薇甘菊萎蔫病毒寄主范围、传播媒介和危害特点

薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha H.B.K.)是华南地区重要的外来入侵植物.本文从田间薇甘菊萎蔫病株中分离获得薇甘菊萎蔫病毒(Mikania micrantha wilt virus,MMWV).在温室中通过人工摩擦将该病毒接种到9科27种植物上,发现MMWV能侵染其中的6科12种植物.利用透射电子显微镜观察该病毒颗粒呈球状,直径约30 nm.MMWV可由桃蚜(Myzus persicae)以非持久性方式传毒.薇甘菊植株接种MMWV毒30 d后,其茎的长度、叶、茎和根的鲜重分别比健康对照植株减少了75.3％、91.6％、79.5％和75.6％,被侵染的薇甘菊出现萎蔫、皱缩、叶畸形等症状.实验室和野外条件均观察到MMWV可以严重抑制薇甘菊的生长,利用MMWV控制薇甘菊的生物入侵有待进一步深入研究.     

艳婀珍蝶取食对薇甘菊叶片生理指标的影响

艳婀珍蝶取食后,对薇甘菊叶片的超氧物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性,总酚含量,有机自由基(DPPH·)清除能力进行分析。结果表明,取食后3h内所测各量即发生变化,但与对照差异不显著。取食4d中,叶片的SOD、POD活性总体上分别高于对照,CAT活性总体上低于对照,说明在艳婀珍蝶胁迫过程中,SOD和POD所起的作用比CAT大。取食叶SOD、POD活性均在48h时达到最大值,之后下降;CAT活性在24h时达到最大值,之后也迅速下降。取食叶PPO活性动态变化程度较大,表现出3个峰值,分别为对照的1·83,1·92倍和2·17倍;总酚含量表现为先上升后下降的趋势;对DPPH·的清除力一直显著性甚至极显著性低于对照。取食叶的SOD与CAT和POD均呈正相关性,且相关性大于对照;PPO与总酚含量在取食叶与对照中也均呈弱正相关性。实验结果表明,薇甘菊的保护酶对艳婀珍蝶胁迫的应激效应是短暂而有限的,艳婀珍蝶的取食破坏了薇甘菊叶片功能,较大程度的干扰了薇甘菊保护酶系统的防御代谢,薇甘菊的总抗氧化能力降低。薇甘菊也不能通过改变酚类物质含量来抵御艳婀珍蝶的取食,艳婀珍蝶取食对薇甘菊有较明显的控制作用。     

颈盲蝽取食对薇甘菊叶片营养物质和防御酶的影响

【目的】薇甘菊是世界最具危害性的入侵杂草之一,对我国生态环境和农业、林业生产造成了严重的危害。颈盲蝽是控制薇甘菊的一种潜在的重要天敌昆虫。本研究旨在探讨薇甘菊被颈盲蝽取食后,叶片防御相关酶系活性、营养物质和叶绿素含量的变化,阐明颈盲蝽取食对薇甘菊生理功能的影响,为利用颈盲蝽防控薇甘菊提供依据。【方法】从云南瑞丽野外采集薇甘菊的本地天敌昆虫颈盲蝽,测定了颈盲蝽取食前及取食12、24、48、96 h后,薇甘菊叶片中过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,以及可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白及叶绿素含量,以取食前的植株作为对照。【结果】与对照相比,颈盲蝽取食12 h时,薇甘菊叶片中的POD、CAT活性升高,SOD活性降低;之后POD、SOD活性上升,CAT活性降低,取食48 h时,POD和SOD活性达到最高值,CAT活性达到最低值;取食96 h时,POD与SOD活性降低,但仍高于对照,CAT活性与取食48 h时相近。颈盲蝽取食后,薇甘菊叶片中的可溶性糖含量明显上升,取食96 h达到最高值;可溶性蛋白和叶绿素含量显著降低,在96 h达到最低值,分别低于对照39.30%和69.94%。【结论】颈盲蝽取食严重破坏了薇甘菊叶片的正常生理功能,并最终导致其叶片萎蔫和坏疽。     

薇甘菊的天敌调查初报

经调查和鉴定,我国假泽兰属有两种:原产种为假泽兰Mikania cordata,分布海南省和广东省,不造成为害;入侵种为薇甘菊Mikania micrantha,分布广东、香港和台湾等地,造成严重为害.在假泽兰上采到假泽兰瘤瘿螨Aceria mikaniae(Nalepa).是我国新记录,对假泽兰的生长有较大的抑制作用.薇甘菊有明显的驱避作用,绣线菊蚜Aphis citricolor可致薇甘菊叶片萎缩;在深圳、珠海等地发现薇甘菊上病害普遍,是假尾孢菌属一种真菌Pseudocercospora sp.所致.在有些地方发现菟丝子Cuscuta Japonica Choisy寄生微甘菊,能否用来抑制薇甘菊的生长,值得探讨.     

寄生植物菟丝子防治外来种薇甘菊研究初探

利用寄生植物田野菟丝子(Cuscuta campestris Yunker)作为外来杂草薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha H．B．k)的生物防治手段,研究了田野菟丝子对薇甘菊的光合作用及生长的影响。结果表明：田野菟丝子寄生于薇甘菊30d左右,薇甘菊单株叶片数、地上茎长度和生物量开始减少,光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、叶绿素含量以及叶绿素荧光Fv／Fm也开始降低。经过约2个月时间,以上的几个生长指标和生理指标均显著降低。在野外自然状态下,田野菟丝子由最初撒播面积约0．0l辞,很快发展到20m。左右的大块面积,离侵染源中心的最大扩散距离达到5m以上。田野菟丝子寄生可以严重影响薇甘菊茎叶生长及开花结实,可望成为根本上解决薇甘菊危害的一种生物控制技术,而且也可以缓解药用菟丝子资源匮乏的问题。结合国内外最新进展,提出有关田野菟丝子与其寄主相互关系中亟待解决的几个问题。     

薇甘菊对桔小实蝇的驱避试验初报

为了探索一种低毒、低残留的环保型驱避剂,分别在广州市番禺区杨桃园和广东省昆虫研究所大院内,以薇甘菊Mikania micrantha H.B.K对桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)成虫进行驱避试验.结果表明,薇甘菊对桔小实蝇具有明显的驱避效果,在薇甘菊环境内诱杀桔小实蝇虫数明显低于正常环境诱杀虫数,全年1～12月薇甘菊环境内对桔小实蝇的驱避率为13.33～92.78%,全年平均驱避率为50.65%;杨桃园内,以薇甘菊甲醇提取物喷施的杨桃,可以把本地种杨桃的桔小实蝇为害率控制在50%以下,而对照的为害率超过80%.     

薇甘菊在广东的分布与危害

较全面调查了薇甘菊（Mikania micrantha)在广东省内的分布,生境与危害状况。薇甘菊多集中分布在珠江三角洲一带,生长在路边向阳潮湿的废弃地,垃圾堆放地,受人为干扰较多的农田,菜地,苗圃,果园,园林绿地,人工林,次生林等环境中。分析了薇甘菊的危害特点和生境的气候条件,并对防治措施作了介绍。     

台湾相思林和芒草草丛中薇甘菊枝构件的分枝格局及其生物量

 外域杂草薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)具有极强的分枝能力。在枝构件水平上,对生长在台湾相思(Acacia confusa)群落和芒草(Miscanthus sinensis)群落中的薇甘菊枝构件的分枝格局和生物量分配的比较分析得出：1）同芒草群落相比,台湾相思群落中薇甘菊各级枝的分枝数、分枝密度和分枝率都低,而分枝长度则较长;2）台湾相思群落中薇甘菊以第一级分枝为主,而在芒草群落中则以第二级分枝为主;3）台湾相思林中薇甘菊枝构件的叶面积率、比叶面积和比茎长及叶片生物量分配显著大于芒草草丛;4     

薇甘菊的危害与田野菟丝子的防除作用

 通过对东莞、深圳、汕尾、香港等地的11个薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)危害并有田野菟丝子( Cuscuta campestris )生长的野外样地的调查研究,结果表明：薇甘菊的危害极其严重,对各样地的覆盖度高达75%～95%,样地共有111种植物,其中属于重度危害（III级）和极重度危害（IV级）     

入侵植物薇甘菊的根际土壤微生物特征

盆栽试验比较入侵植物薇甘菊(Mikania micrantha)和本土植物爬山虎(Parthenocissus tricuspidata)生长过程中的根际土壤微生物结构(磷脂脂肪酸方法)、酶活性及理化性质的特征, 以期揭示薇甘菊入侵过程中的土壤微生物学机制。结果显示: 与本地种爬山虎相比, 薇甘菊根际土壤pH 值降低, 有机质、总氮、铵氮和有效磷含量减少, 但硝态氮含量增加。薇甘菊根际土壤的细菌、真菌、放线菌脂肪酸含量高于爬山虎, 脱氢酶、脲酶、蛋白酶和磷酸酶活性显著增强。相关分析表明土壤微生物磷脂脂肪酸含量及酶活性与土壤有机质、氮、磷营养盐呈显著相关。     

Prenylated acetophenones from Melicope obscura and Melicope obtusifolia ssp. obtusifolia var. arborea and their distribution in Rutaceae

Four prenylated acetophenones 2,6-dihydroxy-4-geranyloxyacetophenone (1), 4-geranyloxy-2,6,β-trihydroxyacetophenone (2), 2,6-dihydroxy-4-geranyloxy-3-prenylacetophenone (3), and 4-geranyloxy-3-prenyl-2,6,β-trihydroxyacetophenone (4) have for the first time been isolated from Melicope obscura (1 and 2) and Melicope obtusifolia ssp. obtusifolia var. arborea (3 and 4). The distribution of prenylated acetophenones in Rutaceae is reviewed and the results, including the new records, indicate that prenylated acetophenones are valuable as chemotaxonomic markers for the subfamily Rutoideae, tribe Xanthoxyleae sensu Engler.     

Proposal of Ensifer psoraleae sp. nov., Ensifer sesbaniae sp. nov., Ensifer morelense comb. nov. and Ensifer americanum comb. nov

In a survey of rhizobia associated with the native legumes in Yunnan Province, China, seven and nine strains isolated from the root nodules of Psoralea corylifolia, Sesbania cannabina and Medicago lupulina were respectively classified into the novel genomic species groups I and II in the genus Ensifer (former Sinorhizobium) based on the sequence analyses of the 16S rRNA gene. Analyses of concatenated housekeeping genes (atpD, recA and glnII) further revealed that they were distinct lineages in the genus, and group I was most similar to Ensifer terangae and Ensifer garamanticus (both with 94.2% similarity), while group II was most similar to Ensifer adhaerens (94.0%). These groups could be distinguished from closely related species by DNA–DNA relatedness, MALID-TOF MS, cellular fatty acid profiles and a series of phenotypic characters. Therefore, two novel species were proposed: Ensifer psoraleae sp. nov. (seven strains, type strain CCBAU 65732^T = LMG 26835^T = HAMBI 3286^T) and Ensifer sesbaniae sp. nov. (nine strains, type strain CCBAU 65729^T = LMG 26833^T = HAMBI 3287^T). They had a DNA G + C mol% (T_m) of 58.9 and 60.4, respectively. Both of the type strains formed effective nodules on common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) and their hosts of origin. In addition, the previously described species Sinorhizobium morelense and Sinorhizobium americanum were renamed as Ensifer morelense comb. nov. and Ensifer americanum comb. nov. according to the accumulated data from different studies.     

基于28S, COI和Cytb基因序列的薜荔和爱玉子传粉小蜂分子遗传关系研究

薜荔和爱玉子均属于桑科榕属植物,二者为同一物种的原变种与变种的关系,早期研究认为这两种榕树与同一种传粉榕小蜂(Wiebesia pumilae (Hill))建立了稳定的互利共生关系,但近期在形态学、生态学、传粉生物学等方面对二者的研究结果表明,薜荔传粉小蜂和爱玉子传粉小蜂之间可能发生了遗传分化。实验用核糖体28SrDNAD1-D3区、线粒体Cytb及COI基因部分序列,对采自福建3个不同样地的薜荔传粉小蜂和3个不同品系的栽培爱玉子的传粉小蜂进行分析,结果表明:(1)薜荔传粉小蜂和爱玉子传粉小蜂的核糖体28S序列的碱基组成中A,T,G,C 4种含量较平均,C+G的平均含量(56%)稍高于A+T的含量(44%)。线粒体Cytb序列中A+T的含量(76.1%)明显高于C+G的含量(23.9%),COI序列中A+T的含量(71.9%)也明显高于G+C的含量(28.1%),这是膜翅目昆虫线粒体基因的普遍特征。在薜荔和爱玉子传粉小蜂的线粒体Cytb及COI基因中,密码子第三位点A+T的含量最高。(2)比较薜荔和爱玉子传粉小蜂的3种分子标记的变异范围显示,28S进化速度较Cytb及COI序列慢,比较保守,更适合科、亚科等较高分类单元的研究。薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂之间的亲缘关系较近,采用Cytb与COI序列进行分析更为精确。(3)用Cytb及COI序列对薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂之间的遗传距离进行分析显示,薜荔传粉榕小蜂个体间Cytb序列平均遗传距离为0.0054,爱玉子传粉小蜂个体间的Cytb遗传距离为0.0164;薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂群体之间的Cytb序列平均遗传距离为0.1385;COI序列的薜荔传粉榕小蜂个体间遗传距离为0.0048,爱玉子传粉小蜂各样本间平均遗传距离为0.0102;薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂群体间COI序列平均遗传距离为0.1896,两群体间的遗传距离(差异大于10%以上)明显大于群体内各样本之间的遗传距离,表明薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂之间已经发生了很大的遗传分化,其变异水平达到了种间分化水平,即薜荔传粉小蜂与爱玉子传粉小蜂为两个不同的种。     

Unusual iridoid glycosides in Veronica sects. Hebe and Labiatoides

In a chemosystematic investigation of three Southern hemisphere species of Veronica, namely the Australian Veronica derwentiana Andrews and Veronica perfoliata R.Br. (formerly Derwentia species), and the New Zealand Veronica catarractae G. Forster (formerly a species of Parahebe), the water-soluble constituents were isolated and identified by spectroscopic methods. Apart from other iridoid glucosides common to the genus, three unusual substituted benzoyl esters of aucubin (derwentiosides A–C) were obtained from V. derwentiana and a chlorinated iridoid glycoside (catarractoside) from V. catarractae in addition to other iridoids common to the genus. The chemical profile of V. perfoliata is similar to that of Northern hemisphere species of Veronica because of the presence of characteristic 6-O-catalpol esters. The profile of V. derwentiana is unique, since 6-O-esters of aucubin rather than of catalpol dominate, however, the acyl groups are the same as those present in catalpol esters found in some other Veronica sections. V. catarractae also contains one of the catalpol esters characteristic of Veronica, but in addition three 6-O-rhamnopyranosyl substituted iridoid glycosides, one of which is 6-O-rhamnopyranosylcatalpol. Esters of the latter compound are previously only known from the more derived species in recent phylogenetic trees of sect. Hebe to which V. catarractae now also belongs, but as a more basal member.     

Mycoplasma feriruminatoris sp. nov., a fast growing Mycoplasma species isolated from wild Caprinae

Five Mycoplasma strains from wild Caprinae were analyzed: four from Alpine ibex (Capra ibex) which died at the Berlin Zoo between 1993 and 1994, one from a Rocky Mountain goat collected in the USA prior to 1987. These five strains represented a population different from the populations belonging to the ‘Mycoplasma mycoides cluster’ as tested using multi locus sequence typing, Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight mass spectrometry analysis and DNA–DNA hybridization. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene (rrs), genomic sequence based in silico as well as laboratory DNA–DNA hybridization, and the analysis of phenotypic traits in particular their exceptionally rapid growth all confirmed that they do not belong to any Mycoplasma species described to date. We therefore suggest these strains represent a novel species, for which we propose the name Mycoplasma feriruminatoris sp. nov. The type strain is G5847^T (= DSM 26019^T = NCTC 1362^T).     

Reclassification of Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. dhakensis Huys et al. 2002 and Aeromonas aquariorum Martínez-Murcia et al. 2008 as Aeromonas dhakensis sp. nov. comb nov. and emendation of the species Aeromonas hydrophila

Previous studies indicate that Aeromonas aquariorum and Aeromonas hydrophila subsp. dhakensis are the same taxon and suggest that they should be synonymized. Using a polyphasic approach, the phenotypic and phylogenetic relationship of A. aquariorum with the 3 defined A. hydrophila subspecies (i.e. dhakensis, hydrophila, ranae) was investigated. Phylogenetic trees derived from the 16S rRNA, rpoD or gyrB genes and a multilocus phylogenetic analysis (with the concatenated sequences of gyrB, rpoD, recA, dnaJ and gyrA) confirmed that both A. aquariorum and A. hydrophila subsp. dhakensis are a unique taxon, different from the other A. hydrophila subspecies, corroborating the phenotypic and DNA–DNA hybridization (DDH) results. A formal synonymization of A. aquariorum and A. hydrophila subsp. dhakensis and a reclassification of both as Aeromonas dhakensis sp. nov. comb nov. is therefore proposed.