基于遥感数据的蒸散量估算研究概述

遥感技术因其经济、适用、高效等特点,在蒸散量估算研究中的应用越来越广泛。本文研究和总结了常用的遥感估算蒸散量的方法,分析了各种模型和方法的特点,对几种常用遥感数据在蒸散发研究中的应用现状做了概述,归纳了目前遥感估算蒸散量的研究中存在的问题,展望了遥感估算蒸散量的趋势。     

常用遥感蒸散发模型干湿限的新定义及数值模拟

为解决目前常用遥感蒸散发模型干、湿限选取不确定性导致蒸散发反演结果存在的空间歧义性,对遥感蒸散发模型干限、湿限进行重新定义。对干湿限进行垂向一维热扩散数值模拟,以验证重新定义的干湿限能量分配假设及部分重要遥感参数取值的合理性。利用疏勒河流域地下水均衡试验场土壤剖面温度数据对干限温度进行验证,均方根误差为1.68K;利用参考作物蒸散量对湿限蒸散量进行验证,线性回归确定性系数约为0.90。研究结果表明:重新定义的干湿限推导求解方案合理,有助于避免遥感蒸散发模型中的空间歧义性。     

基于时空融合技术的高精度遥感蒸散计算

在利用遥感数据进行蒸散计算时,常因云雨污染和单一传感器限制,导致影像数据缺失严重,特别是在一些景观破碎化程度高的地区,较难获取高时空分辨率的蒸散序列。以黄河三角洲为研究区,基于增强型时空自适应融合模型构建高时空分辨率的遥感数据集,结合地表能量平衡系统模型采用先估算后融合和先融合后估算两种方式估算了区域2020年高时空分辨率的蒸散时间序列,探讨了融合算法和蒸散模型相结合的可行性和估算精度。结果表明：增强型时空自适应反射率融合模型(enhanced spatial and temporal adaptive reflectance fusion model, ESTARFM)算法性能较好,融合反射率与实际反射率的相关系数均在0.85以上;地表能量平衡系统(surface energy balance system, SEBS)模型估算的显热通量与通量站数据的均方根误差(root mean squared error, RMSE)仅为57.8 W/m²,融合模型估算的水面蒸发与蒸发皿折算数据的相关系数达到了0.93;黄河三角洲蒸散量随季节变化较大,其中夏季蒸散量约占全年...     

利用遥感估算地表蒸散研究进展

地表蒸散是水量平衡和地表能量平衡的主要组成部分,目前已经发展多种估算地表蒸散量的方法,对比分析各种蒸散估算方法,遥感方法被认为是目前估算蒸散的最佳方法.通过总结遥感方法估算地表蒸散研究进展,对比遥感估算蒸散常用的3种方法:统计经验法、数值方法和理论方法,介绍常用遥感估算地表蒸散模型,并简要探讨遥感方法估算地表蒸散存在的问题.     

基于单时相Landsat8_OLI影像的棉花提取技术研究

针对利用单时相遥感影像快速、高精度地提取棉花信息研究较少的现状,根据作物的物候历,选取棉花生育期的单时相Landsat8_OLI影像。通过对棉花和其他地物的光谱特征与植被指数的差异性分析表明:近红外波段(NIR)和差值植被指数(DVI)是棉花识别的特征指数;并由此构建了OLI数据的棉花信息提取的特征指数模型。经实地验证,运用此模型提取的库尔勒市棉花信息的生产精度为97.96%,用户精度为98.63%。基于单时相遥感影像的棉花提取思路可以为我国主要棉产区的棉花信息遥感提取、长势监测和产量估测提供新思路和技术参考。     

农田辐射传输光学遥感成像模拟研究综述

首先对光电物理仿真、图像合成法、计算机图形学法及遥感物理模型法等光学遥感成像模拟方法的技术方法和研究进展进行了分析,其中由于遥感物理模型法较为详细地刻画了真实辐射传输过程,成为国内遥感成像模拟的主要发展趋势。然后对作物关键参数时空变化分析、农田辐射传输建模及遥感成像模拟系统等方面进行了分析讨论,表明结合作物全生育期结构、光谱变化特征,进而建立叶片–土壤–冠层–大气–遥感器成像模拟耦合模型是主要途径,能够实现农田多维遥感数据模拟,为农业定量遥感研究与应用提供模拟数据支持。     

农田辐射传输光学遥感成像模拟研究综述

首先对光电物理仿真、图像合成法、计算机图形学法及遥感物理模型法等光学遥感成像模拟方法的技术方法和研究进展进行了分析, 其中由于遥感物理模型法较为详细地刻画了真实辐射传输过程, 成为国内遥感成像模拟的主要发展趋势。然后对作物关键参数时空变化分析、农田辐射传输建模及遥感成像模拟系统等方面进行了分析讨论, 表明结合作物全生育期结构、光谱变化特征, 进而建立叶片?土壤?冠层?大气?遥感器成像模拟耦合模型是主要途径, 能够实现农田多维遥感数据模拟, 为农业定量遥感研究与应用提供模拟数据支持。     

云参数法干旱遥感监测模型在非洲地区的适应性研究

从云参数法干旱遥感监测模型的需求角度分析了欧洲静止气象卫星SEVIRI数据的应用潜力,并提出了一种适合该数据的多光谱云检测方法;利用云参数法干旱遥感监测模型进行非洲地区2009年底和2010年初的干旱监测,以月度降水和蒸散数据作为参考数据评估监测结果.研究结果表明:云参数法监测结果与参考数据在干旱程度与范围方面基本一致,相对精度高达83.88%,云参数法适合进行非洲地区的干旱监测.     

基于SEBAL模型的冀蒙接壤区ET反演

以位于半干旱地区的冀蒙接壤带为研究对象,利用SEBAL模型和邻近研究区10个气象站点的气象数据,反演得到研究区内各种土地覆被/利用类型的日蒸散规律,并与来自张家口市的蒸散数据作了比较,反演得到的蒸散发精度较高.研究结果表明:1)水体、林地蒸散呈现双峰结构,其他土地覆被/利用类型呈现单峰结构;2)研究区域内日蒸散发量的排序是:林地、水体、草地、居民点、未利用地、耕地、沙地.     

基于遥感和GIS改进SRM融雪径流的模拟及分析

融雪径流是内陆区重要的径流来源,径流模拟是水文预报的主要手段。本文选择克兰河流域为研究区,以2008年3-5月为例,基于遥感和GIS技术构建了一个改进SRM融雪径流模型,并引入DEM和遥感数据作为空间数据基础,以获取研究区雪深、雪盖、空间温度和降水信息。模拟结果表明:改进式模型能直观反映融雪径流的空间分布,反应融雪径流的变化过程;本模型模拟的2个优度指标为:Nash-Sutcliffe系数R2=0.83。和体积差Dv=6.81%;但由于对遥感数据质量要求较高,本模型对逐日径流量的细节模拟仍然存在一定误差。该研究方法及结果对高寒无资料区的径流预测具有重要意义。     

Markedness and its Interpretation in Language Use

Language markedness is a common phenomenon in languages, and is reflected from hearing, vision and sense, i.e. the variation in the three aspects such as phonology, morphology and semantics. This paper focuses on the interpretation of markedness in language use following the three perspectives, i.e. pragmatic interpretation, psychological interpretation and cognitive interpretation, with an aim to define the function of markedness.     

Features of Women's language

Language is a means of verbal communication. People use language to communicate with each other. In the society, no two speakers are exactly alike in the way of speaking. Some differences are due to age, gender, statue and personality. Above all, gender is one of the obvious reasons. The writer of this paper tries to describe the features of women＇s language from these perspectives： pronunciation, intonation, diction, subjects, grammar and discourse. From the discussion of the features of women＇s language, more attention should be paid to language use in social context. What＇s more, the linguistic phenomena in a speaking community can be understood more thoroughly.     

Characterization of Ordovician carbonate reservoirs, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada

The discovery of the prolific Ordovician Red River reservoirs in 1995 in southeastern Saskatchewan was the catalyst for extensive exploration activity which resulted in the discovery of more than 15 new Red River pools. The best yields of Red River production to date have been from dolomite reservoirs. Understanding the processes of dolomitization is, therefore, crucial for the prediction of the connectivity, spatial distribution and heterogeneity of dolomite reservoirs.The Red River reservoirs in the Midale area consist of 3～4 thin dolomitized zones, with a total thickness of about 20 m, which occur at the top of the Yeoman Formation. Two types of replacement dolomite were recognized in the Red River reservoir: dolomitized burrow infills and dolomitized host matrix. The spatial distribution of dolomite suggests that burrowing organisms played an important role in facilitating the fluid flow in the backfilled sediments. This resulted in penecontemporaneous dolomitization of burrow infills by normal seawater. The dolomite in the host matrix is interpreted as having occurred at shallow burial by evaporitic seawater during precipitation of Lake Almar anhydrite that immediately overlies the Yeoman Formation. However, the low δ18O values of dolomited burrow infills (-5.9‰～ -7.8‰, PDB) and matrix dolomites (-6.6‰～ -8.1‰, avg. -7.4‰ PDB) compared to the estimated values for the late Ordovician marine dolomite could be attributed to modification and alteration of dolomite at higher temperatures during deeper burial, which could also be responsible for its 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.7084～0.7088) that are higher than suggested for the late Ordovician seawaters (0.7078～0.7080). The trace amounts of saddle dolomite cement in the Red River carbonates are probably related to "cannibalization" of earlier replacement dolomite during the chemical compaction.     

低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度研究

理论推导与室内实验相结合,建立了低渗透非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度确定方法。首先借助油藏流场与电场相似的原理,推导了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度计算公式。其次基于稳定流实验方法,建立了非均质砂岩油藏启动压力梯度测试方法。结果表明:低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的启动压力梯度确定遵循两个等效原则。平面非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各级渗透率段的启动压力梯度关于长度的加权平均;纵向非均质油藏的启动压力梯度等于各渗透率层的启动压力梯度关于渗透率与渗流面积乘积的加权平均。研究成果可用于有效指导低渗透非均质砂岩油藏的合理井距确定,促进该类油藏的高效开发。     

On Tragic Consciousness In The Works By Ernest Hemingway

As an American modern novelist who were famous in the literary world, Hemingway was not a person who always followed the trend but a sharp observer. At the same time, he was a tragedy maestro, he paid great attention on existence, fate and end-result. The dramatis personae's tragedy of his works was an extreme limit by all means tragedy on the meaning of fearless challenge that failed. The beauty of tragedy was not produced on the destruction of life, but now this kind of value was in the impact activity. They performed for the reader about the tragedy on challenging for the limit and the death.     

A computer generator for randomly layered structures

AcomputergeneratorforrandomlylayeredstructuresYUJia shun1,2,HEZhen hua2(1.TheInstituteofGeologicalandNuclearSciences,NewZealand;2.StateKeyLaboratoryofOilandGasReservoirGeologyandExploitation,ChengduUniversityofTechnology,China)Abstract:Analgorithmisintrod…     

An Index mechanism for multi-scale view in spatial databases

There are numerous geometric objects stored in the spatial databases. An importance function in a spatial database is that users can browse the geometric objects as a map efficiently. Thus the spatial database should display the geometric objects users concern about swiftly onto the display window. This process includes two operations:retrieve data from database and then draw them onto screen. Accordingly, to improve the efficiency, we should try to reduce time of both retrieving object and displaying them. The former can be achieved with the aid of spatial index such as R-tree, the latter require to simplify the objects. Simplification means that objects are shown with sufficient but not with unnecessary detail which depend on the scale of browse. So the major problem is how to retrieve data at different detail level efficiently. This paper introduces the implementation of a multi-scale index in the spatial database SISP (Spatial Information Shared Platform) which is generalized from R-tree. The difference between the generalization and the R-tree lies on two facets: One is that every node and geometric object in the generalization is assigned with a importance value which denote the importance of them, and every vertex in the objects are assigned with a importance value,too. The importance value can be use to decide which data should be retrieve from disk in a query. The other difference is that geometric objects in the generalization are divided into one or more sub-blocks, and vertexes are total ordered by their importance value. With the help of the generalized R-tree, one can easily retrieve data at different detail levels.Some experiments are performed on real-life data to evaluate the performance of solutions that separately use normal spatial index and multi-scale spatial index. The results show that the solution using multi-scale index in SISP is satisfying.     

Jane Eyre——A Feminist In The 19th Century

In the 19th century the society was controlled by men, and women were just appendants of them, they had not any rights and freedom. But Jane was an exception, she showed some characteristics of early feminist. Jane showed her characteristics of feminism in three aspects: rebellion, equality, and independence. These characteristics were helpful to her success, and feminism is the only way out for women of that time.     

Achieving Unusual States of Matter Under High Pressure

正The periodicity of the elements and the non-reactivity of the inner-shell electrons are two related principles of chemistry,rooted in the atomic shell structure.Within compounds,Group I elements,for example,invariably assume the+1 oxidation state,and their chemical properties differ completely from those of the p-block elements.These general rules govern our understanding of chemical structures and reactions.Using first principles calcula-     

Exchange-Correlation and Electronic Excitation Energies from Pairing Matrix Fluctuations

We have developed an adiabatic connection to formulate the ground-state exchange-correlation energy in terms of pairing matrix linear fluctuations.This formulation of the exchange-correlation energy opens a new channel for density functional approximations based on the many-body perturbation theory.We illustrate the potential of such approaches with an approximation based on the particle-particle Random Phase Approximation(pp-RPA).This re-