从大口黑鲈胃、肠道中分离的部分好氧菌的研究

从大口黑鲈（Microptens salmoides)胃、肠道中分离到24个好氧菌株。经过自动微生物鉴定系统（VITEK－AMS－60和VITEK－AMS－CC2）鉴定结果是：真菌只有1个菌株（茁芽毛孢酵母Tri-chosporon pullulans)；细菌有23个菌株，其中革兰氏阳性菌只有1个菌株（干燥棒状杆菌Corynebacterium xerosis)，1个非发酵性菌株（食酸假单胞菌Pseudomonas acidovorans)，其余21个菌株均是革兰氏阴性菌；革兰氏阴性菌中，支气管败血性鲍特氏菌（Bordetella bronchiseptica)5个，尿放线杆菌（Actinobacillus ureae)4个，粘黄杆菌（Flavobacterium gleum)4个，产吲哚黄杆菌（F.indologenes)3个，恶臭假单胞菌（P.putida)3个，泡囊假单胞菌（P.vesicularis)2个。24个菌株中5个水解淀粉，5个水解牛奶；在22种药物敏感试验中，恶臭假单胞菌肠14菌株和支气管败血性鲍特氏菌肠17菌株分别对17种药物有耐药性；24个菌株中，对氨苄青霉素、先锋V（头孢唑啉）、青霉素G不敏感的菌分别有23株、23株、22株。     

Diversity of Gram negative bacteria antagonistic against major pathogens of rice from rice seed in the tropic environment

With the use of a seed washing technique, more than 4000 Gram negative bacteria were isolated by two improved isolation methods from 446 batches of 1 kg rice seed samples obtained from 22 provinces in the Philippines. They were initially characterized on the basis of colony morphology and results of biochemical and pathogenicity tests. Six hundred and fifty-two strains were further identified by Biolog,from which 133 were selected for fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) analysis together with 80 standard reference! strains. Six-teen species or types of Pseudomonas and 17 genera of non-pseudomormds were identified, more than one third of which have not been recorded in rice. The most predominant species observed were P. puthda and P. ful-va. About 17% of the strains of Pseudomonas and 2% of the non-pseudomonads were antagonistic to one or more fungal or bacterial pathogens of rice. Rice seed is an important source of biological control agents.     

YA8703固氮菌的鉴定及应用研究

从云南宣威土中分离到一株YA8703固氮菌,经鉴定为褐球固氮菌云南变种(Azotobacter chroococcum var.yunnansis nov.var.)。用该菌制成的固氮菌肥作田间试验,在玉米和水稻上比同等肥力的对照增产10％～20％以上,投入产出比1∶30～1∶60。     

A genetic basis for Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm antibiotic resistance

Biofilms are surface-attached microbial communities with characteristic architecture and phenotypic and biochemical properties distinct from their free-swimming, planktonic counterparts. One of the best-known of these biofilm-specific properties is the development of antibiotic resistance that can be up to 1,000-fold greater than planktonic cells. We report a genetic determinant of this high-level resistance in the Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen, Pseudomonas aeruginosa. We have identified a mutant of P. aeruginosa that, while still capable of forming biofilms with the characteristic P. aeruginosa architecture, does not develop high-level biofilm-specific resistance to three different classes of antibiotics. The locus identified in our screen, ndvB, is required for the synthesis of periplasmic glucans. Our discovery that these periplasmic glucans interact physically with tobramycin suggests that these glucose polymers may prevent antibiotics from reaching their sites of action by sequestering these antimicrobial agents in the periplasm. Our results indicate that biofilms themselves are not simply a diffusion barrier to these antibiotics, but rather that bacteria within these microbial communities employ distinct mechanisms to resist the action of antimicrobial agents.     

泾阳链霉菌抗菌能力研究

对液体培养及固体培养条件下泾阳链霉菌的抗菌作用进行了测定,结果表明:这种放线菌对多种微生物类群的生长有抑制作用,并且不同的发酵条件下表现出的抗菌活性不一致,液体发酵条件下只对10种指示菌中的细菌和酵母菌有抗性,而固体培养条件下则只对其中的2种霉菌有效.两种农作物病原菌棉花枯萎病菌和青枯病菌也可被泾阳链霉菌有效地抑制.     

米根霉发酵生产L( )-乳酸研究进展

综述了米根霉发酵生产L( )-乳酸的研究进展.米根霉是生产L( )-乳酸的理想菌种,目前主要集中在菌株的选育、发酵工艺的优化和提取分离操作以及新型反应器的设计等方面的研究,通过控制米根霉菌体的形态可提高菌株产酸的能力,操作简便.提出今后应从利用基因工程等技术定向选育出高产L( )-乳酸的基因工程菌株,优化发酵工艺,改进发酵设备和选择合适的固定化载体等方面进一步研究,从而降低生产L( )-乳酸的成本,加大乳酸衍生物产品的开发与利用,扩大L( )-乳酸的应用领域.     

产碱假单胞菌碱性脂肪酶的克隆表达及酶学性质

【目的】为获得可应用于酯类水解及合成的脂肪酶资源,本研究通过筛选分离得到能够水解长链脂肪酸酯的脂肪酶产生菌,克隆表达其脂肪酶基因并研究脂肪酶的酶学性质。【方法】从环境中筛选分离出可水解三硬脂酸甘油酯的菌株,利用16SrDNA对其进行分子鉴定,并扩增其脂肪酶基因和脂肪酶分子伴侣基因。以pET-22b(+)为表达载体,构建共表达重组质粒,转化Escherichia coli BL21(DE3)进行异源表达,并对重组酶进行酶学性质研究。【结果】经16SrDNA鉴定该菌株为产碱假单胞菌Pseudomonas alcaligenes。通过PCR成功克隆到该菌的脂肪酶基因(lipPA-9A)和脂肪酶分子伴侣基因(lipPA-9B),并构建共表达重组质粒pET22b-lipPA-9A-9B,实现脂肪酶LIP-9A的活性表达。酶学性质研究表明LIP-9A的最适反应温度为35℃,最适反应pH值为10.5,最适反应底物为对硝基苯酚辛酸酯(pNPO);同时,LIP-9A还可以催化醇和羧酸发生酯化反应产生酯类物质。【结论】LIP-9A在碱性条件下具有较高活力,且可以催化酯化反应,在洗涤行业和酯合成领域具有一定的应用价值。     

具有ACC脱氨酶活性及抗枯萎病菌的假单胞菌株B*8

运用新的快速筛选程序,获得了具有１－氨基环丙烷－１－羧酸（１－ａｍｉｎｏｃｙｃｌｏｐｒｏｐａｎｅ－１ｃａｒ－ｂｏｘｙｌａｔｅ,ＡＣＣ）脱氨酶活性和拮抗瓜类枯萎病菌双重功能的根际假单胞菌株Ｂ８．利用ＡＣＣ为唯一氮源,从不同的土样中,快速筛选出８０个具有ＡＣＣ脱氨酶活性的菌落．在马铃薯葡萄糖培养基和西瓜培养基上,经异步培养法进一步筛选并纯化出３株对西瓜枯萎病菌具有较强拮抗作用的拮抗菌Ａ９、Ｂ８和Ｃ１７．对拮抗作用最强的Ｂ８进行分析表明,它属于假单孢菌属,能分泌较多的铁载体,对瓜类枯萎病以及其他植物病原菌具有广谱抗性．结果显示,此程序可替代通常采用的低效而耗时的筛选和生物测定过程,加快新的促进植物生长根际细菌的筛选和应用．     

怀牛膝毛状根诱导及培养体系的建立

以牛膝叶片为外植体,研究了不同发根农杆菌、培养基、乙酰丁香酮(AS)对毛状根诱导率及其生长的影响.结果表明,发根农杆菌不同菌种对牛膝叶片转化率有显著影响,3个供试菌种中ATCC15834菌株诱导率最高;在1/2MS无激素固体培养基上毛状根的诱导率及生长状况均优于MS培养基;100μmol·L-1 AS可以有效提高毛状根诱导率.毛状根从叶片形态学下端中脉切口处形成的愈伤组织上产生,能在无外源激素的培养基上自主生长.PCR扩增结果显示发根农杆菌Ri质粒的rolB基因已在牛膝毛状根基因组中插入、整合并得到表达.建立了牛膝毛状根诱导培养体系,为利用毛状根大规模生产药用成分奠定了基础.     

华东师范大学在校生皮肤上葡萄球菌类型及其抗药性分析

实验采集了华东师范大学在校学生皮肤表面的细菌样品,通过Baird Parker培养基选择性分离葡萄球菌属菌株.对分离到的菌株进行染色体DNA的提取,并扩增16S rRNA基因;通过16S rRNA基因序列分析菌株类型及菌株之间的系统发育关系;最后利用纸片琼脂扩散法(K-B法)检测葡萄球菌菌株对10种常见的抗生素敏感性并进行分析.结果分离得到了共31株葡萄球菌菌株,然后对各菌株的16S rRNA基因序列进行系统发育关系分析,将其分为6个不同的葡萄球菌种.通过对抗生素敏感性分析显示,31株菌中对10种抗生素检测没有完全敏感的菌株,其中氨苄青霉素、阿莫西林和恩诺沙星3种抗生素抗菌效果都比较低,抗性率分别为91％,91％和72％;阿米卡星的抗葡萄球菌效果最好,在31株菌株中只有3株菌株对阿米卡星具有抗性.上述结果显示,不管是维族人群还是汉族人群,皮肤表面都存在大量葡萄球菌,而维族人群中存在的数量高于汉族人群,但在菌株类型上并没有显著差异.存在于健康人体表面的葡萄球菌对常见10种抗生素具有较高的抗性,阿米卡星对葡萄球菌的敏感性最好.     

一株产碱性蛋白酶菌株的分离与鉴定

从黄石市土壤中分离到一株产碱性蛋白酶的革兰氏阴性杆菌,不产芽抱,具美膜．能在ｐＨ９－１１条件下生长、产酶．产酶最适ｐＨ值为９,最适温度为３７℃,适发酵时间为３６ｈ．发酵产酶量为４５．０Ｕ·ｍＬ－１根据实验结果,该菌株鉴定为毛状假单抱菌Ｐｓｅｕｄｏｍｏｎａｓ　ｌａｓｉａ．     

广西北部湾海域表层海水细菌多样性及其潜在生物合成基因研究

本研究选取广西北部湾3处近海海域,以其表层海水作为研究对象进行细菌多样性分析,旨在挖掘潜在抗生素生物合成的菌株.选用传统稀释涂布法和基于16S rRNA基因序列的系统发育树分析海水中可培养细菌多样性,并对其基因组DNA进行抗生素生物合成基因聚酮合酶(PKS)基因、非核糖体肽合成酶(NRPS)基因及卤化酶(Halo)基因...     

Characterization of nitrogen-fixing moderate halophilic cyanobacteria isolated from saline soils of Songnen Plain in China

Twenty out of 200 isolates of cyanobacteria mainly from saline soils of Songnen Plain of China were successfully grown on BG11 N-free medium. The nitrogen-fixing activity was then demonstrated for the 20 isolates in modified BG 11 medium using the acetylene reduction assay. All of them possessed appreciable nitrogenase activity （acetylene reduction） under non-saline conditions; however, at 5% NaCl only 60% of the isolates exhibited a high rate of this activity and 25% were completely negative under these conditions. The cyanobacteria isolates grew well in BG11 medium; nevertheless, growth of the majority of isolates was reduced by about 25-85% in the same medium containing 5% NaCl. Cellulolytic activity was detected in 50% of the 20 strains, amylolytic in 45%, and pectinolytic in 10%o of the isolates. The cyanobacteria isolates showed also enzymatic activity under saline conditions （6%）. The preliminary identification indicated that seven isolates were Nostoc, two were Microcystis, four were Oscillatoria, six were Anabaena, and one isolate was Synechococcus.     

好氧堆肥中高温纤维素分解菌的筛选及性状研究

从规模化好氧堆肥的高温阶段筛选获得6株具有较高纤维素降解能力的高温菌。这些菌株的生长速率、温度稳定性以及纤维素酶活性检测结果表明,它们能在45～65℃的温度下生长,最适生长温度为50～60℃;在普通细菌培养基和以羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC）为唯一碳源的限制性培养基上均能够快速启动并旺盛生长,分别在培养14h和36h左右达到最大活菌数。纤维素酶活性检测结果表明,获得的菌株均具有较高的 C_x 酶活和滤纸崩解能力,能够在2～3d内快速启动滤纸条崩解,并显著降低滤纸条中纤维素含量。     

多功能植病生防木霉的分离筛选与鉴定

从采集的120份土壤样品中分离获得木霉244株。对峙培养发现其中对棉花立枯丝核菌（Rhizoctonia solani）具有拮抗能力的有114株;固体培养检测木霉的解磷和固氮能力,发现所有菌株都能够水解植酸钙,有74株能够水解磷酸钙,未发现具有固氮能力的菌株。对抑菌圈和解磷圈最大的19株木霉在液体培养条件下检测了解磷和解钾能力,其中菌株T13—8（1．792μg／mL）、123（1．652μg／mL）显示出较高的解磷能力,部分菌株在液体培养条件下不能解磷;部分菌株在液体培养下显示出解钾功能,其中菌株T47-4（20．585μg／mL）显示出较高的解钾能力。上述19个菌株的形态学和ITS序列分析鉴定表明,其中9个菌株为Trichoderma longibrachiatum,8个菌株为rharzianum,另外2个菌株分别为rvirens和zcitrinoviride。     

粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens)研究Ⅱ--营养基质和不同色光对粘质沙雷氏菌生长的影响

粘质沙雷氏菌(Serratia marcescens)9-1、9-2、16-1 3菌株,在牛肉膏蛋白胨培养基上生长很好,产生红色菌落. 它们都利用乳糖、D-半乳糖、L-( )阿拉伯糖、鼠李糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖、D-山梨醇,生长良好并产生红色色素;在硫酸铵、L-赖氨酸、尿素、酪蛋白水解物、DL-天门冬酰胺、胰蛋白胨为氮源的培养基上生长得好并产生红色色素,而在硝酸铵、硝酸钠为氮源的培养基上则生长差和产生粉红色色素;Na^ 、K^ 、PO3^-4、Ca^2 、Mg^2 等元素对这3菌株的生长和产生红色色素有一些影响;白色光有促进生长和红色色素的产生,绿色光和黄色光对生长和红色色素产生则有不良影响.     

Characterization of nitrogen-fixing moderate halophilic cyanobacteria isolated from saline soils of Songnen Plain in China

Twenty out of 200 isolates of cyanobacteria mainly from saline soils of Songnen Plain of China were successfully grown on BG11 N-free medium. The nitrogen-fixing activity was then demonstrated for the twenty isolates in modified BG11 medium using the acetylene reduction assay. All of them possessed appreciable nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) under non-saline conditions; however, at 5 % NaCl only 60 % of the isolates exhibited a high rate of this activity and 25 % were completely negative under these conditions. The cyanobacteria isolates grew well in BG11 medium; nevertheless, growth of the majority of isolates was reduced by about 25%-85% in the same medium containing 5% NaCl. Cellulolytic activity was detected in 50% of the twenty strains, amylolytic in 45%, and pectinolytic in 10% of the isolates. The cyanobacteria isolates showed also enzymeatic activity under saline conditions (6%). The preliminary identification indicated that seven isolates were Nostoc, two were Microcystis, four were Oscillatoria, six were Anabaena, and one isolate was Synechococcus.      

石油降解菌的筛选及其降解特性

为研究石油降解菌对海上溢油污染的降解能力,从大连石化隔油池污水中分离、纯化出一株以柴油为唯一碳源的石油降解菌DW-1.生理生化试验和16S rDNA序列分析结果表明,该菌株为假单胞菌Pseudomonassp.正交试验结果表明,该菌株最适宜生长条件为pH=8.5、盐度为30、氮磷比为10∶1.油培养基质量浓度为3 g/L时,将菌龄为48 h的细菌进行接种,平均除油率在70%左右,最高可达80.32%.海水培养基中絮状物特征表明,该菌株具有应用于海洋石油污染治理的潜质.     

仁扇舟蛾幼虫肠道可培养细菌群落结构分析

【目的】了解仁扇舟蛾(Clostera restitura)肠道共生细菌的主要类群及其群落结构特征,明确仁扇舟蛾幼虫前、中和后肠可培养细菌的种类及群落结构组成,为进一步研究特异功能细菌的生理生化特征和功能提供基础。【方法】选取仁扇舟蛾5龄幼虫进行肠道解剖,分离前、中和后肠不同肠段,研磨稀释10^-1~10^-6,分别涂布于NA和LB固体培养基上,每个处理重复3次,28 ℃培养72 h。后对前、中和后肠可培养细菌进行分离纯化培养,提取细菌基因组DNA,利用 16S rDNA 基因序列分析和PCR扩增技术,获得细菌基因组序列,后与NCBI GenBank数据库进行Blast同源性比对,参考序列相似度98%以上近缘序列的物种信息,结合菌落形态特征和生理生化特性鉴定细菌种类,利用MEGA 7.0软件,采用邻接法(Neighbor-Joining)构建系统进化树。【结果】从仁扇舟蛾5龄幼虫的前、中和后肠中共分离获得22株可培养细菌,分属于变形菌门(Proteobacteria)、厚壁菌门(Firmicutes)和放线菌门(Actinobacteria),共13个属,22个种。其中:假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas)4株,罗尔斯通菌属(Ralstonia)3株,芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)3株,嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌属(Stenotrophomonas)2株,气球菌属(Aerococcus)2株,其余微小杆菌属(Exiguobacterium)、微球菌属(Micrococcus)、短小杆菌属(Curtobacterium)、伯克氏菌属(Burkholderia)、类芽孢杆菌属(Paenibacillus)、节杆菌属(Arthrobacter)、短状杆菌属(Brachybacterium)和两面神菌属(Janibacter)各1株。细菌的种类存在差异,前、中和后肠不同肠段的细菌种类分别为5、10和7种。3个肠段共有的细菌种类是皮氏罗尔斯菌(Ralstonia pickettii)和斯氏假单胞菌(Pseudomonas stutzeri)。【结论】仁扇舟蛾5龄幼虫肠道的可培养细菌种类较为丰富,其中以变形菌门和厚壁菌门为优势菌群。不同肠段中可培养细菌的多样性和群落结构存在差异,其中以中肠可培养细菌种类较为丰富。此次从仁扇舟蛾肠道中分离到与单宁降解相关的细菌,分析表明仁扇舟蛾肠道菌群与宿主的取食习性有关,肠道细菌可能在克服植物次生代谢物质的化学防御上发挥作用。     

高效降解废弃蓖麻基润滑油降解菌的分离筛选 及特性研究

从内蒙古某蓖麻榨油厂排污口采样,分离筛选出10株能降解废弃蓖麻基润滑油菌株,其中T-9菌株降解润滑油的能力较强,该菌株最适降解pH值为5.0,降解温度30℃,在1%～5%的NaCl中能较好生长.通过菌落形态与生理生化实验,初步鉴定该菌株为假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas).在润滑油质量浓度为10 g/L,初始pH值为5.0,180 r/min,30℃下培养7 d后,采用改进的CEC-L-33-A-93方法测得其对废弃蓖麻基润滑油的降解率为72%.采用GC/MS对降解产物进行分析,测得其对废弃蓖麻基润滑油降解率为80%,该菌株具有良好的蓖麻基润滑油降解能力.