施,以切实提高高中历史教学德育的实效,更好地服务社会。     

Indigenous women facing educational disadvantages: The case of the Ainu in Japan

This paper addresses the life and educational experiences of Ainu women, using the framework of postcolonial feminist theory. It explores the extent to which two factors—gender and ethnic minority status—affect young Ainu women as they attempt to enter mainstream society. The authors analyse life history interviews from three Ainu women aged 25. These women face hardships in continuing their education because of unsupportive school atmospheres and family financial difficulties. Ainu women also face discrimination because of gender and ethnicity throughout their lifetimes, especially in employment. The authors suggest anti-discrimination education, more comprehensive policy reforms for indigenous peoples, support for the voices of indigenous women, and continuous advocacy on Ainu issues. Moreover, companies should have monitoring mechanisms to follow up on the gender equality policy, along with regular training programmes on gender and ethnicity.