Pressure wave propagation in a short tunnel caused by passing trains

The aerodynamic behaviour of pressure transients in railway tunnels due to the passage of train are accompanied by the wave reflection between the entrance and exit of the tunnel as well as the tunnel wall and train surface. This study presents a numerical method using the Harten-Yee upwind TVD scheme to simulate compression wave transients and reflection in a railway tunnel. The strength of the compression wave generated by the entrance of a train into a tunnel emerged within the applied calculation procedure, without any special consideration of the boundary condition for the entrance or exit of the tunnel as well as the train nose and tail. Good agreements were obtained when the initial pressure rise at tunnel entrance and the process of pressure variations in a short tunnel, which were calculated by the presented numerical method, were compared with experimental data. The pressure wave reflection at the entrance and exit, the unsteady flow around the train and the transmitted wave at tunnel exit portal were simulated. The transmitted wave at the tunnel exit portal is also discussed. In addition a method to determine the non-reflective boundary condition for multi-dimensional Euler equation is given.     

Pressure wave propagation in a short tunnel caused by passing trains

The aerodynamic behaviour of pressure transients in railway tunnels due to the passage of train are accompanied by the wave reflection between the entrance and exit of the tunnel as well as the tunnel wall and train surface. This study presents a numerical method using the Harten-Yee upwind TVD scheme to simulate compression wave transients and reflection in a railway tunnel. The strength of the compression wave generated by the entrance of a train into a tunnel emerged within the applied calculation procedure, without any special consideration of the boundary condition for the entrance or exit of the tunnel as well as the train nose and tail. Good agreements were obtained when the initial pressure rise at tunnel entrance and the process of pressure variations in a short tunnel, which were calculated by the presented numerical method, were compared with experimental data. The pressure wave reflection at the entrance and exit, the unsteady flow around the train and the transmitted wave at tunnel exit portal were simulated. The transmitted wave at the tunnel exit portal is also discussed. In addition a method to determine the non-reflective boundary condition for multi-dimensional Euler equation is given.

     

高速列车隧道内交会压力波基本特性数值模拟研究

高速列车隧道内交会压力波变化剧烈,产生较大的气动载荷,可能带来乘客舒适性、车体及部件和洞内固定设备气动疲劳破坏问题,给列车安全运行带来隐患。基于CFD软件,采用三维可压缩非定常湍流流动的流动模型压力修正算法和任意滑移界面网格技术,本文对高速列车隧道内等速和不等速交会压力波进行数值模拟,分析了列车交会过程车体外部压力场变化过程,较为详细描述了头头交会、头尾交会及尾尾交会时列车头尾部部位压差的变化过程,分析了等速和不等速交会时车外及洞内压力波的变化特性,初步给出了交会时变速度列车的负压峰值绝对值与车速的拟合关系式。     

遂渝铁路古家垭口隧道洞口噪声特性研究

以遂渝铁路古家垭口隧道为研究对象,旨在研究时速200 km/h以下的隧道噪声特性。通过现场实测与结果分析,得到遂渝铁路CRH1A型和CRH1B型等两种不同类型的动车组列车通过古家垭口隧道洞口时的时域、频谱等噪声特性,并且发现列车进、出隧道导致的微气压波历时都约为50 s,波动周期约为1.7 s,频率主要在0.05 Hz~4 Hz,各测点最大声压级频率都在1.25 Hz。以列车通过时间段的等效声压级为评价量,总结其噪声衰减规律,对于今后开展环境影响评价工作具有一定的参考价值。     

高速列车过隧道对弓网动力学影响分析

为研究高速列车通过隧道时产生的受电弓空气动力学效应对弓网动力学性能的影响,分别建立了受电弓/高速列车空气动力学仿真模型和弓网耦合系统动力学模型。采用滑移网格技术实现了高速列车运动,通过有限体积法求解三维瞬态可压缩Navier-Stokes方程和 两方程湍流模型,计算了列车速度为350km/h通过隧道时受电弓的气动抬升力,对考虑和未考虑列车通过隧道产生的受电弓气动抬升力作用时的弓网动力学响应进行了对比分析。计算结果表明,受电弓气动抬升力在隧道入口和出口时出现峰值,隧道内的气动抬升力较明线上大;通过隧道时产生的受电弓气抬升力变化对弓网接触压力和接触线抬升位移具有显著影响,导致受流质量变差。     

基于叠加原理的隧道爆破近区振动预测方法

为了改善隧道近区振动强度预测的准确性,基于现场单孔爆破试验,在掌子面后方构建5排×11列的测点阵模型,在考虑震波频率随传播距离衰减的基础上,利用Anderson线性叠加模型来模拟掏槽孔爆破时的振动情况,建立符合现场实际的隧道近区振速计算模型。同时以北京兴延高速公路隧道梯子峪段爆破工程实测振动数据验证模型的可行性,并对隧道近区振速进行预测。研究表明:(1)基于波形叠加的爆破振动预测模型适用于隧道近区振动预测;(2)在平行于掌子面的隧道截面上,在一定范围内爆破地震波能量流动的方向逐渐分散而均匀,在垂直于掌子面的测线上,拱顶处速度衰减折线的斜率绝对值最大,衰减最快;(3)在模型分析区域中,随着到掌子面距离的增加,不同隧道截面上测点对群孔效应敏感性不同,距离掌子面越近,敏感性越大。     

六线双层铁路钢桁桥车桥系统气动特性风洞试验研究

为研究多线双层铁路桥梁车辆与桥梁的气动特性,利用三分力分离装置-交叉滑槽系统,对某六线双层大跨铁路斜拉桥进行节段模型风洞试验。测试了不同车桥组合下车辆与桥梁各自的气动力,研究了单列车的位置、双车同层交会、双车上下层共存时车辆和桥梁气动特性的相互影响,并讨论了风攻角对上层车辆气动力的影响。试验结果表明,当车辆位于桥梁断面不同位置时,车辆气动力差异较大;由于上层桥面宽度较大,气流经过桥梁断面前缘分离后,再附着于较靠后的背风侧车辆,导致背风侧车辆的阻力系数更大;双层车辆共存时,当两者同处于迎风侧,气动力有明显的相互影响;风攻角对背风侧车辆的气动力影响显著。     

Wave scattering by a horizontal circular cylinder in a two-layer fluid with an ice-cover

In a two-layer fluid wherein the upper layer is of finite depth and bounded above by a thin but uniform layer of ice-cover modelled as a thin elastic sheet and the lower layer is infinitely deep below the interface, time-harmonic waves with a given frequency can propagate with two different wavenumbers. The wave of smaller wavenumber propagates along the ice-cover while wave of higher wavenumber propagates along the interface. In this paper problems of wave scattering by a horizontal circular cylinder submerged in either the lower or in the upper layer due to obliquely as well as normally incident wave trains of both the wave numbers are investigated by using the method of multipole expansions. The effect of the presence of ice-cover on the various reflection and transmission coefficients due to incident waves at the ice-cover and the interface is depicted graphically in a number of figures.     

Numerische Strömungssimulation an einer Niedergeschwindigkeits-Axialturbine unterschiedlichen Deckband-Abschirmungen des Laufrades

The numerical simulation of the flow through a low-speed turbine stage followed by a vane row is presented for two experimentally investigated shrouds of different weight and shape. The aerofoil-pressure distribution of the blades and vanes as well as the flow at the exit of the bladerow is compared in the experimentally and numerically obtained results. In addition to experimental data published earlier, numerical flow results are added, which had been inaccessible in the experiment. The choice of the turbulence model influences substantially the result of the numerical simulation for the flow leaving the rotor blade row. Furthermore the computational result shows the influence of the flow pattern in the labyrinth cavity on the power loss. The prediction of the static pressure decrease along the flow path through the seal across the cavities concludes this investigation.     

Control of the continuous rheocasting process

In the continuous rheocasting process, a semi-solid alloy is obtained from the exit port of the apparatus at a given rate and with a given fraction of solid. This solid fraction is dependent on the corresponding temperature within the solid-liquid range which should be controlled accurately by the process parameters for a given rheocaster stirring chamber. For this purpose a heat flow model has been established for the continuous rheocasting of Bi-17 wt% Sn alloy. The heat transfer calculations are based on the solution of the two-dimensional partial differential equations using a finite difference method. An excellent agreement between calculations and experimental results is found. Computations are carried out in order to find the influence of stirring chamber dimensions on the alloy exit temperature and therefore, the volume fraction of solid. The influence of input metal temperature and metal flow rate on the exit temperature and volume fraction of solid are also found.     

Elastic waves in a fluid-loaded, semi-infinite axisymmetric rod

In a fluid-loaded, semi-infinite axisymmetric rod, a free shear stress boundary condition on the circular cross-sectional end introduces complicated, nondispersive waves in the solid. They are composed of a pulse wave, which has the same waveform as the transmitted one and travels at speed c1, and different kinds of pulse trains, each of which travels along the rod at the speed of either c1 or square root of 2c2, where c1 and c2 are the propagating speeds of the longitudinal and transversal bulk waves, respectively. Furthermore, one can conclude from the solutions to the boundary conditions that c1 and square root of 2c2 are the only phase speeds of nondispersive waves. Frequency equations associated with these waves are established, and the solutions are solved and discussed analytically and numerically. The acoustic field in the fluid is also fully discussed, and it is more complicated than a single outgoing Hankel function as described for an infinite rod. The acoustic energy coupling between the solid and the fluid and the end reflection and transmission are quantified as well. In the end, experimental examinations of the echo spectra, using an aluminum rod immersed in the water and air, fully confirm the numerical solutions to the frequency equations.     

地铁环境内的通风效率对室内空气品质的影响

维持地铁环境中的空气清洁对乘客来说是非常重要的。尽管地铁站的屏蔽门（PSD）可以很好地改善地铁站内空气品质,但地铁隧道内的空气品质却仍然很差,隧道内CO2浓度和颗粒物（PM）值均较高。增加列车运行的频率和数量,均会导致地铁环境内的空气品质变差。因此,为获得更好的空气质量,地铁隧道的通风系统需要进一步改进。数值分析是一种有效的方法,可用来分析地铁双轨隧道通风系统的性能。本文对位于韩国首尔的地铁双轨隧道系统进行了数值模拟,采用ANSYS CFX软件对列车正常运行时隧道内的气流进行了非定常计算。分别针对一辆列车在隧道里运行,或者两辆列车同时运行时,对隧道内的气流进行了模拟研究。当所有的竖井用于自然通风时,分析了隧道里的活塞效应。结果表明,竖井送风对隧道内污染气体稀释以后,通过机械通风井排出;当双轨隧道内仅有一辆列车运行时,供气量和排气量是平衡的;当同时有两辆列车相向运行时,隧道内的污染空气浓度很高,且竖井里没有电力供应时,所有的竖井用于自然通风。车站门被打开时,停留在隧道内的污染空气就会进入车站站台。     

The Cauchy surface wave problem from the viewpoint of a VOF method

Tidal waves produced in deep water by initial local disturbances of the surface are investigated by direct simulations using a volume-of-fluid method. Particular in case of finite disturbances this class of surface-waves has long been regarded as difficult, since the effort is substantial to obtain results in the framework of inviscid linearised potential flow theory. Due to the finite disturbances, the wave trains disappears. This phenomenon cannot be covered by the available closed analytical expressions, and it is hence investigated numerically in detail. The presented numerical approach employs a piecewise linear interface construction method. Cartesian and cylindrical cases are considered, and the numerical results are benchmarked with the analytical expressions and with experimental results. Based on this, a correlation for the maximum wave amplitude as function of the distance is derived.     

Portable forced-air tunnel evaluation for cooling products inside cold storage rooms

Freezing process efficiency is affected by the required conditions to keep the air flow and temperature at the product surface. The objective of this work was to obtain results on comparative studies with air exhaustion and blowing using an experimental portable forced-air freezing tunnel. The device was designed to improve cooling rates inside storage room without the need for a cooling/freezing tunnel. A heterogeneity factor was proposed for air circulation evaluation and compared with convective heat transfer coefficient (h_ef) values. Lower modules of heterogeneity factor values represent smaller temperature differences among samples. Comparing two different air flow processes, heterogeneity factor values were similar for regions where the cooling air could flow without obstructions. However, larger differences were observed for regions with hampered air circulation. Results indicated that the air distribution, as well as the heat transfer, occurs more uniformly around the products in the exhausting process than in the blowing system.     

Modeling of the supersonic argon plasma jet at low gas pressure environment

Numerical simulation results are presented concerning the heat transfer and fluid flow within the supersonic argon plasma jet encountered in low pressure (or soft vacuum) plasma spraying (LPPS). The plasma parameters at the inlet section of the plasma jet are taken from our modeling results of the subsonic-to-supersonic d.c. arc plasma torch. The mach number, temperature and static pressure at the center of the plasma jet on the torch exit section are 2.8, 13 200 K and 6000 Pa, respectively, whereas the environment (i.e. vacuum chamber) pressure is 0.1 atm. Those parameters are typical for LPPS. The plasma jet is assumed to be axi-symmetrical and in local thermodynamic equilibrium state. The All-Speed SIMPLE algorithm is coupled with the FAST-2D program to simulate the whole plasma jet containing both the supersonic and subsonic flow regions. Modeling results clearly show that there exist several successive temperature, velocity and static wave crests and troughs. The fluctuation magnitudes of those parameters reduce rapidly in the flow direction, along with the flow transformation from the supersonic flow regime into the subsonic flow regime. The existence of a series of compression and expansion waves in the region near the torch nozzle exit shows clearly the over-expanded characteristics of the supersonic plasma flow.     

地铁所致某音乐排练厅室内二次结构噪声测试与仿真

近年来,随着地铁建设的迅速发展,地铁运行时所产生的振动对邻近建筑室内的二次结构噪声影响逐渐引起人们的关注。为研究室内二次结构噪声数值预测方法,以北京地铁某正线邻近二层音乐排练厅为例,首先对建筑墙、楼板的振动及室内噪声状况进行多点同步详细测试,通过实测数据分析得到地铁运行所致建筑室内振动及二次结构噪声特性;然后采用大型有限元软件Ansys建立隧道-岩土-建筑-声场三维精细化数值仿真模型,对地铁列车通过时的室内二次结构噪声进行仿真计算,并与实测数据进行对比分析。结果表明:地铁列车运行引起的建筑室内二次结构噪声在63 Hz处出现峰值;在100 Hz以下频率范围内仿真结果与实测结果吻合较好;受模型网格划分尺寸影响,100 Hz以上振动和二次结构噪声数值计算结果小于实测值,考虑到地铁运行引起的振动频率主要分布在1 Hz至100 Hz范围内,其对100 Hz以上的振动及二次结构噪声影响相对较小,因此可认为所采用的数值计算方法是科学可靠的,可为类似地铁沿线建筑室内二次结构噪声预测评价提供参考。     

铁路隧道仰拱结构振动特性实测分析

为研究隧道仰拱及仰拱填充结构的振动特性,以兰新高铁福川隧道为依托进行现场测试,分析不同运行速度列车振动荷载作用下,不同深度处仰拱及仰拱填充结构的振动加速度和动应力响应及衰减规律,并通过数值模拟进行对比分析。结果表明:列车速度一定时,列车运行侧仰拱及仰拱填充中振动加速度响应随着深度的增加逐渐减小,双线同时行车时,振动加速度响应相比单线行车时有所提高,且提高的幅度与行车速度有关,数值模拟得到的结果与实测结果基本吻合。仰拱及仰拱填充是承载振动加速度的主要载体,应将其作为结构设计的重点。研究成果对优化隧道支护体系确保列车运行安全具有重要意义。     

A comparison of critical flow models for estimating two-phase flow of HCFC22 and HFC134a through short tube orifices

An experimental study to investigate the critical flow of refrigerants through short tube orifices has been performed by measuring the mass flowrates and pressure profiles along the short tube orifice. Eight critical flow models have been examined and their results compared with the experimental data for HCFC22 and HFC134a. These models include four homogeneous equilibrium models, two homogeneous frozen models, and two non-homogeneous equilibrium models. The data indicate that the flow was choked when downstream pressures were lower than the saturation pressure corresponding to the upstream temperature. The observed flows through short tube orifices included a lack of equilibrium due to short time of expansion and homogeneous mist flow at the exit plane. These flow trends would be more consistent with the basic assumptions of the homogeneous frozen models. Based on the comparison of the existing critical flow models and experimental data, the homogeneous frozen models showed the best agreement with the measured data except for exit qualities below 0.06.     

X-ray investigation of a domestic refrigerator. Observations at 25°C ambient temperature

In this study, the transient behavior of a domestic refrigerator is investigated by the use of an X-ray system. The studies are made on a two-door upright freezer with a volume of 435 liters, and which has an automatic defrost feature. The refrigerant is R134a. During the experimental study, ambient temperature is held at 25±2 °C. Real time X-ray video images of the refrigeration circuit are taken during the pull-down (cooling down of the refrigerator from ambient temperature) and cyclic periods as well. X-ray images are recorded by focusing to on the dryer, capillary exit, evaporator inlet, and accumulator regions specifically. In order to watch evaporator and dryer sections continuously, two identical experiments are made while the probe is focused on either the evaporator or dryer sections each time. By matching the video images and temperature data, the flow regimes, charge inventory, accumulator functioning, and changes of subcooling degree at dryer inlet are explained. Possible flow induced noise mechanisms are identified.     

Transsonische Strömung in einem Gasturbinenlaufrad – experimentelle Untersuchungen im ebenen Gitter und im rotierenden Ringgitter

Using a straight cascade and a rotating annular cascade the transonic flow field within a gas turbine rotor according to design conditions was investigated (β₁?=?140°, Ma_2is?≈?1.1). By means of conventional measuring technic using pneumatic pressure transducers within probes and on surfaces wake flow traverses were carried out as well as static pressure measurements and boundary layer measurements. Determination of the flow velocity was done within different planes parallel to the cascade exit using a L2F-anemometer. Finally, heat transfer measurements and flow visualisation by means of the Schlieren technic were part of the research program. The experiments clearly show that the results from the two dimensional and the three dimensional investigations supplement each other and contribute to a deeper understanding of the aerodynamics of the flow field within a gas turbine rotor. As well, the results can be used as basic data to validate (improved) numerical procedures for flow field computations.