颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后硬膜下积液的危险因素分析

目的探讨影响颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后硬膜下积液发生的独立危险因素。方法回顾性分析2012年2月至2014年2月149例颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术患者的临床资料,其中术后发生硬膜下积液47例（积液组）,未发生硬膜下积液102例（非积液组）。对其危险因素进行单因素分析和多因素Logistic回顾分析。结果两组患者入院时GCS评分、手术时机、血肿位置、血肿量、基底池受压、中线结构位移≥10 mm、蛛网膜下腔出血及脑积水发生率差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,入院时GCS评分≤5分、血肿量〉40 ml、中线结构位移≥10 mm、蛛网膜下腔出血、脑积水、基底池受压是颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后硬膜外积液的独立危险因素。结论损伤严重、血肿量大、CT表现为基底池受压和中线结构位移≥10 mm、并发蛛网膜下腔出血及脑积水的颅脑损伤患者在去骨瓣减压术后发生硬膜下积液的风险较高,应给予重视。     

颅脑损伤患者去骨瓣减压术后硬膜下积液的危险因素分析简

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤患者去骨瓣减压术后硬膜下积液的相关危险因素。方法回顾性分析73例重型颅脑损伤行去骨瓣减压术患者的临床资料。将患者按术后是否形成硬膜下积液分为两组：A组22例,术后发生硬膜下积液;B组51例,术后无硬膜下积液术。结果术前两组患者年龄、性别、术前GCS评分无统计学差异（P〉0．05）。A组术前CT显示基底池受压、中线结构移位超过10mm、并发蛛网膜下腔出血和脑积水发生率明显高于B组（P〈0．05）。A组患者术后GOS评分（2．65）明显低于B组（3．27;P〈0．05）。结论术前CT显示中线移位超过10mm、蛛网膜下腔出血、脑积水和基底池受压更多的出现在术后有硬膜下积液患者中,术后有硬膜下积液的患者预后更差。     

重型颅脑损伤术后发生硬膜下积液的临床研究

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后发生硬膜下积液的危险因素及治疗。方法回顾性分析我科室89例重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压手术患者的临床资料,术后34例发生硬膜下积液,选取同期55例未发生硬膜下积液的患者作为对照组,对可能的危险因素进行统计分析并总结治疗方案。结果两组患者性别、年龄、入院时GCS评分、瞳孔变化无统计学差异(P0.05);不同的受伤机制在两组患者中无统计学差异(P0.05);两组患者术前影像特征环池受压(P=0.025)、蛛网膜撕裂(P=0.046)、弥漫性脑损伤(P=0.026)、骨窗边缘距中线2.5 cm(P=0.018)存在统计学差异;中线移位10 mm(P=0.003)存在显著统计学差异;Logistic回归分析显示中线移位10 mm(OR=11.454,P=0.010)、环池受压(OR=12.083,P=0.021)与术后硬膜下积液的发生相关。术后发生硬膜下积液被分为4类治疗,初始治疗成功率91.2%,术后随访3个月,发生硬膜下积液的患者预后不良,有统计学差异(P=0.025)。结论中线移位10 mm、环池受压可增加重型颅脑损伤患者去骨瓣减压术后发生硬膜下积液的风险;术后硬膜下积液一旦形成,应当根据影像学特征进行分类,采取相应的治疗措施,改善治疗效果。     

Ommaya囊植入治疗颅脑损伤术后脑积水合并减压对侧硬膜下积液

目的探讨颅脑损伤术后脑积水合并去骨瓣减压对侧硬膜下积液的治疗方法。方法 2004～2010共收治颅脑损伤术后脑积水合并去骨瓣减压对侧硬膜下积液患者14例,先行Ommaya储液囊植入引流硬膜下积液,必要时对头部骨窗给予弹性绷带加压包扎和腰椎穿刺引流,待硬膜下积液消失后观察1～2周无复发时再行脑室-腹腔分流术。结果术后随访0.5～1年,无硬膜下积液复发、无积液演变成血肿等。患者脑积水症状均逐渐稳定,复查头颅CT示脑室缩小或接近正常,中线结构居中。结论 Ommaya囊植入治疗颅脑损伤术后脑积水合并去骨瓣减压对侧硬膜下积液是比较有效的方法。     

去骨瓣减压术后顽固性硬膜下积液3例及诊疗分析

目的探讨颅脑外伤去骨瓣减压术后顽固性硬膜下积液的临床治疗策略。方法通过对3例去骨瓣减压术后顽固性硬膜下积液的不同处理,并复习相关文献资料,分析硬膜下积液发生的原因及后期处理策略。结果揭示出去骨瓣减压术后顽固性硬膜下积液的预防及处理策略的相关问题。结论去骨瓣减压术后顽固性硬膜下积液,通过科学的治疗策略,可以早期预防,恰当处理,在患者的愈后中有一定的临床意义。     

重型颅脑损伤去大骨瓣减压术后对侧迟发性血肿的危险因素分析

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤去大骨瓣减压术后继发对侧迟发性血肿的危险因素。方法 2010年1月至2014年6月收治去大骨瓣减压术后发生对侧迟发性血肿的重型颅脑损伤24例(观察组),以1:2的比例收集同期去大骨瓣减压术后无迟发性血肿重型颅脑损伤48例为对照组。结果术后6个月按照GOS评分评定预后,观察组预后良好率(4.2%)明显低于对照组(33.3%;P0.05),而植物生存率(33.3%)和病死率(41.7%)均明显高于对照组(分别为12.5%和18.8%;P0.05)。多因素Logistic回归分析结果表明,术前头颅Rotterdam CT评分3分、对侧脑挫裂伤、对侧颅骨骨折、中线移位≥10 mm为重型颅脑损伤去大骨瓣减压术后继发对侧迟发性血肿的独立危险因素。结论重型颅脑损伤术前头颅CT检查示Rotterdam评分3分、对侧脑挫裂伤、对侧颅骨骨折或中线移位≥10 mm,去大骨瓣减压术后应注意防治继发对侧迟发性血肿。     

去骨瓣减压术后硬膜下积液45例临床分析

目的研究重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后硬膜下积液的处理方法和治疗效果。方法 45例重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后硬膜下积液患者行保守治疗13例,经皮穿刺19例,钻孔引流8例,去骨瓣开颅手术2例,脑室-腹腔分流术3例。结果硬膜下积液消失27例,好转18例。结论重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后硬膜下积液除部分轻症患者可经保守治疗好转或治愈外,对于大多数患者均需进行外科处理,其中以同侧经皮穿刺,对侧钻孔引流治疗效果较佳,且操作简便,效果可靠;而对于症状持续加重,复查CT积液增多的,可考虑再次行去骨瓣开颅硬膜下积液清除术或行脑室-腹腔分流术。     

重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后对侧硬膜下积液的临床分析（附14例报告）

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后对侧硬膜下积液的特点、成因及处理方法。方法14例重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后对侧硬膜下积液患者行保守治疗6例,钻孔引流4例,去骨瓣开颅手术4例,脑室-腹腔分流术4例。结果硬膜下积液消失7例,好转3例,无效4例。结论严格掌握大骨瓣减压手术适应证,术中硬脑膜减张缝合有助于减轻术后脑膨出,减少对侧硬膜下积液的发生。     

早期加压包扎预防大骨瓣减压术后硬膜下积液的临床体会

目的研究重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后硬膜下积液的防治方法和治疗效果。方法以63例行去骨瓣减压术病例作为实验组，进行早期加压包扎；以既往去骨瓣减压术病例作为对照组，对两组患者硬膜下积液发生率、住院时间及术后GOS评分等各项临床因素进行分析。结果早期加压包扎组病人硬膜下积液的发生率（9．5％）较对照组（23．3％）减少，住院时间≤30d的患者比例（36．5％）明显较对照组（17．4％）高，差异均具有统计学意义（P〈O．05）。结论早期加压包扎（术后7～10d）作为一种无创、简单易行的措施，可以减少去骨瓣减压术后硬膜下积液的发生率，并缩短患者住院时间。     

重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后脑膨出的临床特征

目的总结重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后并发脑膨出的临床特征,为减少或避免脑膨出的发生提供临床依据。方法对60例重型颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后患者进行回顾性探讨分析。结果颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后,脑膨出发生率67.7%,术前广泛脑挫裂伤及弥漫性脑肿胀,术后新发颅内血肿和(或)脑挫裂伤灶扩大、脑积水、大面积脑梗死、张力性硬膜下积液、颅内感染是导致术后脑膨出的重要原因。术后脑膨出的发生率与预后有相关性(Spearman=0.990,双侧P=0.000).结论颅脑损伤去骨瓣减压术后脑膨出的发生率高,需要严格把握去骨瓣减压术的手术指征,预防或及时处理术后各种导致术后颅高压的并发症。     

外伤性急性硬膜下血肿的预后因素探讨

目的探讨影响外伤性急性硬膜下血肿(ASDH)预后的因素。方法术后3个月,113例外伤性急性硬膜下血肿病人分为预后良好组(F组)和预后不良组(non-F组),对其术前资料进行回顾性分析比较。结果F组的年龄低于non—F组(P<0.05),GCS评分低于后者(P<0.01);瞳孔光反射阳性率和中脑周围池开放率高于后者(P<0.05).而伴随的脑挫伤、脑内血肿,蛛网膜下腔出血的发生率(P<0.05)及中线移位程度(P<0.01)低于后者。结论年龄、GCS评分、瞳孔对光反射和中脑周围池形态、中线移位程度及伴随颅内损伤的复杂、严重程度与ASDH病人预后有关,而瞳孔变化和CT影像学所提示的征象是反映ASDH病人预后的最为重要的因素。     

重型颅脑损伤术后发生脑积水的危险因素分析

目的探讨重型颅脑损伤患者术后脑积水发生的危险因素。方法回顾性分析手术后276例重型颅脑损伤手术患者的临床资料。随访6个月后根据脑积水诊断标准,分为脑积水组(47例)和非脑积水组(229例),采用单因素分析和逐步Logistic回归分析,比较两组患者颅内脑挫裂伤、脑室出血、硬膜下血肿、硬膜外血肿、颅骨损伤、颅骨线型骨折、脑脊液蛋白水平及压力等因素。结果随访结果显示,重型颅脑损伤患者术后脑积水发生率为17.03%(47/276);单因素分析结果显示脑积水组和非脑积水组在年龄、脑室出血、硬膜下血肿、昏迷(有无、持续时间)、格拉斯哥昏迷评分(Glasgow Coma Scale,GCS)、去骨瓣减压术、创伤性蛛网膜下腔出血(traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage,tSAH)、加尔维斯顿定位和失忆测试(Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test,PTA)、功能独立性测评(Function Independent Measure,FIM)的差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);Logistic回归结果显示高龄、硬膜下血肿、昏迷时间长、GCS低分值,去骨瓣减压术与重型颅脑创伤后的脑积水的发生显著正相关。结论高龄、有硬膜下血肿、GCS评分低、接受去骨瓣减压术是重型颅脑创伤后脑积水的危险因素。     

单纯颅脑损伤病人凝血功能异常的相关因素

目的 探讨单纯颅脑损伤（TBI）病人凝血功能异常的影响因素。方法 回顾性分析2012年1月至2015年12月收治的136例单纯TBI的临床资料,采用多因素Logistic回归分析检验并发凝血病的影响因素。结果 136例中,并发凝血病51例,其中纤维蛋白原异常率最高（29.4%）,其次是国际标准化比值（19.1%）。GCS评分≤8分、血糖水平≥20.1 mmol/L、中线移位、硬膜下血肿、脑室内出血是单纯TBI发生凝血病的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 TBI入院后建议密切监测凝血功能、血糖,及时完善CT、MRI等检查,对于Fib和INR异常、血糖升高、中线移位、硬膜下血肿、脑室内出血的TBI病人,应注意防治TBI相关性凝血病。     

Mild hypothermia for hemispheric cerebral infarction after evacuation of an acute subdural hematoma in an infant

The use of mild hypothermia to treat hemispheric infarction after evacuation of an acute subdural hematoma in an infant is reported. The patient, a 2-year-old boy, presented with a deteriorating level of consciousness after a fall from a tree. Computed tomography (CT) scan revealed an acute subdural hematoma on the right side with marked midline shift, and emergency evacuation of the hematoma was performed. The postoperative course was uneventful until the patient's intracranial pressure (ICP) rose and his condition deteriorated 3 days after surgery. CT scan revealed a hemispheric infarction on the injured side. Mild hypothermia was induced to control the ICP and protect the brain. While the hypothermia was effective in lowering the elevated ICP, it failed to arrest progression of the infarction. The patient was discharged with mild disability 2 months after the injury. No serious complications occurred during or after the hypothermia. Our experience indicates that hypothermia can be a useful procedure for controlling the ICP in children with severe traumatic brain injury including acute subdural hematoma, although its capability to protect the brain from severe, progressive ischemia appears to be limited.     

标准大骨瓣开颅治疗重度颅脑损伤继发急性硬膜下血肿疗效分析

目的探讨重度颅脑损伤继发急性硬膜下血肿患者应用标准大骨瓣开颅手术治疗的临床效果及安全性。方法选取我科2011-12—2014-01重度颅脑损伤继发急性硬膜下血肿患者50例,随机分为常规组和观察组各25例,常规组实施常规骨瓣开颅手术治疗,观察组实施标准大骨瓣开颅手术治疗,对比2组患者术前及术后不同时间点的血肿量、治疗效果,以及随访过程中患者术后并发症的发生情况。结果观察组术后1d、3d、7d血肿量分别低于常规组患者同时间点的血肿量;观察组有效率67.50%,常规组有效率37.50%,观察组效果明显更好;观察组病死率2.50%,明显低于常规组17.50%;观察组颅内感染、硬脑膜下积液、迟发性血肿、切口脑脊液漏、急性脑膨出发生率均低于常规组,差异有统计学意义;脑梗死发生率2组对比差异无统计学意义。结论对重度颅脑伤继发急性硬膜下血肿患者应用标准大骨瓣开颅手术治疗临床效果确切,且安全性高,值得临床推广应用。     

去骨瓣减压治疗重型颅脑损伤术中ICP的动态变化

目的探讨去骨瓣减压术(DC)治疗重型颅脑损伤中颅内压(ICP)的动态变化,分析减压前ICP与预后的相关性。方法回顾性分析35例重型颅脑损伤病人的临床资料,给予ICP探头植入后再行DC治疗。测定减压术前、去除骨瓣后、硬脑膜切开后、硬脑膜减张缝合后和关颅后的ICP,并于术后持续监测。出院时和伤后6个月以格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)评估病人的预后,并分析减压术前ICP与预后的相关性。结果减压术前、骨瓣去除后、硬脑膜切开后、硬脑膜减张缝合后和关颅后的平均ICP分别为(42±12)mmHg、(26±6)mmHg、(6±3)mmHg、(8±5)mmHg和(12±7)mmHg。与减压术前相比较,骨瓣去除后和硬脑膜切开后ICP均明显下降(均P<0.001)。减压前ICP<40 mmHg组和ICP≥40 mmHg组在出院时和伤后6个月的预后良好率无显著差异(均P>0.05)。结论 DC治疗重型颅脑损伤时,硬脑膜广泛切开才能获得最大程度的ICP降低。     

Cerebral Hyperperfusion and Delayed Coma Recovery after Subdural Hematoma Evacuation

Acute subdural hematoma is a devastating neurological injury with significant morbidity and mortality. In patients with large subdural hematoma resulting in compression of the underlying brain and lateral brain shift, severe neurological deficits and coma can occur. Emergent neurosurgical decompression is a life-saving intervention which improves mortality and neurological function. Persistent coma despite subdural hematoma evacuation is often the result of persistent midline shift, cerebral infarctions related to initial elevated intracranial pressure and herniation, nonconvulsive seizures, and other metabolic and infectious causes; however, a subset of patients remains comatose without a discernable etiology. In this report, we describe an elderly patient who remained comatose without a known cause for several weeks after subdural hematoma evacuation and was found to have delayed cerebral hyperperfusion on brain imaging. After several days, there was marked recovery of consciousness which occurred in a timeframe that matched improvement in brain imaging findings. Cerebral hyperperfusion following subdural hematoma evacuation requires further investigation, and should be considered as a cause of persistent but potentially recoverable coma.     

颅脑损伤患者手术预后因素回归分析

目的探讨颅脑损伤手术病人手术结果与术前诸多影响因素之间的关系。方法采用回顾性方法，收集148例患者临床资料，整理并输入EXCEL表格。将性别、年龄、入院时GCS评分、是否急诊气管切开、血肿量及类型、中线移位程度等分析指标以及手术结果（以GOS表示）赋值量化后用SPSS11．0统计包进行一系列统计学处理，得出有意义指标及多元回归方程。结果单因素分析表明手术预后与血肿量大小、中线移位程度、入院时GCS评分、硬膜下血肿存在与否、硬膜外血肿存在与否、是否存在脑肿胀有关。但多元逐步回归分析结果表明手术预后仅与入院时GCS评分、硬膜下血肿存在与否、血肿量大小、是否合并脑肿胀显著相关。结论临床颅脑损伤手术结果与多因素有关，它们之间并非互相独立而是彼此影响的。但临床工作中更应注意入院时GCS评分、硬膜下血肿存在与否、血肿量大小、是否合并脑肿胀这4个影响因素。     

Risk Factors Associated with Subdural Hygroma after Decompressive Craniectomy in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury : A Comparative Study

Objective

Subdural hygroma (SDG) is a complication occurring after head trauma that may occur secondary to decompressive craniectomy (DC). However, the mechanism underlying SDG formation is not fully understood. Also, the relationship between the operative technique of DC or the decompressive effect and the occurrence and pathophysiology of SDG has not been clarified. Purpose of this study was to investigate the risk factors of SDG after DC in our series.

Methods

From January 2004 to December 2008, DC was performed in 85 patients who suffered from traumatic brain injury. We retrospectively reviewed the clinical and radiological features. For comparative analysis, we divided the patients into 2 groups : one group with SDG after craniectomy (19 patients; 28.4% of the total sample), the other group without SDG (48 patients; 71.6%). The risk factors for developing SDG were then analyzed.

Results

The mean Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) scores at discharge of the groups with and without SDG were 2.8 and 3.1, respectively (p<0.0001). Analysis of radiological factors showed that a midline shift in excess of 5 mm on CT scans was present in 19 patients (100%) in the group with SDG and in 32 patients (66.7%) in the group without SDG (p<0.05). An accompanying subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was seen in 17 patients (89.5%) in the group with SDG and in 29 patients (60.4%) in the group without SDG (p<0.05). Delayed hydrocephalus accompanied these findings in 10 patients (52.6%) in the group with SDG, versus 5 patients (10.4%) in the group without SDG (p<0.05). On CT, compression of basal cisterns was observed in 14 members (73.7%) in the group with SDG and in 18 members of the group without SDG (37.5%) (p<0.007). Furthermore, tearing of the arachnoid membrane, as observed on CT, was more common in all patients in the group with SDG (100%) than in the group without SDG (31 patients; 64.6%) (p<0.05).

Conclusion

GOS showed statistically significant difference in the clinical risk factors for SDG between the group with SDG and the group without SDG. Analysis of radiological factors indicated that a midline shifting exceeding 5 mm, SAH, delayed hydrocephalus, compression of basal cisterns, and tearing of the arachnoid membrane were significantly more common in patients with SDG.