Bt抗性和敏感棉铃虫幼虫中肠主要蛋白酶活性的变化

采用酶特异性底物测定了3龄和5龄Bt抗性/敏感棉铃虫品系幼虫中肠蛋白酶活性的最适pH值.结果表明,3龄和5龄Bt抗性/敏感棉铃虫幼虫中肠总蛋白酶活性最适pH值均为10.5;强碱性类胰蛋白酶活性最适pH值除3龄Bt抗性幼虫为8.0外,其余均为10.5;弱碱性类胰蛋白酶活性的最适pH值为8.0;类胰凝乳蛋白酶的最适pH值除5龄Bt抗性幼虫的为8.0外,其余都为8.5.比较了最适pH值条件下,3龄和5龄Bt抗性/敏感棉铃虫幼虫中肠蛋白酶活性的差异.发现3龄和5龄Bt抗性/敏感棉铃虫幼虫中肠总蛋白酶活力差异不显著;两个品系3龄幼虫中肠强碱性类胰蛋白酶活性差异达到极显著水平,5龄幼虫中肠强碱性类胰蛋白酶活性差异不明显;两个品系3龄幼虫中肠弱碱性类胰蛋白酶活力差异没有达到显著水平,而5龄幼虫弱碱性类胰蛋白酶活力差异极显著;另外,3龄和5龄Bt抗性/敏感棉铃虫幼虫类胰凝乳蛋白酶活力差异极显著.棉铃虫幼虫中肠酸碱强度和某些蛋白酶活性的变化,可能是造成棉铃虫抗性演化的因素之一.图2表1参17     

转Bt基因抗虫玉米植株叶腋处花粉中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的田间降解动态

以表达Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的两种转Bt基因抗虫玉米MON810和Bt11为材料,采用ELISA方法研究了玉米散粉时沉积在植株叶腋处Bt玉米花粉中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的田间降解动态,比较了两种Bt玉米花粉中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白的降解速度.结果表明, Bt玉米花粉中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白是逐渐降解的,且降解速度逐渐加快.但两种Bt玉米花粉中Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白降解速度不同, MON810中的Bt杀虫蛋白降解较快,而Bt11中的降解较慢. D 15时在MON810叶腋处的花粉中已经检测不到Bt杀虫蛋白,而在Bt11花粉中Bt杀虫蛋白到d 18才完全降解.两种Bt玉米花粉中杀虫蛋白的初始含量差异显著,且在各个取样时间内Bt杀虫蛋白的残留量存在显著差异.玉米散粉时留在田间的Bt玉米花粉中的Cry1Ab杀虫蛋白不会在自然界累积.     

转Bt-cry1Ac棉花花粉对意大利蜜蜂生长发育的影响

研究了取食转Bt-cry1Ac棉花花粉对意大利蜜蜂的影响,主要包括意大利蜜蜂的生长发育、体内酶活性的变化.结果发现,取食转Bt-cry1Ac基因棉花花粉的意大利蜜蜂与取食非转基因亲本棉花花粉的蜜蜂(CK)相比,4、5、6日龄幼虫体重差异不显著,幼虫及蛹的历期也没有明显差异.取食转Bt-cry1Ac基因棉花花粉的意大利蜜蜂6日龄幼虫体内的谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶、总蛋白酶活力与CK相比,没有显著差异.取食转Bt-cry1Ac基因棉花花粉的意大利蜜蜂幼虫体内的α-乙酸萘酯酶、乙酰胆碱酯酶活力极显著高于CK,强碱性、弱碱性类胰蛋白酶活力极显著低于CK,类胰凝乳蛋白酶活力显著低于CK.另外,采用酶联免疫(ELISA)方法在取食转Bt-cry1Ac基因棉花花粉的蜜蜂6日龄幼虫体内能够检测到Bt杀虫蛋白.表4参12     

苏云金芽胞杆菌聚γ-谷氨酸-明胶微胶囊剂制备及其抗逆性

晶体蛋白是苏云金芽胞杆菌(Bacillus thuringiensis,简称Bt)的主要杀虫成分,其抗热处理能力及抗紫外照射能力差,造成在生产及使用过程中易失活,防效不稳定,残效期短.为改良Bt剂型,探讨了以聚γ-谷氨酸(γ-PGA)-明胶为囊壁材料的复凝聚相分离法制备Bt微胶囊剂的加工工艺,并对制得的Bt微胶囊剂进行了抗热及抗紫外能力分析,比较了Bt成囊前后的杀虫活性和芽胞存活率.结果表明,经紫外(30 w)照射4 h,Bt微胶囊和Bt原粉对棉铃虫3龄幼虫的相对致死率分别是53.57%和16.60%,芽胞存活率分别是46.63%和6.90%;于80℃处理100 min后,对棉铃虫3龄幼虫的相对致死率分别是43.42%和26.11%;于100℃处理15 min,Bt微胶囊和Bt原粉的芽胞存活率分别是72.53%和25.50%.Bt微胶囊化可显著提高Bt对热处理及紫外照射的抗逆性.图4表2参13     

Bt抗性和敏感棉铃虫幼虫中肠类胰蛋白酶和类胰凝乳蛋白酶基因克隆及半定量测定

克隆了Bt-Cry1Ac抗性和敏感棉铃虫幼虫中肠类胰蛋白酶和类胰凝乳蛋白酶基因,并进行了半定量RT-PCR测定.定量结果显示,类胰蛋白酶和类胰凝乳蛋白酶在不同龄期棉铃虫中肠表达量存在差异,其中在5龄棉铃虫体内转录水平最高,3龄棉铃虫次之,而在4龄棉铃虫中肠内转录水平最低.此外,相同龄期的抗性品系棉铃虫体内的类胰蛋白酶和类胰凝乳蛋白酶转录水平明显高于敏感品系棉铃虫.中肠类胰蛋白酶和类胰凝乳蛋白酶的mRNA表达量的升高,可能与抗性棉铃虫对Bt杀虫蛋白的抗性演化有关.图6参17     

Bt作物杀虫蛋白在农田土壤中残留动态的研究进展

综述了转Bt作物释放的杀虫蛋白在农田土壤中的残留动态．重点阐述了：①土壤中Bt毒素蛋白的检测方法；②Bt毒素在土壤中残留、富集与降解动态；③Bt毒素蛋白与土壤中具有表面活性颗粒的吸附结合规律；④土壤中Bt毒素的杀虫活性．国内外研究结果表明，转基因植物释放到土壤中的Bt毒素蛋白迅速与土壤中具有表面活性的颗粒吸附并紧密结合，降低生物降解，但结合后的Bt毒素结构没有改变，致使毒素蛋白在土壤中长期滞留并保持其杀虫活性，可能会对土壤中非靶标生物造成不良影响．因此深入、系统地研究和评价转Bt作物释放的Bt毒素对土壤生态系统的风险迫在眉睫．参50     

转Bt基因棉花抗虫萜烯类化合物时空动态的HPLC分析

利用高效液相色谱（HPLC）技术对转Bt基因棉花抗虫萜烯化合物种类、含量以及时空动态进行了初步研究。结果表明，被研究的抗虫棉品种抗虫萜烯类化合物在不同品种、不同组织器官间含量差异较大。叶片中杀实夜蛾素（包括H1、H2、H3、H4)含量较高，花及蕾中棉酚含量的比例明显高于叶片。总抗虫萜烯类（包括棉酚、半棉酚酮、杀实夜蛾素H1、H2、H3、H4以及甲氧基半棉酚酮等）均以铃、顶叶含量最高，蕾、花柱等器官次之。说明在棉花不同品种、同一品种不同器官中是不同的萜烯类化合物在起到抗虫作用。图3参16     

电子鼻zNose~(TM)构建棉花挥发物指纹图谱及被害棉花挥发物释放节律分析

采用电子鼻zNose~(TM)对棉花植株常见挥发性化合物进行定性分析,确定每类化合物的相对保留指数,构建棉花植株常见挥发性化合物特征谱库.采集棉铃虫幼虫取食诱导棉株挥发性化合物,利用电子鼻构建棉铃虫幼虫危害棉株的指纹图谱.比对健康棉株与棉铃虫幼虫危害棉株的色谱图及指纹图谱发现,棉铃虫幼虫危害棉株的挥发物的种类和含量均比健康棉株的多,而且未去除棉铃虫幼虫的危害处理与去除棉铃虫幼虫的危害处理相比,被诱导挥发物的含量显著升高.通过电子鼻实时监测棉花植株各处理β-蒎烯、β-月桂烯等挥发性化合物的释放节律.结果显示,当棉铃虫幼虫危害棉株2h后,β-蒎烯的释放量明显增加,与对照相比差异显著.β-月桂烯在棉铃虫幼虫危害2h的释放量与对照相比没有显著差异,在棉铃虫幼虫危害24h释放量显著增加.6～8h β-蒎烯和β-月桂烯分别达到各自最大释放量,随后缓慢回落,但仍然保持较高释放水平.图3表1参24     

基于食物链关系评价转Bt基因棉对寄生性天敌的非靶效应

按照“棉花—棉大卷叶螟(Sylepta derogata)幼虫—螟蛉绒茧蜂(Apanteles ruficrus)”三级营养食物链关系，对田间转Bt基因棉苏抗310对非靶物种螟蛉绒茧蜂种群的影响进行了调查。发现转Bt基因棉苏抗310稿田闻螟蛉绒茧蜂种群生长受到了不良影响，种群数量显著下降，棉大卷叶螟幼虫发生高峰期高龄幼虫被寄生率障队     

温度和pH值对重组杆状病毒(AcMNPV-BmKIT-Chi)的毒力影响

研究了温度、酸碱度对重组杆状病毒(AcMNPV-BmKIT-Chi)毒力的影响.结果显示,多角体病毒在温度4~50℃,pH6.0~8.0范围内可以保持较高的毒力稳定性;不同虫龄棉铃虫幼虫对重组病毒的毒力敏感性差异显著,低虫龄对重组核型多角体病毒更为敏感;病毒对幼虫存在亚致死作用,饲毒组与对照组幼虫体重差异显著.图3表3参13     

转Bt基因抗虫棉对土壤微生物群落生物多样性的影响

设置非转基因抗虫棉棉田以及分别种植7和10 a转Bt基因抗虫棉的棉田3个处理,于2007--2008年棉花苗期、蕾期、花铃期和吐絮期采样测定了土壤中5个微生物种类的数量,以监测长期种植转Bt基因抗虫棉对土壤微生物群落生物多样性的影响.结果表明,3种类型棉田土壤细菌、真菌、固氮菌、反硝化细菌、亚硝化细菌数量以及微生物多样性指数在整个棉花生长期内变化趋势基本一致,其中,在棉花蕾期各种微生物数量达到高峰.与种植非转基因抗虫棉相比,不同种植年限转Bt基因抗虫棉对土壤细菌、真菌、固氮菌、反硝化细菌、亚硝化细菌数量和微生物多样性指数都无显著影响,但随着采样时间的不同,3种类型棉田土壤各类微生物数量和多样性指数都呈明显季节变化.     

Effects of Cd2+ exposure on key life history traits and activities of four metabolic enzymes in Helicoverpa armigera (Lepidopteran: Noctuidae)

Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic non-essential element accumulated easily in living organisms due to its non-biodegradable nature. A slight increase in Cd levels will threaten the health of terrestrial and aquatic organisms. Therefore, Cd contamination and its effects on the ecosystems and organisms have become a major topic of eco-toxicological research. The present study investigated the eco-toxicological effects of Cd-supplemented diet on some life history traits and specific enzyme activities of carboxylesterase (CarE), glutathione S-transferase (GST), acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera. The results showed that Cd significantly decreased larval survival, pupation and emergence, and reduced body mass of the sixth instar larvae, pupae, adult moths and female fecundity. Cd-supplemented diet also delayed the development of larvae and pupae and shortened the life span of the cotton bollworm moth. In addition, dietary Cd inhibited the activities of GST, CarE and P450, but increased AChE activity of the sixth instar larvae. We concluded that life history traits and metabolic enzymes are sensitive to Cd stress in the cotton bollworm. These parameters are potential biomarkers for monitoring environmental stress in Lepidopteran insect pests.     

基于食物链关系评价转Bt基因棉对寄生性天敌的非靶效应

按照“棉花 -棉大卷叶螟 (Syleptaderogata)幼虫 -螟蛉绒茧蜂 (Apantelesruficrus)”三级营养食物链关系 ,对田间转Bt基因棉苏抗 310对非靶物种螟蛉绒茧蜂种群的影响进行了调查。发现转Bt基因棉苏抗 310棉田间螟蛉绒茧蜂种群生长受到了不良影响 ,种群数量显著下降 ,棉大卷叶螟幼虫发生高峰期高龄幼虫被寄生率降低。     

Brazilian free-tailed bats as insect pest regulators in transgenic and conventional cotton crops.

During the past 12000 years agricultural systems have transitioned from natural habitats to conventional agricultural regions and recently to large areas of genetically engineered (GE) croplands. This GE revolution occurred for cotton in a span of slightly more than a decade during which a switch occurred in major cotton production areas from growing 100% conventional cotton to an environment in which 95% transgenics are grown. Ecological interactions between GE targeted insects and other insectivorous insects have been investigated. However, the relationships between ecological functions (such as herbivory and ecosystem transport) and agronomic benefits of avian or mammalian insectivores in the transgenic environment generally remain unclear, although the importance of some agricultural pest management services provided by insectivorous species such as the Brazilian free-tailed bat, Tadarida brasiliensis, have been recognized. We developed a dynamic model to predict regional-scale ecological functions in agricultural food webs by using the indicators of insect pest herbivory measured by cotton boll damage and insect emigration from cotton. In the south-central Texas Winter Garden agricultural region we find that the process of insectivory by bats has a considerable impact on both the ecology and valuation of harvest in Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic and nontransgenic cotton crops. Predation on agricultural pests by insectivorous bats may enhance the economic value of agricultural systems by reducing the frequency of required spraying and delaying the ultimate need for new pesticides. In the Winter Garden region, the presence of large numbers of insectivorous bats yields a regional summer dispersion of adult pest insects from Bt cotton that is considerably reduced from the moth emigration when bats are absent in either transgenic or non-transgenic crops. This regional decrease of pest numbers impacts insect herbivory on a transcontinental scale. With a few exceptions, we find that the agronomics of both Bt and conventional cotton production is more profitable when large numbers of insectivorous bats are present.     

不同虫压下转Bt基因水稻与非转基因水稻生态适合度差异

为了解转基因水稻的基因扩散效率和潜在生态风险,以转Bt抗虫水稻Bt63、R1、R2和非转基因常规水稻Ⅱ优838为试材,采用高、低两个不同虫害胁迫水平和转基因与非转基因水稻相间种植方式,通过观察水稻植株营养生长、结实以及对螟虫危害的抗性表现等差异,研究比较了Bt外源基因插入后对水稻植株适合度的影响.结果表明:在低虫害胁迫条件下,转Bt基因水稻在植株分蘖数、生物量鲜重等营养生长指标方面与非转基因对照品系间无明显差异,但株高、穗长、穗重等指标不及对照,且R2和Bt63与对照间差异显著;在高虫害胁迫条件下,3个转Bt基因水稻品系的分蘖数、穗长、穗重等指标明显高于对照.而不同转基因品系株高适合度效应不同,这可能与受体本身的特性相关.3种转基因水稻的单株结实粒数、千粒重与对照在两种虫害胁迫条件下均无显著性差异,Bt基因对受体植株的结实影响不明显.在高虫害胁迫条件下,3种转Bt基因水稻的抗虫能力均显著优于非转基因水稻,表明Bt基因对受体植株的抗虫性影响显著.同时,本研究结果还表明转Bt基因水稻的适合度代价较小,预示了抗虫转基因水稻外源Bt基因在一定环境条件下具有逃逸的可能,但这种风险比较小.     

转基因抗虫水稻生态安全性研究进展

我国转基因抗虫水稻的商业化种植已成为国内外广泛关注的热点问题.本文系统综述了转基因抗虫水稻的遗传转化、基因漂流、靶标害虫的抗性风险、对非靶标生物和稻田节肢动物群落的影响以及B t杀虫蛋白在土壤中的残留等方面的研究进展.现有研究表明,B t水稻对二化螟、三化螟和稻纵卷叶螟等主要靶标害虫具有较高的抗性水平,对稻飞虱、叶蝉、捕食性天敌等非靶标生物的生长发育和稻田节肢动物群落的稳定性无明显影响.靶标害虫的抗性和转基因水稻与杂草稻、野生稻之间的基因漂移风险是转基因抗虫水稻商业化种植的主要环境安全问题.参60     

Environmentally friendly bleaching of cotton using laccases

A new strain of Trametes hirsuta was found to oxidize various cotton flavonoids. Here we show that laccases of this organism were responsible for oxidation of the flavonoids morin, luteolin, rutin and quercetin. Out of two laccases produced by T. hirsuta (60.7 and 51.0 kDa) the more prominent 60.7 kDa laccase was purified and showed K _m and k _cat values of 75.5, 20.9 and 49.4 μM and 72.5, 96.3 and 32.7 s⁻¹, hours on ABTS, syringaldazide and DMP, respectively. Pretreatment of cotton with the T. hirsuta laccase resulted in a whiteness increase of 8.5%.     

Underlying reasons of the controversy over adverse effects of Bt toxins on lady beetle and lacewing larvae

In their recent study, Hilbeck et al. (2012) report that Cry1Ab causes lethal effects on larvae of the ladybird beetle Adalia bipunctata when fed directly to the predator. Such toxic effects were not previously observed in a direct feeding study conducted by us (álvarez-Alfageme et al. 2011). Because Hilbeck et al. (2012) claim that our study design did not allow us to detect any adverse effects we provide arguments for the value and relevance of our study in this commentary. Furthermore we discuss two additional published studies that have not revealed any direct effects of Cry1Ab on larvae of A. bipunctata and are not mentioned by Hilbeck et al. (2012). One of the studies was conducted in our laboratory under more realistic exposure conditions (álvarez-Alfageme et al. 2011). Feeding A. bipunctata larvae with spider mites reared on Bt maize did not reveal any adverse effects on lethal and sublethal parameters of the predator. This was despite the fact that the larvae had ingested high amounts of biologically-active Cry1Ab protein. Thus, we do not see verified evidence that A. bipunctata larvae are sensitive to Cry1Ab at realistic worst-case exposure concentrations. This, together with the fact that A. bipunctata will be little exposed to Cry1Ab under field conditions, allows us to conclude that the risk of Bt maize to this predator is negligible. Support for this comes from the results of many Bt maize field studies that have not revealed evidence for direct Cry1Ab-effects on non-Lepidoptera species.