高强钢变厚板汽车B柱热成形数值模拟及主要参数分析

目的 研究热成形过程中冲压件温度场、应力场的变化规律,探究主要工艺参数对冲压件成形的影响规律。方法 利用Abaqus软件建立热力耦合模型,对汽车B柱的热冲压成形过程进行数值模拟,分析板料及模具的温度和应力变化,确定主要工艺参数对冲压件的影响规律,利用得到的规律指导B柱模具的设计与制造,最后对B柱进行冲压试验。结果 在热成形前的物料转移阶段,板材厚度差的存在使过渡区产生了温度梯度和内应力的变化;在热成形阶段,以减薄率为评判标准,确定了摩擦因数为0.35、冲压速度为100 mm/s时B柱的成形效果最好;对B柱的成形结果进行了分析,由局部减薄率的变化得到了模具缺陷的位置,由过渡区的偏移量得到了模具等厚区的长度,由板材温度变化确定了最佳保压时间为8 s。结论 基于Abaqus软件,构建了B柱的热冲压有限元模型,对板材出炉至成形结束阶段进行了数值模拟与分析,在此基础上对B柱制件进行了冲压试验,发现制件的质量缺陷明显减少,对制件的指定点进行了面检测,合格率达到了95.83%,表明了分析结果的可靠性,同时也验证了有限元分析的准确性。     

某大曲率薄壁件成形参数优化

目的 根据某大曲率薄壁件形状需求,以最大减薄率为优化目标,采用数值模拟与响应面相结合的方法对其成形的工艺参数进行优化,以得到合格的零件产品。方法 首先,研究压边力、拉延筋阻力、摩擦因数、冲压速度等单因素参数对最大减薄率的影响规律。根据规律变化确定正交试验的参数范围,并对正交试验结果进行极差分析,确定本次板料冲压成形有限元分析的工艺参数对最大减薄率影响大小的排序为:摩擦因数>压边力>拉延筋阻力百分比>冲压速度;根据极差分析结果,选定对最大减薄率影响较小的冲压速度为3 000 mm/s、其他3个工艺参数为变量进行再次优化,以摩擦因数、压边力、拉延筋阻力为优化对象建立响应面。结果 通过响应面预测结果可知,摩擦因数为0.09、压边力为409.730 kN、拉延筋阻力为32.384%时,最大减薄率得到最小值7.926%。将该组工艺参数进行模拟,得到最大减薄率为9.40%,与响应面预测值仅相差1.474%,相对误差率为15.68%。结论 经过试验验证,试验和优化的数值分析结果吻合较好,最大减薄率仅相差0.60%,证明了该方法的可行性。     

AA5B02 铝合金三通管充液成形工艺研究及参数优化

目的基于有限元数值模拟软件Dynaform对三通管的成形工艺进行优化。方法分析不同的初始压力、成形压力、轴向进给力、背压平衡力和合模力等对三通管成形的影响。根据成形过程进行模拟,得到分布应力图、厚向应变图、成形极限图等结果,根据模拟结果对零件的成形性进行分析,预测减薄破裂、起皱和回弹等缺陷。结果初始压力在防止侧推头将管坯推皱的前提下,取值应越小越好。成形压力和最大压力能保证减薄率、增厚率和成形度的要求即可。轴向进给对最终的成形质量影响较大。随着摩擦因数的增大,零件的减薄率不断增加,但是增厚率是先减小后增大。结论根据数值模拟的结果能够很好地优化三通管的成形工艺方案。     

DP800 双相高强钢折弯及回弹研究

目的针对高强度钢板成形过程中的回弹问题,研究工艺参数对回弹的影响规律,优选工艺参数组合,以获得回弹较小的V形件。方法采用dynaform软件对V形件进行成形及回弹的数值模拟,以摩擦因数、模具间隙、冲压速度、凹模圆角半径等工艺参数为自变量,以回弹前后水平距离差最大值为因变量,设计了四因素三水平的正交试验方案,研究多个工艺参数对回弹影响的规律。结果实验结果表明,V形件回弹值大小随着摩擦因数的增大呈现减小趋势;随着模具间隙、凹模圆角半径的增大,回弹值呈现增大的趋势;而冲压速度对V形件回弹的影响较小,且工艺参数影响V形件回弹大小的主次顺序为模具间隙、摩擦因数、凹模圆角半径、冲压速度。结论优选工艺参数组合为:摩擦因数为0.2、模具间隙为2.6 mm、冲压速度为1200 mm/s、凹模圆角半径为12 mm,此时回弹水平距离差最大值为0.566 mm,最大减薄率为1.40%;实际生产可以忽略冲压速度对回弹的影响,仿真结果对实际生产具有指导意义。     

增量成形内凸螺旋波纹管研究

目的 研究增量成形螺旋波纹管过程中,工具头的单次压下量与摩擦因数对成形质量和极限的影响规律,优化成形工艺参数。方法 通过ABAQUS有限元模拟和实验相结合,对各个成形工艺参数进行有限元模拟;使用前端直径为8 mm的成形工具头对外径40 mm、壁厚0.8 mm的304不锈钢进行增量成形螺旋波纹管实验研究。结果 不同摩擦因数对成形极限影响较小,对成形质量有较大影响。单次进给量为0.1 mm,摩擦因数为0.02时,螺纹深度极限可以提高10.5%。模拟和实验都验证了工艺参数的合理性。结论 摩擦因数一定的情况下,单次压下量越小,成形力越小,螺纹深度极限越大。     

基于 AHP 与灰色系统理论的隔热件成形回弹控制优化

目的汽车隔热件的冲压成形过程比较复杂,成形工艺参数较多,实际生产难以准确地建立起工艺参数与质量目标之间的联系,研究工艺参数对成形质量及回弹的影响为实际生产提供指导必要而有意义。方法对模具间隙、凹模圆角半径、摩擦因数等影响回弹的因素进行正交试验,设计了试验方案,获得了成形零件的回弹数据;结合层次分析理论(APH)计算了成形工艺参数对多质量目标的权重,最后利用灰色系统理论,计算出了成形质量相对目标函数的关联度,再进行进一步计算获得各成形工艺参数的平均关联度,将优化后的工艺参数应用于有限元仿真与实验验证。结果通过层次分析理论和灰色系统理论对成形工艺参数进行优化,获得了优化工艺参数组合,隔热件成形质量明显提高,回弹量控制在较小范围内。结论当模具间隙为0.805 mm、凹模圆角半径为12 mm、摩擦因数为0.125时,回弹前后距离差Δd=0.918 mm、回弹前后夹角差Δα=0.340°,回弹得到有效控制。     

电动汽车电池包铝合金顶盖拉延成形分析及工艺参数优化

目的 解决轻薄铝合金电池包顶盖拉延成形过程中的工艺质量问题。方法 采用Autoform软件对顶盖拉延成形过程进行仿真分析,在单一条件下分别研究压边力、冲压速度、凹凸模间隙以及摩擦因数对顶盖拉延成形规律的影响。以最大减薄率和最大增厚率为评价指标,通过对以上4个工艺参数进行正交实验优化,且采用正交综合评分法分析实验数据,得出影响评价指标的4个因素的主次关系(冲压速度>压边力>摩擦因数>凹凸模间隙)以及最优工艺参数。结果 最优工艺参数如下:冲压速度为1 000 mm/s,压边力为800 kN,摩擦因数为0.12,凹凸模间隙为1.26 mm。采用最优工艺参数进行拉延成形实验验证,实验后测量实物顶盖,实际最大减薄率为14.3%,最大增厚率为8.6%。与仿真值比较,顶盖的实际最大减薄率误差为8.9%、最大增厚率误差为7.5%,实际值与仿真值之间的误差合理。结论 在实际生产中,该工艺参数优化的方法能够为后续轻薄铝合金顶盖的生产制造提供有价值的指导。     

锥管径向锻造数值模拟及参数优化

本文以锥管为研究对象，以防锈铝合金冷轧管坯LF2M为锥管材料，对其径向锻造成形工艺及参数优化进行研究。利用ABAQUS软件建立锥管三维有限元数值模拟模型，采用正交试验法对成形过程中的关键参数（轴向送进量、旋转角度、摩擦因数）进行优化。以锥管壁厚最大值到未成形端曲线残差平方和的平均值的最小值为优化目标，获得最佳工艺参数，实验结果与模拟结果吻合良好。     

基于响应面法的连杆模锻成形载荷影响因素研究

目的 解决42CrMo连杆预锻成形过程中因成形载荷较大导致的模具损坏风险较大和使用寿命低的问题。方法 构建连杆预锻成形的仿真模型,分析不同坯料温度、模具温度、模锻速度、摩擦因数对成形载荷的影响规律,基于Box–Behnken试验设计与响应面法对连杆预锻的成形载荷进行研究,并结合多岛遗传算法进行优化。结果 在多因素交互下,各工艺参数按对成形载荷显著性影响由大到小的顺序依次为:坯料温度、摩擦因数、模锻速度、模具温度。当坯料温度为1 190 ℃、模具温度为350.7 ℃、模锻速度为532.5 mm/s、摩擦因数为0.1时,成形载荷为3 226.6 kN,相比原工艺的成形载荷降低了50.74%。模锻试验后成形效果较好,说明了优化工艺参数的合理性。结论 优化后的工艺参数可使成形载荷明显降低,该研究可为连杆实际模锻成形的生产提供有效指导。     

桥壳热冲压成型过程的数值模拟

应用三维弹塑性有限元模型和MSC.M arc软件对桥壳的热冲压成型过程进行了数值模拟,通过模拟桥壳在不同的冲压温度、冲压速度、摩擦条件下的成型过程,考察了冲压温度、冲压速度、摩擦条件对冲压过程中温度场、应力场分布的影响规律.研究发现:在桥壳热冲压过程中,应力和温度值虽然会随冲压温度等工艺参数的变化而变化,但它们的分布规律不变.在此基础上,确定了最佳的热冲压工艺参数,其中冲压温度应高于700℃,冲压速度应小于20 mm/s.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.