冠层温度指导冬小麦灌溉的试验研究

在冬小麦主要生育期,测定了6个不同水分处理的冠层温度、气温以及土壤含水率,计算了冠气温差并分析了它们之间的相互关系。结果表明:作物水分胁迫指数CWSI和冠层-空气温差(Tc-Ta)是利用冠层温度评价作物水分状况的重要方法。冠层温度和冠气温差都有明显的日变化过程,其中冠层温度在下午14:00前后达到最大值;中午12:00~14:00时段冠气温差反应冬小麦的供水状况最具代表性;冬小麦适宜水分处理的冠气温差阈值为-1.5℃<ΔT<1.3℃。冬小麦旺盛生长期间(15/4~25/5)的水分胁迫指数平均值与最终籽粒产量的关系是一种非线性的关系,平均水分胁迫指数在0.18~0.23范围为冬小麦的最优供水标准。     

无人机热红外反演土壤含水率的方法

以不同生育期夏玉米为对象,讨论无人机热红外反演夏玉米田土壤含水率的精度及反演方法.利用无人机获取试验区的可见光和热红外图像.通过可见光图像提取冠层掩膜并叠加在热红外图像上提取玉米冠层温度,分析冠层温度的变化趋势及与叶面积指数(LAI)的相关性.最后,利用冠气温差的相反数与叶面积指数构建了一个新指标(D_TL),讨论了冠气温差或D_TL指标反演土壤含水率的准确性.结果表明:冠层温度随着土壤含水量的增加而降低,夏玉米LAI在一定程度上可以表征冠层温度;对比4个时期的数据,发现冠气温差反演效果在灌溉后较好(如2次灌后R²分别为0.614 6和0.463 7);与冠气温差相比,D_TL指标可以提高土壤含水量反演的精度,如0~20 cm深度的R²从0.614 6和0.463 7提高到0.661 6和0.485 0.该研究对热红外反演夏玉米田间土壤含水率方法进行了新的尝试.     

覆盖度对无人机热红外遥感反演玉米土壤含水率的影响

为提高基于冠层温度信息反演土壤含水率的精度,以不同水分处理的拔节期大田玉米为研究对象,采用无人机热红外和可见光相机获取试验区遥感图像,通过不同图像分类方法剔除土壤背景,提取玉米植被覆盖度(Corn vegetation coverage,Vc)及冠层温度(Canopy temperature,Tc),并计算冠-气温差(Tca)和冠-气温差与覆盖度的比值,分析这两种指数与土壤含水率(Soil moisture content,Smc)之间的关系。结果表明,不同分类方法提取的玉米覆盖度以及冠层温度均存在差异,由灰度分割法、RGRI指数法、GBRI指数法3种分类方法剔除土壤背景后计算的冠-气温差、冠-气温差与覆盖度之比与土壤含水率均呈线性关系,并且冠-气温差、冠-气温差与覆盖度之比两种指数反演0～30 cm玉米根域深度的土壤含水率效果较好;其中,未剔除土壤背景的冠-气温差反演土壤含水率效果较差,GBRI指数分类法剔除土壤背景的冠-气温差反演土壤含水率效果有所提高(0～10 cm、10～20 cm、20～30 cm深度的R2由0. 255、0. 360、0. 131提高至0. 425、0. 538、0. 258);而冠-气温差与覆盖度的比值反演土壤含水率相比于冠-气温差精度明显提高,0～10 cm、10～20 cm、20～30 cm深度建模集R2高达0. 488、0. 600、0. 290,P 0. 001,验证集R2达0. 714、0. 773、0. 446,表明冠-气温差与覆盖度之比是反演玉米根域深度土壤含水率效果更优的指标。     

利用作物冠层叶气温差预报根系层土壤含水率的试验研究

根系是作物吸收水分的重要器官,根系的生长和分布对水分利用起着重要的作用,试验以番茄作为研究对象,于2011年的春夏两季对日光温室番茄的根系活动层内土壤容积含水率与冠层叶-气温差之间的关系进行了研究。结果表明：反映日光温室番茄的冠层叶-气温差与土壤含水率关系的最佳测定时间是13：00～15：00,根据该时段内的数据分析发现,冠层叶-气温差与不同深度范围内的土壤容积含水率成负相关,且与20～30cm土层内的土壤容积含水率相关性最为显著,相关系数为-0．808,通过回归分析,得出冠层叶-气温差（△T）与20～30cm土层内的土壤容积含水率（Sw）两者之间的回归方程为SW=-0．017AT＋0．155,因此可以确定番茄根系的活动层主要分布在土层的20～30cm范围内。     

基于无人机热红外的水分胁迫指数与土壤含水率关系研究

为了实时快速监测作物根系活动层的土壤含水率,利用低空无人机搭载的热红外相机获取经4种水分处理的棉花花铃期一天中5个时刻的冠层温度,并连续观测5 d,应用水分胁迫指数(CWSI)的理论模式、简化模式、定义模式计算得到3种CWSI,与棉花根系不同土壤深度含水率建立模型。研究表明:3种胁迫指数与土壤含水率具有幂函数关系,其中理论模式与土壤含水率的相关性最佳,定义模式次之,简化模式最差;在一天中不同监测时间点上,3种CWSI的监测精度在13∶00最高,9∶00和17∶00最差;在监测深度上,3种胁迫指数与0～60 cm处的土壤含水率关系最为紧密,0～30 cm次之,0～15 cm最差。该研究可大面积获取作物根系层土壤含水率,提高作物根系层土壤含水率的反演精度。     

无人机热红外遥感反演玉米根域土壤含水率方法研究

为了减少土壤背景带来的干扰,更加准确、高效的获取无人机热红外图像中的玉米冠层温度,进而快速反演玉米地土壤含水率,以4种水分梯度处理的拔节期玉米为研究对象,借助无人机可见光和热红外图像,采用RGRI指数法、Otsu阈值法和不剔除土壤背景3种处理方法提取热红外图像中玉米冠层温度信息,计算作物水分胁迫指数(Crop water stress index,CWSI)并用于反演不同水分梯度处理下玉米地不同深度的土壤含水率,基于3种方法获得的CWSI分别记为CWSIRGRI、CWSIOtsu、CWSIsc.结果表明:①基于RGRI指数法获取的玉米冠层温度与实测冠层温度的相关性最高(R2均大于0.8;RMSE均小于1℃),Otsu方法次之,不剔除土壤背景方法效果最差.②在整个拔节期,CWSIRGRI反演土壤含水率效果最好(R2均大于0.5,P<0.01;效果显著),CWSIOtsu次之、CWSIsc反演效果最差.③选取CWSIRGRI为最优CWSI指标,其在玉米拔节期5个土壤深度内的R2呈现先上升后下降的趋势且都在0～30 cm深度内达到最大值.因此,基于RGRI指数法建立的CWSIRGRI可以作为反演玉米地土壤含水率的有效指标.     

剔除土壤背景的冬小麦根域土壤含水率遥感反演方法

为剔除无人机多光谱图像中的土壤背景、提高作物根域土壤含水率反演精度,以不同水分处理的拔节期冬小麦为研究对象,利用无人机多光谱相机分别在09:00、11:00、13:00、15:00和17:00等5个时刻获取高分辨率多光谱图像,采用改进的植被指数阈值法快速确定植被像元与土壤像元的分类阈值,通过阈值划分剔除土壤背景,并根据阈值变化研究土壤背景对冬小麦冠层反射率的影响,建立了剔除土壤背景前后基于植被指数的土壤含水率反演模型。结果表明,应用改进的植被指数阈值法可有效剔除多光谱图像中的土壤背景,其中基于植被指数RDVI的剔除精度最高,总体精度在91.32%以上;土壤背景对冬小麦冠层近红外波段的反射率影响较大,红边波段次之,而对可见光波段的反射率影响较小;剔除土壤背景前后的植被指数与土壤含水率均呈线性关系,剔除土壤背景对反演土壤含水率的精度有显著提高,其中NGRDI反演深度10~20cm的冬小麦根域土壤含水率效果最好,建模集R2和RMSE分别为0.739和2.0%,验证集R2和RMSE分别为0.787和2.1%。     

水分胁迫对冬小麦冠层辐射截获率和利用效率的影响

冬小麦地上部生物量和最终产量都取决于冠层截获光合有效辐射(Photosynthetically active radiation,PAR)的能力以及辐射利用效率(Radiation use efficiency,RUE)的大小。目前主要的作物生长模型都是利用作物冠层PAR截获率与RUE的关系来模拟作物的干物质积累和产量形成过程。为了探讨不同生育期受旱对冬小麦冠层PAR截获率和RUE的影响,本研究开展了2个生长季(2015—2016年和2016—2017年)的冬小麦田间试验。试验设置返青+拔节受旱(Early stress,ES),抽穗+灌浆受旱(Later stress,LS)以及全生育期不灌水(Whole stress,WS)3个不同处理,另外设置充分灌水处理作为对照(CK),灌水定额为80 mm。冠层接收到的太阳辐射通过每个小区中心处安装的PAR传感器全天候、不间断测得。结果表明土壤相对含水率能够有效反映冬小麦在不同受旱处理下的缺水状态。在受旱条件下,ES、LS和WS处理的最大叶面积指数分别比CK处理低31%、15%和58%。受叶面积指数影响,CK、ES、LS和WS处理的最大冠层PAR截获率分别为90%、88%、79%和42%,WS处理显著低于其他3个处理,同时,各处理叶面积指数和冠层PAR截获率的差异导致不同的冠层消光系数,其中ES处理的消光系数低于LS处理。CK、ES、LS和WS处理2年的平均地上部生物量分别为1 532、1 410、1 403、537 g/m~2。冬小麦的作物生长速率(Crop growth rate,CGR)呈现出和地上部生物量相似的规律,二者之间具有良好的相关性(R~2=0.99)。冠层辐射截获率和地上部生物量决定了冬小麦的RUE,本研究中CK处理的RUE为3.55 g/MJ,ES和LS处理的RUE要比CK处理低22%和5%,而WS处理仅比CK处理低22%。冬小麦的RUE在整个生育期呈先增大后减小的趋势,在开花期达到峰值。营养阶段受旱引起的冬小麦RUE降低幅度更大,全生育期受旱下冬小麦RUE呈现不同的干旱响应机制,有待于进一步研究。本研究认为将消光系数和RUE作为生育期或者积温的函数来对待而非单一常数,可以帮助改善作物模型中干物质的估算精度,降低模拟结果的不确定性。     

基于CWSI诊断温室草皮水分胁迫的实验研究

通过观测夏季温室不同灌溉条件下草皮的冠层温度、气温、大气湿度以及土壤含水量等因素,利用Isdo经验模式确定了冠气温差的下限方程。通过观察不同水分处理条件下草皮CWSI的日变化,得出了利用CWSI诊断草皮水分状况的最佳时机。研究分析了作物水分胁迫指数与其他一些反映作物水分状况的指标,包括土壤含水量、叶片蒸腾速率以及叶片含水量之间的关系,CWSI验理论模式与上述这些指标关系良好,表明其很好地反映了作物的水分胁迫特征。     

实时灌溉模型中作物根区土壤含水率计算方法及应用

为了改进作物实时灌溉模型中土壤墒情的取值方法、提高实时灌溉预报的精度,针对已有研究模型中土壤墒情的取值方法不符合作物生长规律的问题,在充分考虑冬小麦根系随土壤深度分布规律和吸收水分特点的情况下,采用变异系数法计算了冬小麦计划湿润层内各土层土壤含水率的权重,并应用在郑州地区不同水分处理的冬小麦实时灌溉模型中。结果表明,权重法计算的日土壤含水率和灌水总量更符合试验区冬小麦生长规律和灌溉定额标准。     

基于冠层温度的水稻关键生育期缺水诊断

以船行灌区水稻为试验作物,在2014年7-10月水稻生长发育的分蘖期、拔节孕穗期、开花结实期等3个关键期进行水稻需水试验,研究水稻冠层温度、大气温度与土壤含水量的关系,提出作物缺水诊断方法.研究结果表明:冠层温度晴天变化趋势随气温变化差异较大,阴雨天与大气温度差异不大,这与晴天水稻蒸发蒸腾强度高而阴雨天蒸发蒸腾强度低有关;抽穗开花期冠气温差在午间呈现正值,其他时间大多为负值,而成熟期冠气温差基本为正值且午间最大;通过水稻拔节孕穗期和开花结实期间冠气温差和对应时段内土壤适宜含水率上下限的对比,确定直播和插秧稻在拔节孕穗期的冠气温差上限达到1.5 ℃时,在开花结实期冠气温差上限分别超过2.4 ℃和2.5 ℃时,土壤水分已达胁迫水平,应对水稻进行灌溉.通过监测冠层温度,可以便捷地获取水稻缺水状况.     

Development of crop water stress index of wheat crop for scheduling irrigation using infrared thermometry

This study was conducted to develop the relationship between canopy-air temperature difference and vapour pressure deficit for no stress condition of wheat crop (baseline equations), which was used to quantify crop water stress index (CWSI) to schedule irrigation in winter wheat crop (Triticum aestivum L.). The randomized block design (RBD) was used to design the experimental layout with five levels of irrigation treatments based on the percentage depletion of available soil water (ASW) in the root zone. The maximum allowable depletion (MAD) of the available soil water (ASW) of 10, 40 and 60 per cent, fully wetted (no stress) and no irrigation (fully stressed) were maintained in the crop experiments. The lower (non-stressed) and upper (fully stressed) baselines were determined empirically from the canopy and ambient air temperature data obtained using infrared thermometry and vapour pressure deficit (VPD) under fully watered and maximum water stress crop, respectively. The canopy-air temperature difference and VPD resulted linear relationships and the slope (m) and intercept (c) for lower baseline of pre-heading and post-heading stages of wheat crop were found m = −1.7466, c = −1.2646 and m = −1.1141, c = −2.0827, respectively. The CWSI was determined by using the developed empirical equations for three irrigation schedules of different MAD of ASW. The established CWSI values can be used for monitoring plant water status and planning irrigation scheduling for wheat crop.     

基于冠气温差的淮北地区水稻日需水量估算模型研究

【目的】构建水稻日需水量估算模型,为灌区动态用水管理提供科学指导。【方法】以淮北淮涟灌区水稻为研究对象,通过称质量法获取水稻日需水量,同步采集水稻冠层温度和相关气象要素,分析各要素与实测水稻日需水量关系,构建了以太阳净辐射和冠气温差为参数的水稻日需水量估算模型,并利用叶面积指数对其进行修正。【结果】太阳净辐射量和冠气温差是反映水稻日需水量的关键因子,水稻日需水量与太阳净辐射呈正线性相关,与冠气温差呈负线性相关,冠气温差随着生育期延续有增大的趋势。通过叶面积指数修正的模型相对误差为5.07%,均方根误差为0.183 mm/d。【结论】利用冠气温差估算水稻日需水量,方法较为简单,精度满足灌溉管理要求。     

Canopy-air temperature differentials,water use and yield of chickpea in a semi-arid environment

Summary Stress degree days (SDD) and canopy-air temperature differential summation procedures were used to quantify the response of crops of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) to soil water availability and atmospheric demand over a four year period on a deep and medium-deep Vertisol in India using different irrigation treatments and planting dates. Canopy temperatures measured between 13.00–14.00 h provided a good index of the daily mean canopy temperature. Differences in the diurnal variation in the canopy-air temperature differentials between irrigated and non-irrigated chickpea reflected clearly the differential response of the crop to soil water availability. Total water use of chickpea decreased with increasing SDD. Data pooled over three growing seasons showed a close relationship between SDD and yield of chickpea. Calculated water stress index (WSI) which includes the vapor pressure deficit term showed a similar relationship with yield to that with SDD.Approved for publication as ICRISAT Journal Article 580(Via Paris)     

水稻需水关键期冠气温差变化规律试验研究

为了研究基于冠层温度的水分监测技术在水稻上的适用性,在辽宁省灌溉试验站蒸渗器中设置不同的水分处理进行试验,运用数理统计的方法分析了沈阳地区水稻需水关键期冠气温差（Tc-Ta）的变化规律及其与土壤水分吸力、空气饱和水汽压差（VPD）之间的相互关系,并分析了灌水对水稻冠气温差的影响。结果表明,水稻的冠气温差一般为负值,因天...     

Estimation of dwarf green bean water use under semi-arid climate conditions through ground-based remote sensing techniques

Determination of temporal and spatial distribution of water use (WU) within agricultural land is critical for irrigation management and could be achieved by remotely sensed data. The aim of this study was to estimate WU of dwarf green beans under excessive and limited irrigation water application conditions through indicators based on remotely sensed data. For this purpose, field experiments were conducted comprising of six different irrigation water levels. Soil water content, climatic parameters, canopy temperature and spectral reflectance were all monitored. Reference evapotranspiration (ET₀), crop coefficient K_c and potential crop evapotraspiration (ET_c) were calculated by means of methods described in FAO-56. In addition, WU values were determined by using soil water balance residual and various indexes were calculated. Water use fraction (WUF), which represents both excessive and limited irrigation applications, was defined through WU, ET₀ and K_c. Based on the relationships between WUF and remotely sensed indexes, WU of each irrigation treatments were then estimated. According to comparisons between estimated and measured WU, in general crop water stress index (CWSI) can be offered for monitoring of irrigated land. At the same time, under water stress, correlation between measured WU and estimated WU based on CWSI was the highest too. However, canopy-air temperature difference (T_c − T_a) is more reliable than others for excessive water use conditions. Where there is no data related to canopy temperature, some of spectral vegetation indexes could be preferable in the estimation of WU.     

冬小麦冠层温度对大气温度的时滞效应与影响因素研究

冠气温差能够间接监测作物水分变化规律，而冠层温度与大气温度之间存在的时滞效应会影响监测效果，为探明两者之间的时滞效应变化规律及影响因素，本研究以拔节期至乳熟期的冬小麦为研究对象，利用红外温度传感器连续监测灌溉上限分别为田间持水率的95%(T1)、80%(T2)、65%(T3)和50%(T4)4个不同灌溉处理的冠层温度，并同步获取短波净辐射(Short-wave net radiation,R_S)、大气温度(Atmospheric temperature,T_A)、相对湿度(Relative humidity,R_H)等气象数据。利用错位相关法计算冠层温度与大气温度之间的时滞时间(Time lag,T_L),分析其在不同生育期和不同灌溉条件下变化规律，并采用相关性分析法探究气象因子(R_S、T_A、R_H)变化率和日均值与时滞时间的相关性，最后通过通径分析探讨气象因子(R_S、T_A、R_H     

Relationships between available soil water and indicators of plant water status of sweet sorghum to be applied in irrigation scheduling

Optimal crop production depends greatly on available soil water, and it is therefore important to know when and how much to irrigate in order to attain agronomic potential. In this work, plant indicators are used to assess water stress. These are compared with available soil water to find the critical point for irrigation scheduling of sweet sorghum. The experimental trial was carried out in Bečej, in the Vojvodina region, on a sweet sorghum crop, grown in moderate climatic conditions on a well-drained, deep chernozemolic meadow soil. Plant indicators tested were predawn and midday leaf water potential and crop and air temperature difference. All the methods were sensitive to water deficit in plants, but not all can be used for irrigation scheduling. The predawn leaf water potential was the most reliable parameter among those tested due to its relative independence from weather conditions and a valid indicator of plant water status. This was not the case with canopy-air temperature difference. The predawn leaf water potential corelation with available soil water indicates that the threshold value for irrigation scheduling of sweet sorghum is when the former has decreased to –0.45 MPa. This corresponds to a soil water depletion to about 10% of available water in the active root zone. The canopy-air temperature difference was sufficiently sensitive to indicate the onset of mild plant water stress, although it showed a certain threshold value when water shortage appeared, which occurred when the air and canopy temperature were the same. Received: 9 April 1996     

水分调亏对地下滴灌夏玉米田水热动态的影响

通过北京地区地下滴灌夏玉米田间试验,研究了前期不同程度水分亏缺对土壤水热和夏玉米冠层温度、株高、叶面积指数及产量的影响。结果表明:在20～60 cm土层,除重度亏水处理外,其他处理的土壤含水率均在高位平稳变化;在60～100 cm土层,丰水处理的土壤含水率最大;对不同深度的土层,轻度与中度亏水处理两者间的土壤含水率差异较小。受作物覆盖度和亏水程度的影响,拔节期各处理间土壤温度和冠层温度有明显差异;在较浅土层(距地表30 cm和50 cm处)中,拔节期之前丰水处理的土壤温度较低,拔节期之后各处理间差异逐渐减小;在较深土层(距地表80 cm处)中,水分亏缺程度越大,土壤温度越高。轻度亏水处理能获得较高的产量,中度亏水处理能提高水分利用效率。