基于优先权顶的实时并发控制协议

为了提高实时数据库系统的事务并发度,论文通过对已有的并发控制协议及实时事务冲突关系进行详细的分析,利用优先权顶的方法解决了事务间的冲突问题,提出了基于优先权顶的实时事务并发控制协议—PCCR协议,该协议能有效减少事务的重启率,使事务的并发性得到改善,同时能保证事务调度的可串行性,最终提高了系统的性能。     

一种实时数据库系统的基于时间戳的多版本并发控制协议

实时数据库系统的定时限制包括数据的定时限制和事务的定时限制,一个好的并发控制协议必须要较好地满足这些定时限制。文章详细讨论了与并发控制有关的实时数据和实时事务的各种特征以及分类。并根据这些特点对传统数据库系统的多版本并发控制机制进行了扩展,提出了一种基于时间戳的多版本实时数据库系统的并发控制协议。该协议对硬实时事务不产生任何延迟,能够很好地保证实时事务和实时数据的定时限制,缺点是该并发控制协议仅是一个准一致性的协议。     

嵌入式实时数据库中基于价值函数的并发研究

提出一种新的适用于嵌入实时数据库系统（ERTDBs）的并发控制协议VB-SCC,该协议将事务的价值函数和SCC协议相结合。其目标是提高并发事务带给系统的价值收益。另外,该协议建立在基于功能替代的实时事务模型上,适用于嵌入式实时数据库系统。最后通过模拟试验证实VB-SCC比现有的VOSP、VPSP协议具有更好的稳定性。     

并行数据库实时多版本并发控制协议性能研究

随着对实时数据库事务处理性能要求的不断提高 ,将并行数据库和实时数据库相结合的并行实时数据库将成为新的发展方向 .然而通常的实时多版本并发控制协议不适合并行数据库的无共享结构 .比较了几种并发控制协议在无共享结构下的性能 ,该文提出了一种并行实时多版本并发控制协议 .它能有效地减少事务的重启 ,降低事务的错过率 .在长短事务混合的情况下 ,它的性能比其它的并发控制协议更好 .同时 ,它具有更好的可扩展性 .作者利用仿真模型对该协议进行了性能测试 ,与其它协议进行了比较 ,并分析了实验结果 ,仿真实验结果表明该协议性能良好     

实时主动数据库有效性检查并发控制协议

在实时主动数据库中,事务不仅有时间约束,而且事务执行可能触发其它事务执行。传统并发控制协议不适应于实时主动数据库系统。该文研究了实时主动数据库事务执行模式,提出了有效性检查并发控制协议。协议使用动态调整串行次序策略,避免不必要的事务重启动。通过仿真模拟与HP2PL协议和OCC-TI-WAIT-50协议进行了比较。结果表明,该协议能有效地降低事务延误截止时间率和事务重启动率,性能优于HP2PL和OCC-TI-WAIT-50协议。     

并行数据库实时多牌本并发控制协议性能研究

随着对实时数据库事处处理性能要求的不断提高，将并行数据库和实时数据库相结合的并行实时数据库将成为新的发展方向。然而通常的实时多牌本并发控制协议不适合并行数据库的无共享结构，比较了几种并发控制协议在无共享结构下的性能，该文提出了一种并行实时多牌本并发控制协议，它能有效地减省事务的重启，降低事务的错过率，在长短事务混合的情况下，它的性能比其它的并发控制协议更好，同时，它具有更好的可扩展性，作者利用仿真模型对该协议进行了性能测试，与其它协议进行了比较，并分析了实验结果，仿真实验结果表明该协议性能良好。     

嵌入式实时数据库系统并发控制技术研究

嵌入式实时数据库系统是近几年才兴起的一项新的数据管理技术.本文首先描述了实时事务并发控制并发控制协议,然后探讨了具有功能替代性和补偿性的实时事务并发控制的新特点,最后对嵌入式实时数据库总体结构和系统结构的一些主要特点做了详细阐述.从而解决无冲突替代不存在条件下的并发控制问题.     

一种面向混合实时事务调度的并发控制协议

首先给出了一个两层结构的混合实时数据库系统模型,其中支持采用非定期任务调度算法来改进系统的性能．进一步,针对这种模型下混合事务的数据一致性问题,提出了一种新的并发控制协议——MCC-DATI．该协议采用动态优先级驱动的调度算法,通过限制非定期的软实时事务对硬实时事务的阻塞时间,保证硬实时事务的可调度性;同时,采用非定期任务调度算法以及基于时间戳间隔的动态串行化顺序调整机制来减少软实时事务的截止期错失率．仿真实验表明,相对于先前的混合事务的并发控制协议,该协议在不同的系统负载与截止期约束下都能够改进系统的性能。     

大型实时数据库系统设计及并发控制调度

系统地分析了大型实时数据库系统的应用环境和功能需求,提出了企业大型实时数据库的体系结构、设计思路和实现方法,研究了实时主动数据库事务执行模式,提出了有效性检查并发控制协议.协议使用动态调整串行次序策略,避免不必要的事务重启动,并能有效降低事务延误截止时间.该实现方法在工程应用中取得了良好的效果.     

大型实时数据库系统设计及并发控制调度

系统地分析了大型实时数据库系统的应用环境和功能需求,提出了企业大型实时数据库的体系结构、设计思路和实现方法, 研究了实时主动数据库事务执行模式,提出了有效性检查并发控制协议。协议使用动态调整串行次序策略,避免不必要的事务重启动,能有效降低事务延误截止时间,在工程应用中取得了良好的效果。     

Evaluation of concurrency control strategies for mixed soft real-time database systems

Previous research in real-time concurrency control mainly focuses on the schedulability guarantee of hard real-time transactions and the reduction of the miss rate of soft real-time transactions. Although many new database applications have significant response time requirements, not much work has been done in the joint scheduling of traditional non-real-time transactions and soft real-time transactions. In this paper, we study the concurrency control problems in mixed soft real-time database systems, in which both non-real-time and soft real-time transactions exist simultaneously. The objectives are to identify the cost and the performance tradeoff in the design of cost-effective and practical real-time concurrency control protocols, and to evaluate their performance under different real-time and non-real-time supports. In particular, we are interested in studying the impacts of different scheduling approaches for soft real-time transactions on the performance of non-real-time transactions. Instead of proposing yet another completely new real-time concurrency control protocol, our objective is to design an efficient integrated concurrency control method based on existing techniques. We propose several methods to integrate the well-known two phase locking and optimistic concurrency control with the aims to meet the deadline requirements of soft real-time transactions and, at the same time, to minimize the impact on the performance of non-real-time transactions. We have conducted a series of experiments based on a sanitized version of stock trading systems to evaluate the performance of both soft real-time and non-real-time transactions under different real-time supports in the system.     

KRISHNA - An efficient concurrency control algorithm based on dynamic attributes of transactions and its performance

Concurrent transactions during their execution life acquire a number of attributes. We call them dynamic attributes of transactions. We have used them to develop a concurrency control mechanism, called KRISHNA, using a two-phase locking policy. To establish the usefulness of dynamic attributes in developing concurrency control mechanisms and to investigate the behaviour of KRISHNA we have studied their performance using a detailed simulation model. We show that KRISHNA outperforms a number of well-known concurrency control mechanisms based on a two-phase policy. We also show that the conflict-resolution policy of KRISHNA is comparatively more accurate in resolving conflicts, i.e., it selects the ‘right’ transaction for rolling back or blocking. We argue that implementing KRISHNA is not expensive compared to commonly used concurrency control mechanisms.     

Distributed optimistic concurrency control with reduced rollback

Concurrency control algorithms have traditionally been based on locking and timestamp ordering mechanisms. Recently optimistic schemes have been proposed. In this paper a distributed, multi-version, optimistic concurrency control scheme is described which is particularly advantageous in a query-dominant environment. The drawbacks of the original optimistic concurrency control scheme, namely that inconsistent views may be seen by transactions (potentially causing unpredictable behavior) and that read-only transactions must be validated and may be rolled back, have been eliminated in the proposed algorithm. Read-only transactions execute in a completely asynchronous fashion and are therefore processed with very little overhead. Furthermore, the probability that read-write transactions are rolled back has been reduced by generalizing the validation algorithm. The effects of global transactions on local transaction processing are minimized. The algorithm is also free from dedlock and cascading rollback problems. Divyakant Agrawal is currently a graduate student in the Department of Computer Science at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He received his B.E. degree from Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India in 1980. He worked with Tata Burroughs Limited, from 1980 to 1982. He completed his M.S. degree in Computer Science from SUNY at Stony Brook in 1984. His research interests include design of algorithms for concurrent systems, optimistic protocols and distributed systems. Arthur Bernstein is a Professor of Computer Science at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. His research is concerned with the design and verification of algorithms involving asynchronous activity and with languages for expressing such algorithms. Pankaj Gupta is currently a graduate student in the Department of Computer Science at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He received M.S. degree in Electrical Engineering from SUNY at Stony Brook in 1982 and M.S. degree in Computer Science from SUNY at Stony Brook in 1985. His research interests include distributed systems, concurrency control, and databases. Soumitra Sengupta is currently a graduate student in the Department of Computer Science at the State University of New York at Stony Brook. He received his B.E. degree from Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India in 1980. He worked with Tata Consultancy Services, from 1980 to 1982. He completed his M.S. degree in Computer Science from SUNY at Stony Brook in 1984. His research interests include distributed algorithms, logic databases and concurrency control.This work was supported by the National Science Foundation under grant, DCR-8502161 and the Air Force Office of Scientific Research under grant AFOSR 810197     

Multidimensional Timestamp Protocols for Concurrency Control

We propose multidimensional timestamp protocols for concurrency control in database systems where each transaction is assigned a timestamp vector containing multiple elements. The timestamp vectors for two transactions can be equal if timestamp elements are assigned the same values. The serializability order among the transactions is determined by a topological sort of the corresponding timestamp vectors. The timestamp in our protocols is assigned dynamically and is not just based on the starting/finishing time as in conservative and optimistic timestamp methods. The concurrency control can be enforced based on more precise dependency information derived dynamically from the operations of the transactions. Several classes of logs have been identified based on the degree of concurrency or the number of logs accepted by a concurrency controller. The class recognized by our protocols is within D-serializable (DSR), and is different from all previously known classes such as two phase locking (2PL), strictly serializable (SSR), timestamp ordering (TO), which have been defined in literature. The protocols have been analyzed to study the complexity of recognition of logs. We briefly discuss the implementation of the concurrency control algorithm for the new class, and give a timestamp vector processing mechanism. The extension of the protocols for nested transaction and distributed database models has also been included.     

Efficient execution of read-only transactions in replicatedmultiversion databases

Multiple versions of data are used in database systems to increase concurrency. The higher concurrency results since read-only transactions can be executed without any concurrency control overhead and, therefore, read-only transactions do not interfere with the execution of update transactions. Availability of data in a distributed environment is improved by data replication. We propose a protocol for managing data in a replicated multiversion environment, where execution of read-only transactions or queries becomes completely independent of the underlying concurrency control and replica control mechanisms, and the data availability for read-only transactions increases significantly since they can be executed as long as any one copy of the object is available in the system. In order to validate the feasibility of our approach, we developed a simple prototype to measure the performance improvement in the response times of queries. The results clearly establish the viability of the approach as a useful paradigm for the design of efficient and fault-tolerant distributed database systems     

An energy-efficient mobile transaction processing method using random back-off in wireless broadcast environments

Broadcast is widely accepted as an efficient technique for disseminating data to a large number of mobile clients over a single or multiple channels. Due to the limited uplink bandwidth from mobile clients to server, conventional concurrency control methods cannot be directly applied. There has been many researches on concurrency control methods for wireless broadcast environments. However, they are mostly for read-only transactions or do not consider exploiting cache. They also suffer from the repetitive aborts and restarts of mobile transactions when the access patterns of mobile transactions are skewed. In this paper, we propose a new optimistic concurrency control method suitable for mobile broadcast environments. To prevent the repetitive aborts and restarts of mobile transactions, we propose a random back-off technique. To exploit the cache on mobile clients, our method keeps the read data set of mobile transactions and prefetches those data items when the mobile transactions are restarted. As other existing optimistic concurrency control methods for mobile broadcast environments does, it works for both read-only and update transactions. Read-only transactions are validated and locally committed without using any uplink bandwidth. Update transactions are validated with forward and backward validation, and committed after final validation consuming a small amount of uplink bandwidth. Our performance analysis shows that it significantly decreases uplink and downlink bandwidth usage compared to other existing methods.     

一种新的混合实时事务并发控制算法

单一的实时事务并发控制策略因为对事务性能以及事务对数据的访问方式有着特殊限制而无法满足不同类型事务同时并存的混合实时数据库的要求.针对不同类型实时事务特征,提出了一种新的混合实时事务并发控制算法,对不同类型实时事务采用不同并发控制策略,具有极强的针对性和自适应性,算法同时通过分析数据的相关语义,利用数据相似性定义,合理放宽可串行化的正确性标准,在优先考虑硬实时事务的前提下,尽可能增加软实时事务成功提交的比例以提高系统整体性能.仿真实验结果证明MRTT_CC算法性能良好.