人体身高的遗传度

本文旨在通过亲代（父母）的身高和子代（子女）的身高之间的回归系数及子代同胞（兄弟姐妹）间身高的组内相关系数来估计身高的遗传度。     

双生子骨龄、身高及体重的研究

本文对307对同性别双生子的骨龄、身高和体重进行了研究。结果表明,骨龄、身高和体重均受遗传因素影响。遗传因素对不同年龄阶段的影响程度可能是不同的。长时间的不同环境因素对身高和体重的影响较骨龄更大。     

吉林省人体身高与遗传及环境关系的数量分析

通过对456名吉林省大学生人体身高的调查,用线性回归分析得到遗传率的点估计值h~2≈50％,并应用多元回归分析方法对人体身高与遗传及环境关系进行了初步研究,建立了可预测身高的数学模型。其线性方程为：     

凡纳滨对虾繁殖中不同亲本对子代遗传贡献率的差异

利用5个含有稀有等位基因的高度多态性微卫星位点比较了凡纳滨对虾繁殖中不同亲本对子代遗传贡献率的差异。通过稀有等位基因的5个微卫星位点能够对亲代和子代的谱系进行明确的鉴别。10个亲代个体中有8个个体对子代群体的基因库有贡献,不同个体之间的贡献率存在差别,最高为54.28%,最低为8.57%。在亲代和子代群体遗传结构的分析中,子代等位基因的数目与亲代相比降低了11.11%。子代的平均期望杂合度(He)、平均观测杂合度(Ho)和平均多态性信息含量(PIC)等指标均低于亲代。实验结果表明:亲本对子代基因库的贡献率的差异也是造成子代群体遗传变异水平降低的原因之一;微卫星标记可作为一种有效的工具用于对虾系谱的确认、人工繁育群体遗传多样性水平的监测等方面     

科学家首次发现影响身高的基因

英国科学家近日首次发现了一种对人类身高有决定性作用的基因．在其他条件不变的情况下，这种基因遗传密码只要有微小的变化，就可以促进身高增长1cm。相关论文9月2日在线发表于《自然一遗传学》上。[第一段]     

浙江省人体身高与遗传及环境关系的初步研究

人体身高受遗传和环境的双重影响。通过对455名浙江省青年的调查分析,得到遗传度的点估计值h~2≈62％。应用逐步回归分析了不同生活环境对身高的影响,并建立了可以预测身高的数学模型。其回归方程为 γ=65.32+10.15x_1+0.294x+2+0.283x_3-3.14x_4-2.19x_5-1.53x_6 人体身高受遗传和环境因素的双重影响,属多因子遗传。本文以常用的亲—子身高的回归系数估计了子代身高的遗传度;并应用多元分析的方法对人体身高与遗传及环境的关系进行了研究,在这基础上建立了人体身高与遗传及环境关系的数学模型。     

人类身高的遗传学研究进展

人类身高是由环境和遗传因素共同决定的,遗传学研究发现遗传因素对身高差异的影响更大。身高是典型的多基因遗传性状,科研人员试图运用传统的连锁分析和关联分析寻找和发现对人类身高具有显著影响的常见DNA序列变异,但进展缓慢。近年来,随着基因分型和DNA测序技术的发展,人类身高的遗传学研究取得了很多突破性进展。全基因组关联分析(GWAS)的应用,发现和证实了上百个与人类身高相关的单核苷酸多态性位点(SNPs),拓展了人们对人类生长和发育的相关遗传学认识,同时也为研究人类其他复杂性状提供了理论依据和借鉴。本文综述了人类身高的遗传学研究进展,探讨了目前该研究领域所存在的问题和未来发展方向,以期为今后人类身高相关的遗传学研究提供参考和借鉴。     

北京与重庆地区成人身高变化的研究

1983年对北京、重庆两地市区和农村汉族685对父子和667对母女的身高和坐高进行了测量。结果表明,两地市区与农村的子女比其父母分别高2.4至4.0厘米(P<0.01)。在28.5年中,一代人平均增高3.35厘米。市区男女两代人都比农村的要高,而且市区年青人身高增加比农村的多。女青年身高增加比男青年的更多。北京人比重庆人高,而且北京年青一代身高增加比重庆人更多。重庆年青人上身增长比下肢多,而北京年青人则下肢增长多。结果还表明,身高相关系数为0.37—0.45,遗传力h2值在0.6665—0.8217之间。     

谈谈人体身高与寿命

巨人和侏儒与正常人的平均身高比较起来,大约要高于或矮于1米左右,他们显然是病态,被称为“巨人症”或“侏儒症”。据医学界还不十分确切地推论,这大约与人体大脑的某种控制机制或内分泌失调有关。巨人和侏儒这两类病态体形的人都极易早年夭折。相比之下,巨人更易早逝,多死于三十岁以前,几乎没有活过60岁的。而侏儒尽管大多数也多因各种疾病于四五十岁前便早逝,但也有极个别的长寿者。如著名的吉尼斯世界纪录中就曾记载过有2名侏儒活过100岁。她们是英国的安尼·克洛斯小姐,身高1.14米,享年103岁,和美国的苏珊娜·博考尼(又名“苏珊娜公主”),身高1.01米,享年105岁。     

大仓鼠年龄组及性别群体的遗传多样性

本文应用随机扩增多态性DNA (RAPD) 技术, 采用多态位点率、Shannon 信息多样性指数和Nei 遗传多样性指数作为种群遗传变异的指标, 研究了1998 和1999 年大仓鼠种群性别群体和年龄组群体的遗传多样性。主要的结论是: 性别群体间遗传分化较小, 年龄组群体间分化较大; 年龄组相距越大, 遗传分化也就越大; 幼年组的遗传多样性高于老龄组的遗传多样性; 1999 年秋季种群的年龄组遗传分化和差异要比1998 年四季种群更为明显。大仓鼠不同年龄组群体间的遗传分化支持遗传结构由于受时空上的选择压力而产生变异和适应性观点。大仓鼠幼体的遗传多样性比成体和老体的较高, 这一结果倾向于支持Ford 的假说, 说明种群繁殖出的幼体遗传多样性高, 其中有遗传质量好的, 也有遗传质量差的,但在生存过程中, 随着选择压力的作用, 种群趋于适应, 与环境不相适应的类型遭到淘汰,低质的幼体由于自然选择压力的增加而从种群中消失, 致使成年和老年群体多态性逐渐降低。     

On S.N. Bernstein's derivation of Mendel's Law and 'rediscovery' of the Hardy-Weinberg distribution

Around 1923 the soon-to-be famous Soviet mathematician and probabilist Sergei N. Bernstein started to construct an axiomatic foundation of a theory of heredity. He began from the premise of stationarity (constancy of type proportions) from the first generation of offspring. This led him to derive the Mendelian coefficients of heredity. It appears that he had no direct influence on the subsequent development of population genetics. A basic assumption of Bernstein was that parents coupled randomly to produce offspring. This paper shows that a simple model of non-random mating, which nevertheless embodies a feature of the Hardy-Weinberg Law, can produce Mendelian coefficients of heredity while maintaining the population distribution. How W. Johannsen's monograph influenced Bernstein is discussed.     

Familial Correlations of the Ages of Manifestation of Lung Cancer and Large-Intestine Cancer

The probability to develop lung cancer before 80 years of age is 1.67 and 0.18% for the male and female populations of Kharkov, respectively; the probability to develop large-intestine cancer is 0.92 and 0.49%, respectively. The correlation coefficient (r) of the age of manifestation (AM) of cancer in parent–offspring pairs is 0.47. These correlation coefficients for the father–son, mother–daughter, mother–son, and father–daughter pairs are 0.64, 0.49, 0.44, and 0.37, respectively. If the parent has lung cancer, the correlation is stronger (r = 0.71). On average, cancer is manifested in offspring earlier than in parents (57 and 63 years, respectively); the differences in the father–daughter and mother–son pairs are 8.2 and 2.8 years, respectively. The best prognostic parameter is the AM of cancer in the father with respect to the AM in the son (b _yx = 0.45).     

The use of exclusive trios in human pedigrees to determine autosomal or X-linked dominance or recessiveness

Four rules of judgement, each involving one child and its parents, can rule out one common mode of inheritance each, namely dominance, or recessiveness, autosomal or sex-linkage. A large pedigree usually provides three different groups of ? particular child and its parents. Each such trio may rule out one particular mode of inhe itance. When both parents show a trait but one daughter does not, the trait cannot be recessive. When no parent shows the trait but one son or daughter does, the trait cannot be dominant. Again, if a father shows a trait but his daughter and her mother do not show it, the trait cannot be sex-linked dominant. And when a mother shows a trait, but her son and his father do not, the trait cannot be sex-linked recessive. A pedigree having three of these four different sets of “parents-and-child” groups, rules out three modes of inheritance for the trait in question, and thereby confirms that the mode of inheritance for the trait is, as a rule, the single remaining mode of the four.     

甘肃汉族头面部特征亲子相关研究

本文对甘肃永登农村地区69个汉族家庭的父母和成年子女头面部特征进行了亲子相关研究。结果表明:头颅部指数似乎儿子受父亲母亲的影响较强,测量项目似乎女儿受父亲的影响较强;脸面部测量项目的亲子相关表现出一定程度的方向性,儿子或女儿垂直方向的尺寸(高度)似乎受父亲的影响较强,横向(宽度)似乎受母亲的影响较强,从指数上来看,母亲对子女脸面部的影响似乎比父亲强一些。     

长白山红松阔叶林主要树种高度生态位的研究

森林生态系统内主要乔木的高度生态位反映了不同树种在各个高度资源单位内资源利用的互补情况,同时也是表征森林生态系统演替的趋势及其森林循环过程主要特征之一．生物学特性和生态学特性接近的树种的高度生态位重叠较大,反之则较小．在Ｇａｐ内,色木槭和扭筋槭的高度生态位重叠最大,而青楷槭和千金榆、花楷槭和水曲柳、青楷槭和裂叶榆的高度生态位重叠较小;在非Ｇａｐ生态系统内,青楷槭和白牛槭的高度生态位重叠最大,青楷槭和裂叶榆、青楷槭和千金榆、花楷槭和水曲柳的高度生态位重叠较小．红松和阔叶树之间的高度生态位分离较大,利用资源的方式和能力差异较大,它们之间可以在不同空间的资源利用上达到互补,种间竞争较弱,从而能够保持红松和阔叶树之间长期而稳定的共存．但Ｇａｐ内红松和阔叶树的高度生态位重叠均大于非Ｇａｐ生态系统,可见Ｇａｐ的存在加大了红松和阔叶树之间的种间竞争,减小了红松和阔叶树之间的资源互补利用的能力．Ｇａｐ削弱了个体生态位重叠值较大的树种间的种间竞争,增强了个体生态位重叠值较小的树种间的种间竞争     

菊花花色遗传及花色嵌合体发现

对开黄花菊花和开白花菊花材料分别和开红花菊花材料进行了正反交,结果表明,花色遗传比较复杂, 在以红花材料作为母本组合中表现为比较明显的偏母性遗传特征,而以黄花和白花材料为母本则不表现偏母性特征;除此之外,菊花花色遗传还表现出不完全显性和镶嵌显性的特点。在黄花材料3501和红花材料3509所得到杂种中发现了2个分枝出现花色嵌合体的现象,该嵌合体特征是花一边为红色,而另一边则出现镶嵌显性的现象。染色体分析表明,不同颜色嵌合体花瓣的染色体数目都是36条,因此,实验所得到的花色嵌合体不是由染色体数目变化造成的,而有可能是转座子插入影响色素合成基因造成的。     

A head above the rest: Height and adolescent psychological well-being

Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, we examine the effect of adolescent height on mental health as measured by Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression (CES-D) scores and Rosenberg Self-Esteem (RSE) scores. We find evidence that height is associated with fewer symptoms of depression among females 17–19 years of age, and among males 12–19 years of age. The negative relationship between height and depression among males persists after controlling for body mass index (BMI), differences in pubertal timing, and individual fixed effects, but does not explain the effect of height on educational attainment. We conclude that there is a small psychological benefit for males to being taller as an adolescent.     

单侧PKP术对骨质疏松压缩性骨折相邻椎体高度的影响

目的：探讨单一椎体骨质疏松性压缩性骨折行单侧PKP 术后对相邻上下椎体高度的影响。方法：62 例行T12 椎体骨质疏松 性压缩性骨折单侧PKP 术后的患者,测量术前,术后2 天、6 个月、1 年T11 椎体及L1 椎体前缘、中央及后缘高度,计算椎体压缩 率,比较两椎体各时相点椎体前缘、中央及后缘椎体压缩率的变化。结果：术后2 天L1 和T11 的椎体前缘、中央及后缘压缩率比 较差异无统计学意义(P 均>0.05);术后6 个月、1 年后两椎体前缘、中央及后缘高度压缩率比较（P均<0.05）差异有统计学意义。 L1 和T11 术后2 天、6 个月、12 个月不同时相,三点压缩率越来越大,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论：单侧PKP术后椎体相 应负荷的改变,对下位邻近椎体较上位椎体高度影响较大,可能与相邻下位椎体承受的重力高于上位相邻椎体有关。     

太岳林区山核桃种群树高和胸径关系的数学模拟

建立平均高和平均胸径的模型,对提高森林科学经营水平是很有必要的．本文根据野外山核桃种群调查资料,利用10种数学回归模型对山核桃种群的平均树高和平均胸径间的关系进行回归分析．结果表明;山核桃种群平均高和平均胸径之间存在显著的相关关系,以H=a＋bD、H=a＋bD＋cD2、H=a＋bD＋cD2＋dD3和H=a＋b／D4种回归模型拟合的较好;经适用性检验,这4种回归模型适用度均比较高,但是,H=a＋bD＋cD2和H=a＋bD＋cD2＋dD3适合度最好,最具有代表性;不过,就精度而言,H=a＋bD＋cD2最高,H=a＋bD＋cD2＋dD3次之．这为在太岳林区开展山核桃种群群落结构研究,并进行森林经营和资源调查等提供重要的理论依据．     

Parental mortality rates in a western country after the death of a child: assessment of the role of the child's sex

Background: Loss of a child has been associated with elevated mortality rates in parents. Studies that focus on the influence of the child's sex on parental mortality are sparse.Objective: The main objective of the present study was to reevaluate the combined impact of the parents' and child's sex within a larger sample and focus on adverse health effects as an objective measure of possible long-term effects of maladaptive grief reactions.Methods: For the time period between 1980 and 1996, all children in Denmark who died before 18 years of age were identified. Parents who had lost a child were identified as the bereaved (exposed) group. Mortality rates of parents within the same-sex parent-child dyad were compared with mortality rates of parents within the opposite-sex parent-child dyad. Separate analyses were performed for bereaved fathers and for bereaved mothers, and additional analyses were conducted to examine the sole effect of the child's sex, irrespective of parental gender. A Cox proportional hazards regression model was used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs.Results: The study population consisted of 21,062 parents (mean age at entry, 32 years; 11,221 mothers, 9841 fathers). Bereaved parents who had lost a child of the same sex had similar overall mortality as bereaved parents who had lost a child of the opposite sex (HR = 1.02; 95% CI, 0.85–1.22). Similar findings were observed for mortality due to natural death (HR = 0.96; 95% CI, 0.78–1.18) or mortality due to unnatural death (HR = 1.22; 95% CI, 0.84–1.77). Bereaved fathers who had lost a son had similar mortality as those bereaved by the death of a daughter (HR = 1.10; 95% CI, 0.86–1.40). Bereaved mothers who had lost a daughter had similar mortality as those bereaved by the death of a son (HR = 0.93; 95% CI, 0.70–1.22). Bereaved parents who had lost a son had mortality rates similar to those who had lost a daughter (HR = 1.09; 95% CI, 0.91–1.31). The interactions between grouping variable and sex of parents were not significant, indicating that the differential effect of losing a child based on sex of the child was not greater for fathers than for mothers.Conclusions: The results of this study revealed no significant effect of sex of the deceased child on mortality in these bereaved parents. The results might differ if this study was replicated in a population with a different grief culture and, more importantly, different gender schemas.