红细胞在一氧化氮储存和运输中的作用

通过定量比较红细胞内一氧化氮（ＮＯ）浓度,观察ＮＯ产生体系对红细胞内ＮＯ浓度变化的影响,外源性ＮＯ对氧合血红蛋白,脱氧血红蛋白的影响以及ＮＯ对硫醇类物质影响,探讨红细胞在ＮＯ储存和运输过程中的作用。结果发现红细胞内的ＮＯ浓度显著高于血浆,加入ＮＯ产生体系,红细胞中ＮＯ浓度增加;外源性ＮＯ可以结合到血红蛋白的铁离子上,并使氧合血红蛋白向高铁血红蛋白转换,ＮＯ可结合到硫醇类物质（Ｌ－半胱氨酸）的巯基上     

慢性减压缺氧大鼠红细胞膜收缩蛋白与红细胞变形能力的研究

目的：探讨红细胞膜收细胞膜蛋缩蛋白在红细胞变形性改变中的作用；方法：模拟５０００ｍ高原环境，复制减压缺氧肺动肺高压大鼠模型。用红细胞变形仪测定不同切应力（５０、１００、２００、３００Ｎ／ｍ＾２）下红细胞的变形能力。     

糖尿病患者红细胞糖酵解及其与红细胞参数的关系

本文测定了30例非胰岛素依赖型糖尿病(NIDOM)患者红细胞糖酵解值及红细胞几个相关参数。结果显示NIDOM患者红细胞糖酵解值较正常对照组明显降低;而且对葡萄糖变化的应激能力也减弱,红细胞数(RBC)、红细胞压积(HCT)、平均红细胞体积(MCV)也较正常对照组明显增高。提示红细胞糖酵解降低可能是导致红细胞相关参数变化的重要因素。     

高胆固醇血症红细胞形态扫描电镜观察

 目的 探讨高胆固醇血症红细胞形态变化及发病机制.方法 以扫描电镜观察20例高胆固醇血症(>6 mmol/L)临床亚健康人血红细胞形态.结果 所选20例高胆固醇血症(>6 mmol/L)临床亚健康人血红细胞均有不同程度形态变异.结论 高胆固醇血症红细胞不仅存在膜组分的变化,同时膜蛋白和膜骨架受损及膜内外环境的劣化可能是导致其形态变异、功能受限的原因所在.     

31P NMR relaxation time studies of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate in solution and intact erythrocytes

The 31P T1 spin-lattice relaxation times and nuclear Overhauser effects of 3-P and 2-P in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) have been measured in pure water solutions and in suspensions of intact erythrocytes. It was found that extremely careful purification of the water solutions from paramagnetic impurities was necessary in order to obtain reproducible results. The dominant relaxation mechanism in purified samples was shown to be the dipole-dipole interaction. Contributions from the chemical-shift anisotropy mechanism were demonstrated to be important at higher magnetic field strengths. Based upon the measurements in water solutions and intact erythrocyte suspensions it was concluded that there could be observed no significant influence of the oxygenation state of hemoglobin on the 31P T1 values of 2,3-DPG.     

The red blood system in men during long-term head-down bed rest]

Red blood was analyzed in six 25 to 40 yr. old male volunteers in a 120-d head-down bedrest (HDBR) study. The hematological investigation included morphological analyses (erythrocyte count and hemoglobin), and determination of iron turnover, erythrocyte IgA, IgG and IgM, metabolism, lipids and phospholipids, and lipid peroxidation rate (LPO). At the beginning of HDBR (day 7), the erythrocyte count and hemoglobin content were found increased w/o any visible changes in the other parameters. Further exposure to HDBR (days 50-100) resulted in modification of intracellular metabolism in erythrocytes, increases in serum iron, and serum and erythrocyte ferritin. On HDBR days 50 and 100, and post-HDBR day 9, cholesterol was increased, LPO intensified and antioxidant activities inhibited, which suggested destabilization of the cell membrane. Hematological shifts in the bedrested volunteers were of the type and pattern similar to those in cosmonauts who fulfilled extended space missions.     

Phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance measurements of 2,3-DPG degradation in human adult and cord blood erythrocytes

We have measured the percent change in 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG) concentration in cord blood erythrocytes and adult erythrocytes during incubation at 37 degrees C using 31P nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. DPG concentrations remained unchanged during the first 4.0 +/- 0.9 h (mean + SD) for cord blood erythrocytes and 6.0 +/- 1.0 h for adult blood erythrocytes. After this plateau phase, cord blood and adult erythrocyte DPG concentrations decreased at a rate of 11.6 +/- 0.4 and 11.4 +/- 0.5% of the baseline DPG concentration per hour, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in the percent rate of DPG degradation when comparing cord blood erythrocytes to adult erythrocytes during either the plateau phase or the decay phase. Starting at the onset of the decay phase, the neonate 3-P DPG resonance shifted downfield at a rate of 0.03 +/- 0.006 ppm per hour; the adult 3-P DPG resonance shifted downfield at a rate of 0.02 +/- 0.003 ppm per hour.     

Sustained swimming increases erythrocyte MCT1 during erythropoiesis and ability to regulate pH homeostasis in rat

We investigated the effect of sustained swimming exercise on the increase in monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) concentration and its ability to regulate pH homeostasis in rat erythrocytes. Male Sprague-Dawley rats aged 9 weeks were divided into sedentary and swimming groups for both 1- and 3-week experiments. The exercise group swam for 30 - 60 min/day, 5 days/week. Before and 1 and 3 weeks after initiation of the exercise, blood was collected for lactate concentration measurement during pre-exercise rest and post-exercise recovery periods. On the last day of each experiment, venous blood and erythroid cells in bone marrow were collected to assay the capacity for erythropoiesis and MCT1 concentration. In the swimming group at 0 weeks (p < 0.05), 1 week (p < 0.01) and 3 weeks (p < 0.001), the blood lactate concentration post-exercise was significantly higher than at rest. The ratio of young erythrocytes to total erythrocytes was significantly higher in the 3-week swimming group than in the sedentary group (p < 0.05). The MCT1 concentration in erythrocytes was higher in the 3-week swimming group than in the sedentary group (18 %, p < 0.05), which was found in young erythrocytes (22 %, p < 0.05) when total erythrocytes were separated into young and old fractions. The MCT1 concentration in erythroid cells was higher in both the 1-week and 3-week swimming groups than in either of the sedentary groups (27 and 28 %, respectively, p < 0.05). The pH recovery of erythrocyte suspensions at 10, 15 and 20 seconds after addition of lactate to the suspension medium was significantly faster in the 3-week swimming group than in the sedentary group (p < 0.001). These findings suggest that erythrocyte MCT1 is increased during erythropoiesis in bone marrow and that the increase of the transporter facilitates, at least partly, lactate/proton co-transport due to sustained swimming exercise in rats.     

Energy metabolism in the erythrocytes of humans exposed to anti-orthostatic hypokinesia

Energy metabolism in red blood cells of men exposed to antiorthostatic hypokinesia (-8 degrees) was investigated. It was found that during this exposure erythrocytes synthesized organic phosphates such as diphosphoglyceric acid (2,3-DPG), ATP and ADP that were similar in terms of their effect on hemoglobin affinity for oxygen. On hypokinesia day 6, when the oxygen concentration in the erythrocyte environment increased, the content of the above phosphates also grew. It can therefore be concluded that glucose metabolism in erythrocytes of test subjects exposed to antiorthostatic hypokinesia is implemented via enhanced interaction between glycolytic and pentose-phosphate pathways.     

心肺复苏后综合征患者电镜扫描红细胞形态观察

目的观察心肺复苏后红细胞形态变化特点。方法随机采取33例心肺复苏后综合征患者静脉血样,制作红细胞标本,以扫描电镜观察其形态。结果心肺复苏后血红细胞失去双凹圆盘结构,细胞体扭曲畸形,细胞间呈堆叠样分布,叠联红细胞棘突及钝锯齿状突起更加明显,并可见裂细胞及活化的血小板。结论心肺复苏后红细胞形态的畸变很可能是导致微循环障碍及复苏后综合征的主要原因。     

训练对武警院校学员心率及红细胞膜Na+,K+-ATP酶活性的影响

 目的研究长期训练及不同训练强度对红细胞膜Na+,K+-ATP酶活性影响,以及与心率的相关性,为科学训练提供简易的监测指标.方法武警院校学员51名,分为非训练组和训练组.训练组选取3种训练科目,用Polar表记录心率,采用比色法测定训练周期末以及运动前后红细胞膜Na泵活性.结果安静状态下训练组Na泵活性显著高于非训练组.在中、大强度运动范围,Na泵与心率活性正相关(r=0.297,r=0.285,P＜0.05);在极限强度运动范围,Na泵与心率负相关(r=-0.407,P＜0.05).结论训练可提高红细胞膜Na泵活性;不同运动负荷对人红细胞膜Na泵活性有不同影响.心率可反映红细胞膜Na+,K+-ATP酶活性变化.     

疟原虫裂殖子入侵红细胞的电镜观察

本文用透射电镜观察了伯氏疟原虫入侵红细胞的过程。结果表明,在距离很近时,游离裂殖子和红细胞有相互接近的趋势。接触后,红细胞呈凹陷状包围裂殖子,同时,相互间以两种不同的方式联系着。顶端固定式附着和周围活动性联结。前者似起着牵引作用,后者则有助于在流动环境中包围活动的完成。包围的进展不一定完全对称。与约氏疟原虫相比,伯氏裂殖子多侵犯成熟红细胞,入侵中,虫体无明显变形;而约氏疟原虫多入侵幼龄红细胞,凹陷口部,虫体有较明显的缢痕。     

Ultrasonic echoes registered from erythrocytes

Erythrocytes at various concentrations were examined with a sensitive A-mode ultrasonic scanner; simultaneous measurements were made under light microscopic control. Individual erythrocytes caused weak (about 1 dB) echoes while erythrocyte aggregates (ten to 100 cells) produced stronger echoes (up to 15 dB), grossly proportional to the size of the aggregates. The latter type echoes were characteristic of higher erythrocyte concentrations (hematocrit 0.1 - 0.8). It is concluded that these echoes originate from red cell aggregates within the stagnant blood.     

Cytogenetic and biochemical reactions of experimental animals to combined exposure to low-intensity radiation and chemical factors]

Combined exposure of mice to a mixture of chemicals in small quantities and gamma-radiation at a total dose of 30 sGy cause partial summation of biological effects assessed by cytogenetic disorders in nuclear cells of the bone marrow and changes in erythrocyte metabolism. The level of cytogenetic damages in bone marrow cells remained increased till day 14 of recovery, whereas following exposure to chemicals or radiation alone the number of chromosomal aberrations (ChA) was nearly same as in control at this point of recovery The anaphase method showed prevalence of ChA in the form of fragments over bridges in marrow karyocites. The combination of factors suppressed energy-producing processes in erythrocytes (reliable reductions in lactate dehydrogenase and lactate) and activated oxidation processes (reliable decrease in reduced glutathione). Functional shifts in erythrocyte metabolism persisted till day 30 of recovery Based on results of the investigation, functional status of organism following low-intensity exposures can be assessed, along with cytogenetic, also by indices of erythrocyte metabolism.     

Role of viscosity and permeability of erythrocyte plasmatic membrane in controlling the oxygen transport effectiveness by human hemoglobin on completion of space flight]

Plasmatic membrane viscosity and permeability and hemoporphyrine conformation in human hemoglobin were studied on completion of long-duration space flight (LSF). Reversible increases in viscosity and selective permeability (Na+/H+ -turnover) of erythrocyte plasmatic membrane were observed immediately after and in the period of recovery from LSF. Viscosity of lipids in both external and internal locations of plasmatic membrane in human erythrocytes was changed after LSF. The reversible rise of the Na+/H+ -turnover is likely to alter intracellular pH and oxygen binding with hemoglobin. The former is confirmed by the concurrent reversible decline in the deoxyhemoglobin ability to bind oxygen and the oxyhemoglobin ability to retain oxygen. In LSF and during readaptation to the normal gravity blood levels of hemoglobin and free iron are known to be reduced and may be answerable for the hypoxic state of human organism.     

辐射对人红细胞酶损伤的远后效应

研究辐射对红细胞酶损伤的远后效应。方法对５例骨髓型急性放射病病人受照后第１，２，３，６年分别进行五大类代谢途径８种红细胞酶活力动态观察。结果受照后初期活力低下的酶Ｇ６ＰＤ、ＰＫ、ＭＲ及恢复期活力下降的酶ＡＣＥ在后续４次测定中均有不同程度回升，但个别患者的上述前三种酶活力始终低于正常下限。受照剂量、患者年龄与酶活力变化之间无显著相关性。结论辐射对红细胞酶损伤的远后效应在糖酵解酶ＰＫ、已糖旁路酶Ｇ６ＰＤ和氧化还原代谢酶ＭＲ表现最为明显。结果提示，辐射可能损伤了参与酶合成的相关基因     

75%VO_2max强度有氧运动对红细胞微观形态及流变学特性的影响

目的:通过重复性实验观察75 %VO2 max强度有氧运动对人体红细胞形态、粘度、聚集性和变形能力的影响。方法:正式实验前1周测定受试者的最大摄氧量。受试者间隔1周以75 %VO2 max强度完成1次蹬功率自行车运动1小时,每次运动前安静时和运动后即刻采静脉血测定全血粘度(高、中、低切)、血浆粘度(PV)、红细胞压积(Hct)、红细胞变形指数(TK)、聚集指数(RCA)和刚性指数(VR) ,扫描电镜(SEM)下观察红细胞微观形态变化。结果:3次实验均表明,75 %VO2 max强度运动可以使全血粘度各切变率、红细胞压积、变形指数、聚集指数和刚性指数显著增高;红细胞形态由双凹圆盘状变为单侧凹陷边缘肿胀的Ⅰ型口形红细胞或凹陷加深另一侧隆起似礼帽状的Ⅱ型口形红细胞。结论:1小时75 %VO2 max强度有氧运动后红细胞粘度、聚集性增大,压积升高,红细胞失去正常形态,变形能力下降,从而影响其正常的携带氧气和二氧化碳的功能。     

NMR investigation of hydroxyethyl starch-induced aggregation of human erythrocytes

Aggregation of human erythrocytes at physiological hematocrit by hydroxyethyl starch (HES) was investigated with a 1H nuclear magnetic resonance method which measures the erythrocyte mean water exchange time, tau a. A relationship that takes into account the effect of the aggregate as the water-exchanging unit was used to transform tau a values into the number of cells per aggregate, n. The procedure permits the determination of the time course of aggregation as well as its initial and equilibrium status. The values of n at equilibrium range from about 2 to 4 cells over the concentration of 1 to 5% HES in isotonic saline. The aggregation of erythrocytes in the presence of HES was found to follow first-order kinetics. The feasibility of this technique for application in the study of diseased states is indicated.     

Impact of intensive insulin treatment on the development and consequences of oxidative stress in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND/AIM: The aim of this study, which included patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, was to determine the influence of the application of various treatment modalities (intensive or conventional) on the total plasma antioxidative capacity and lipid peroxidation intensity expressed as malondialdehyde (MDA) level, catalase and xanthine oxidase activity, erythrocyte glutatione reduced concentration (GSH RBC), erythrocyte MDA level (MDA RBC), as well as susceptibility of erythrocyte to H2O2-induced oxidative stress. METHODS: This study included 42 patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. In 24 of the patients intensive insulin treatment was applied using the model of short-acting insulin in each meal and medium-acting insulin before going to bed, while in 18 of the patients conventional insulin treatment was applied in two (morning and evening) doses. In the examined patients no presence of diabetes mellitus complications was recorded. The control group included 20 healthy adults out of a blood doner group. The plasma and erythrocytes taken from the blood samples were analyzed immediately. RESULTS: This investigation proved that the application of intensive insulin treatment regime significantly improves total antioxidative plasma capacity as compared to the application of conventional therapy regime. The obtained results showed that the both plasma and lipoproteines apo B MDA increased significantly more in the patients on conventional therapy than in the patients on intensive insulin therapy, most probably due to intensified xanthine oxidase activity. The level of the MDA in fresh erythrocytes did not differ significantly between the groups on intensive and conventional therapy. The level of GSH and catalase activity, however, were significantly reduced in the patients on conventional therapy due to the increased susceptibility to H2O2-induced oxidative stress CONCLUSION: The presented study confirmed positive effect of intensive insulin therapy on metabolic control expressed through glycemia level glycolysed hemoglobine (HbAlc) and fructosamine, as well as through antioxidative/prooxidative homeostasis. This is the confirmation that an adequate treatment choice can prevent numerous diabetes mellitus complications induced by free radicals.     

银屑病患者红细胞天然免疫功能的变化及临床意义

目的 研究银屑病患者红细胞天然免疫功能状况,并探讨其在银屑病发病机制中的作用。方法 测定新鲜血红细胞对肿瘤细胞的快速天然免疫反应,同时用流式细胞仪定量测定红细胞CD35。结果 银屑病患者肿瘤红细胞花环率和红细胞CD35分子定量均明显高于对照组(P<0.05),并且红细胞CD35分子定量与PASI评分是显著正相关(r=0.926,P<0.001)。结论 (1)银屑病患者红细胞天然免疫功能存在亢进和紊乱,红细胞CD35分子数量及其活性的增加是银屑病天然免疫反应能力亢进的基础,并且在银屑病免疫发病机制中可能起重要作用;(2)银屑病患者红细胞天然免疫功能的测定可作为判断银屑病病情的客观指标之一。