高温后灰岩单轴压缩的分形特征研究

温度是影响岩石物理力学性质的重要因素,对不同温度作用后灰岩单轴压缩的碎块进行统计分析,结果表明灰岩的块度分布是个分形,分形维数D是反映高温后灰岩破碎程度恰当的特征统计量,同时D表现出随温度的增大而减小的性质。在此基础上,通过扫描电镜分析,获得温度对岩石力学性质的影响主要与组成岩石矿物性质和内部微观结构有关,而不同温度的作用会影响岩石矿物组成成分和岩石的晶格结构,在灰岩的扫描电镜结果对比中已发现微观形貌特征的差异,这可从内在机制方面解释不同温度下灰岩分维值变化特征。     

龙马溪页岩弹性各向异性与矿物分布之间的关系探讨

岩石弹性各向异性特征是普遍存在的,但导致岩石弹性各向异性的原因复杂且仍然存在一定争议.本研究以龙马溪页岩为例,试图建立页岩弹性各向异性和矿物分布之间关系.研究使用无损超声波探测获取岩石弹性各向异性参数,并使用背散射技术获取岩石矿物分布特征.研究通过引进变异系数来描述矿物或孔裂隙在不同方向的差异性,并通过2个正交方向的变异系数建立微观异质性指标,用于表征微观尺度上矿物或孔裂隙在不同方向的差异程度.微观背散射图像显示,龙马溪组页岩主要由石英和伊利石构成,且这两种矿物和孔裂隙在X和Y面上都有定向排列特征.相应地,它们的变异系数在X面和Y面上均表现出随角度增大而降低的特征;而在Z面,石英、伊利石和孔裂隙变异系数变化不明显,这与Z面上矿物和孔裂隙无明显方向性的特点一致.无损超声波探测结果显示,波速在X和Y面上随角度增加而减小,这与主要矿物和孔裂隙变异系数变化趋势相同;而在Z面,波速变化不大,与主要矿物和孔裂隙变异系数变化不明显的特征一致.以上观测结果说明,宏观波速与矿物的微观变异系数明显相关,暗示岩石弹性各向异性与矿物分布直接相关.     

斜长石、辉石混合模型的电导率有限元数值计算研究

以岩石实验中矿物的几何形态及空间分布为建模依据,以实验条件及单矿物电导率的测量结果为约束条件,用有限元数值方法模拟了不同微观结构的斜长石、辉石混合物在施加电压后电势及电流的分布情况,并计算了混合模型在不同温度条件下的电导率.研究结果显示,数值模型网格数及矿物颗粒数的选取对电导率计算结果的精度有较大影响,在体导电情况下,模型电导率因矿物比例含量和排列结构而异.当斜长石及辉石随机分布时,随着辉石含量的增加,混合模型电导率在不同温度下均有所增加,且温度越高,增加幅度越大,电导率的有限元模拟计算结果接近于有效介质渗透理论模型,且位于并、串联模型之间以及HS模型的上、下边界范围内;在斜长石及辉石含量一定的情况下,各矿物的排列分布对电导率计算结果也有一定的影响,当矿物颗粒大小接近且分布均匀时,模型中电势沿电流传导方向变化较为均匀,模拟计算得出的电导率相对较高,当矿物颗粒大小差别较大及分布不均匀时,电势分布受到一定的扰动,电导率计算结果也较低.将混合模型电导率有限元计算结果与辉长岩、辉绿岩及玄武岩实验测量结果进行比较,显示这3种岩石样品电导率与温度变化关系的斜率均与混合模型计算结果的斜率相接近,表明这些岩石在所选温度段导电机制与斜长石、辉石混合模型相似,用斜长石、辉石混合模型的电导率研究玄武岩、辉长岩及辉绿岩的导电性具有适用性.将混合模型有限元计算结果与玄武岩、辉长岩、辉绿岩覆盖区地壳大地电磁实测结果对比,发现大地电磁电导率结果位于混合模型计算结果范围内,用斜长石、辉石混合模型模拟玄武岩、辉长岩等岩石地壳具有一定的可行性.     

相对渗透率对部分饱和裂隙岩石中横波频变各向异性的影响

地震波在含裂隙岩石内传播时，很大程度上会受到裂隙系统与其内的流体所影响.本文在Chapman提出的频变各向异性理论的基础上，研究气水两相流体受频率影响的程度.不同于许多局限于单一流体假设的频变各向异性理论研究，本文着重于两相流体部分饱和的情况.因此计算频变各向异性弹性常数尤为重要，本文考虑了气水两相的相对渗透率对横波速度及其衰减的影响，并引入了基于分形理论的相对渗透率模型.首先研究在不同分形维数的情况下，气水两相相对渗透率随含水饱和度的变化趋势，并且随着该变化对有效流体迁移率的影响.气体的相对渗透率与分形维数成正比例关系，而水的相对渗透率与分形维数成反比例关系.随后根据数值算例计算双相不混溶流体饱和裂隙岩石频变各向异性弹性模量的方程，得到横波速度及横波衰减，对比分析相对渗透率及分形维数的变化对横波速度和横波衰减的影响．根据算例结果可知，在不同频率下，相对渗透率对横波速度和横波衰减的影响程度不同，在中频时最大．引入不同的相对渗透率模型，能在中频时观察到其对横波速度和衰减的不同影响．     

储层微观非均质性定量表征的分形模型

储层非均质性是影响油气田勘探和开发的重要因素.储层岩石孔隙具有分形特征,分形维数可以定量地表征储层的微观非均质性.本文简述了孔隙分布概率密度函数、分形判据等分形理论基础,系统分析了利用压汞测试法,毛细管力曲线法和计盒法等计算分形维数的方法,以及分形维数解析研究的进展,并对进一步研究做了展望.     

与峨眉山玄武岩有关的沉积型铜矿——“马豆子式”铜矿的成因研究

峨眉山玄武岩之上宣威组中的沉积型铜矿,矿石矿物以铜硫化物和自然铜为主,矿石构造大多具有结核状,前人根据此特征将其命名为＂马豆子式＂铜矿.本文对该矿床中的铜结核进行了矿物学和同位素方面研究.矿物学研究表明,铜结核由含铁非晶质矿物、粘土以及碳质碎屑共同胶结铜的硫化物而组成,并以交代作用和沉积作用的方式形成;结核的原始形态是凝胶状物质组合体.同位素分析显示,碳沥青的13CPDB值在-24.8‰～-23.9‰之间,表明碳沥青是原地植物沉积变质的产物;辉铜矿的34SV-CDT值为7.6‰～13.1‰,与二叠纪海水的34S（约11‰）接近,斑铜矿、黄铜矿的δ^34SV-CDT值为21.6‰～22.2‰,和海相硫酸盐的硫同位素组成（20‰）类似,显示硫的来源不同.以上特征表明铜结核的形成过程是,含铜玄武岩经风化淋滤,铜质迁移到水体中后被粘土、含铁非晶质矿物和植物碎屑吸附,并成凝胶团悬浮与搬运,在湖泊或沼泽环境下与沉积物同生沉积成核;后期再经变质交代和热液叠加,斑铜矿交代辉铜矿、黄铜矿又叠加于斑铜矿之上,最终形成了＂马豆子式＂结核铜矿.     

青海湖沉积碳酸盐矿物之间氧同位素分馏的评估及其环境意义

青海湖沉积岩芯的矿物学和稳定同位素研究结果显示自生碳酸盐矿物以单种或多种矿物形式保存在沉积物中;不同碳酸盐样品的δ18O值的变化范围为5.47‰至-1.04‰,差值最高达6.5‰;δ18O值与总碳酸盐含量呈正相关关系,与碳酸盐矿物种类的改变则无明显关联.结果表明,造成δ18O显著变化的主导因素是湖水氧同位素组成,自然条件下生成的不同碳酸盐之间的氧同位素分馏不明显.说明δ18O是指示闭流湖泊降水蒸发水量平衡变化的敏感指标之一.     

大别-苏鲁榴辉岩和石榴辉石岩中矿物Ce异常: 对氧化环境下形成沉积物深俯冲作用的示踪

准分子激光ICP-MS矿物原位微区分析发现, 来自大别-苏鲁超高压变质带典型地区(双河、毛屋、碧溪岭及仰口)的榴辉岩和石榴辉石岩中石榴石Ce异常从正到负高度变化. 绿辉石或单斜辉石也表现出类似的Ce异常特征, 但变化幅度小于石榴石. 这种Ce异常高度变化的现象仅见于氧化条件下形成的强烈风化剖面中. 因此, 这一结果表明大别-苏鲁榴辉岩和石榴辉石岩中存在氧化条件下形成的风化沉积物, 这些陆壳物质的深俯冲对地幔的改造和物质再循环可能具有重要意义.     

水热条件下含橄榄石大洋玄武岩的摩擦特性实验研究

玄武岩作为大洋地壳上的主要成分,研究其摩擦特性是更好地探究逆冲板块边界上大地震等力学行为机理的基础.为了研究少量橄榄石矿物是否会影响玄武岩的摩擦特性,本研究选用了国际大洋钻探计划(IODP)349航次获取的玄武岩样品,其中含有少量的橄榄石矿物.本次研究的实验温度范围为100～600℃,施加的有效正压力和孔隙水压分别为150 MPa和100 MPa.实验中玄武岩样品在300～400℃的温度条件下表现出不稳定的准静态震荡现象,并且在高温条件下(T>400℃)其剪切强度表现出显著的位移弱化现象,即摩擦系数随着剪切位移的进行而持续减小.在3 mm的剪切位移范围内,摩擦系数的变化范围为0.7～0.55.通过初步的微观剪切变形研究,我们推测橄榄石在摩擦实验过程中对一种弱矿物的生成可能起到了催化作用,但生成的弱矿物含量不足以显著地弱化断层泥的摩擦强度.同时微观构造分析也发现,随着温度的升高,断层泥的剪切构造由局部剪切向整体弥散性剪切变形转变,同时伴随着孔隙度的显著降低,因此我们认为剪切强度的位移弱化现象与流体参与下的颗粒间的压溶过程的逐步增强有关.     

新疆天山地区地貌分形与多重分形特征研究

利用投影覆盖法和投影覆盖概率对新疆天山地区不同构造地貌类型进行了分形与多重分形特征的研究。结果表明：在所研究的标度范围内，不同地貌区均表现出明显的多度域分形，分维值总体上呈现出高山区＞中低山区＞盆地区特点，多重分形谱Dq的形态和值域范围也表现出不同特征。研究认为，地貌表面的分维值与地貌形成的内外力地质作用方式和强度密切相关，并提出5-6km的尺度可作为地貌学研究中宏观与微观作用的分界点。     

Fractals,fault-gouge,and friction

The particle-size distribution of a natural fault-gouge has been determined over the range from 5 m to 40 cm. The gouge is self-similar over the range from 5 m to 1 cm having a fractal dimension of 2.60±0.11. The lower and upper fractal limits were also determined. The lower fractal limit occurs at a dimension of about 1–10 m where mineral cleavage and intergranular porosity dominate the cataclasis. The upper fractal limit occurs at particle sizes on the order of 1 cm where the scaled particle density decreases abruptly by a factor of about three. By analogy to soil-mechanics shear box tests and laboratory rock friction experiments, it is argued that the upper fractal limit of the gouge determines the characteristic displacement parameter in stick-slip friction models. A characteristic displacement on the order of 1 cm is consistent with estimates based on numerical simulations of faulting.     

IDENTIFICATION OF PALEO-EARTHQUAKES OF LUOYUNSHAN PIEDMONT FAULT BY QUANTITATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF LIMESTONE FAULT SURFACES

The quantitative analysis of morphologic characteristics of bedrock fault surface is a useful approach to study faulting history and identify paleo-earthquake. It is an effective complement to trenching technique, specially to identifying paleo-earthquakes in a bedrock area where the trenching technique cannot be applied. This paper focuses on the Luoyunshan piedmont fault, which is an active normal fault extending along the eastern boundary of the Shanxi Graben, China. There are a lot of fault scarps along the fault zone, which supply plentiful samples to be selected to our research, that is, to study faulting history and identify paleo-earthquakes in bedrock area by the quantitative analysis of morphologic characteristics of fault surfaces. In this paper, we calculate the 2D fractal dimension of two bedrock fault surfaces on the Luoyunshan piedmont fault in the Shanxi Graben, China using the isotropic empirical variance function, which is a popular method in fractal geometry. Results indicate that the fractal dimension varies systematically with height above the base of the fault surface exposures, indicating segmentation of the fault surface morphology. The 2D fractal dimension on a fault surface shows a ‘stair-like’ vertical segmentation, which is consistent with the weathering band and suggests that those fault surfaces are outcropped due to periodic faulting earthquakes. However, compared to the results of gneiss obtained by the former researchers, the characteristic fractal value of limestone shows an opposite evolution trend. 1)The paleo-earthquake study of the bedrock fault surface can be used as a supplementary method to study the activity history of faults in specific geomorphological regions. It can be used to fill the gaps in the exploration of the paleo-earthquake method in the bedrock area, and then broaden the study of active faults in space and scope. The quantitative analysis of bedrock fault surface morphology is an effective method to study faulting history and identify paleo-earthquake. The quantitative feature analysis method of the bedrock fault surface is a cost-effective method for the study of paleo-earthquakes in the bedrock fault surface. The number of weathered bands and band height can be identified by the segment number and segment height of the characteristic fractal dimension, and then the paleoearthquake events and the co-seismic displacement can be determined; 2)The exposure of the fault surface of the Luoyunshan bedrock is affected and controlled by both fault activity and erosion. A strong fault activity(ruptured earthquake)forms a segment of fault surface which is equivalent to the vertical co-seismic displacement of the earthquake. After the segment is cropped out, it suffers from the same effect of weathering and erosion, and thus this segment has approximately the same fractal dimension. Multiple severe fault activities(ruptured earthquake)form multiple fault surface topography. The long-term erosion under weak hydrodynamic conditions at the base of the fault cliff between two adjacent fault activities(intermittent period)will form a gradual slow-connect region where the fractal dimension gradually changes with the height of the fault surface. Based on the segmentation of quantitative morphology of the two fault surfaces on the Luoyunshan piedmont fault, we identified four earthquake events. Two sets of co-seismic displacement of about 3m and 1m on the fault are obtained; 3)The relationship between the fault surface morphology parameters and the time is described as follows:The fractal dimension of the limestone area decreases with the increase of the exposure time, which reflects the gradual smoothing characteristics after exposed. The phenomenon is opposite to the evolution of the geological features of gneiss faults acquired by the predecessors on the Huoshan piedmont fault; 4)Lithology plays an important role in morphology evolution of fault surface and the two opposite evolution trends of the characteristic fractal value on limestone and gneiss show that the weathering mechanism of limestone is different from that of the gneiss.     

Study on Self-Affine Fractal and Multi-Fractal Features of Geomorphic System in the Tianshan Area of Xinjiang Region, China

In this paper, we use the standard deviation method and the fixed mass method to study the self-affine fractal and multi-fractal features along two topographic profiles across different tectonic-geomorphic elements in the Tianshan area of Xinjiang region, China. The results show that in the studied scaling range, the two profiles display different scaling fractal features, and the form and value range of multi-fractal spectra Dq also show different characteristics. The study suggests that the landforms are not completely random, but are deterministically random. The fractal dimension values in different scaling ranges express the mode, intensity and spatial dimension of the endogenic and exogenic processes. Meanwhile, a boundary point between the macroscopic and microscopic scales of geomorphic process is suggested to be about 5km. These results are of significance in quantitative study of geomorphic dynamics.     

Hausdorff分数维识别地震道初至走时

地震波初至走时的识别在地震勘探、人工地震层析成像以及全球地震层析成像方法研究中起重要作用．初至走时拾取的精度在很大的程度上影响地震层析成像及演的精度．本研究以提高地震波初至走时拾取的精度及定量化程度为目标,利用计算地震道时间序列分数维的方法,实现了地震波初至走时的自动拾取．本文以分形理论为基础,进行了地震道时间序列Hausdorff分数维的计算．计算结果表明地震道时间序列的分数维在初至到达前后具有不同的数值,其变化点能够定量指示出初至走时的位置．本文还给出了利用该方法对实测数据进行初至走时拾取的实例．     

The solubility of a metallic mineral with other coexisting minerals and the ore-forming processes of metallic sulfides

Most metallic minerals in ore deposits are sulfides. When a sulfide mineral coexists with rock-forming minerals, its solubility is distinctly different from itself alone. The change in dissolution character of a mineral with coexisting rock-forming minerals leads to particular geochemical behavior. The concept of solubility of a metallic mineral with coexisting rock-forming minerals and its theory and model of calculation are put forward. Taking Tianmashan Cu-Au ore deposit of sulfide minerals in Tongling district as an example, solubilities of some metallic minerals with other coexisting minerals, such as pyrite or chalcopyrite with quartz (representing sandstone) or calcite (representing limestone), are calculated. The results show the mechanism of ore-forming processes. As the ore-forming fluid flows through sandstone, it dissolves pyrite in the sandstone at first, then transports the iron and sulfur to the interface between sandstone and limestone and eventually precipitates them on the interface.     

台湾地区地震的空间关联维特征与构造环境研究

采用关联维方法对台湾地区地震活动的空间特征进行了研究。先利用 10 0a来台湾的地震目录计算各个地震区、带的关联维数 ,将地震空间分布的分形特征定量表达出来 ,然后综合分析地震空间分布的关联维数和孕震构造环境之间的关系 ,得出了以下结论 :1)台湾东、西部地震区由于地震属于不同的大地构造单元 ,因此关联维数有较大的差异 ;2 )在各地震区内部的各个地震带由于板块构造、地壳结构、活断层分布上的差异 ,而具有与其构造特征相对应的关联维数 ;3)各地震带内部的各个不同的部位又由于不同的构造应力场 ,而导致地震分布上出现不同的丛集性 ,表现为不同的关联维数。这些结论充分说明通过关联维分析所得到的地震活动的空间图像与地震活动所代表的不同地质构造背景有着良好的对应关系     

太湖水体遥感反演参数的空间异质性

空间异质性的存在,会导致水质参数遥感反演中的尺度效应,影响反演精度,因此通过分析水质参数空间异质性,对于选择适当分辨率的遥感影像,提高反演精度具有重要意义.通过2008年10月在太湖布置的3个样方,利用GIS地统计学原理和分形维数的方法,对水质遥感反演中的三要素浓度,包括叶绿素a(Chl.a)、总悬浮物(TSM)和溶解有机碳(DOC)的空间异质性及其可能产生的尺度效应进行了研究.结果表明:太湖水体的三要素浓度在不同样方单元中变异系数相差较大,存在着明显的尺度效应;三个样方内Chl.a变异函数曲线斜率在变程范围内变化都较为剧烈,分形维数较高,说明太湖水体Chl.a受到某种起主导作用的生态过程的影响和控制;Chl.a和TSM的空间结构比例都在90%左右,有较强的空间相关性,表明其空间异质性的产生主要是由于结构性因素引起的,随机性因素作用微弱;DOC空间结构比例较小,说明随机性因素对其空间异质性的产生起了主导作用.三个样方中Chl.a的变程分别为147.3m、129.3m和115.0m,TSM的变程分别为1131.7m、130.6m、149.1m,因此在遥感反演中可选择TM影像,选择5×5窗口,以150m×150m作为基本单元;而DOC的变程分别为34.3m、38.5m、26.4m,表明其自相关距离较小,建议直接选择分辨率为30m的TM影像,使实际测量值与遥感影像最小单元相对应,消除反演过程中的尺度效应带来的误差.该研究也表明,MODIS的像元尺寸(250、500、1000m)明显偏大,在太湖水体三要素反演过程中,由于空间异质性引起的尺度效应,会造成一定的误差.     

RESEARCH ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FRACTAL FACTORS AND TECTONIC ACTIVITY——A CASE STUDY OF SOUTHWESTERN YUNNAN BLOCK

Geomorphology could record long-term accumulation of tectonic movement and quantify it by relevant parameters.But because the influences of other factors such as climate and lithology,how to use the relevant parameters to reveal the relationship between geomorphology and tectonics is a research hot spot.In this paper,we utilize the variogram method and the cellular fractal model to estimate parameters such as the fractal dimension (D) and ordinate intercept (γ) from the SRTM3 DEM using a moving window operation.We compare the distribution characteristics of the parameters in different climate and lithology.The results indicate that the correlation between the parameters and lithology or climate is very poor.The fractal dimension (D) reveals a very good correlation with tectonics,which is low in tectonically inactive areas and high in active areas.It implies that fractal dimension (D) may be a new method for research of regional tectonic movement.     

Fractal research of fault gouge

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