Ni48Mn33Ga18Tb1合金的马氏体相变和磁性形状记忆效应

本文研究了 Ni48Mn3 3 Ga1 9合金添加微量的稀土元素 Tb后 ,对合金的马氏体相变、磁致应变性能及抗弯性能的影响 ,发现合金的马氏体相变温度、磁致应变值有所下降 ,而机械抗弯强度有显著提高。     

Tb对多晶Ni_(52.5)Mn_(23.5)Ga_(24)合金马氏体相变和磁感生应变的影响

研究了添加不同量的Tb对多晶Ni52.5Mn23.5Ga24的马氏体相变和磁性能的影响,发现合金的马氏体相变温度显著提高,而在不加外应力的作用下合金的磁感生应变值却有所下降。     

Tb对多晶Ni52.5Mn23.5Ga24r合金马氏体相变和磁感生应变的影响

研究了添加不同量的Tb对多晶Ni52.5Mn23.5Ga24的马氏体相变和磁性能的影响,发现合金的马氏体相变温度显著提高,而在不加外应力的作用下合金的磁感生应变值却有所下降.     

Fe-Mn-Ni-C介稳奥氏体中的形变诱发马氏体及其接触疲劳抗力的研究

接触疲劳是材料磨损的一种重要形式,它使大量机械零件仅仅由于局部磨损而造成整体报废。本文研究目的是利用Fe-Mn-Ni-C介稳奥氏体中形变诱发马氏体相变来提高材料的接触疲劳抗力(CFR)。文中介绍了用滚滑式接触疲劳试验机对一系列合金进行实验,发现CFR最高的合金易发生形变诱发马氏体相变,并具有良好的综合机械性能。在试验基础上建立起CFRT—M_s的相关性,从而可以利用残余奥氏体的介稳性提高CFR;基于这一思路,进行了合金的设计和筛选。文中用马氏体相变热力学的各种     

热处理工艺对NiTi形状记忆合金马氏体相变的影响

对成分（at）为Ti－51．28％Ni合金的相变过程用电阻、金相法进行了研究．发现该合金加热过程中发生M→R＋M→B2转变，冷却时则有M→R＋M→B2转变．并用电阻－温度曲线测定了不同热处理工艺条件下合金的相变温度，讨论了固溶时效处理制度对马氏体相变及R相变的影响，也讨论了提高合金形状记忆效应稳定性的各种方式，结果表明，“高温固溶，中温时效”是有利于该合金马氏体相变的最佳热处理工艺．也是提高其形状记忆效应的有效途径。     

冷轧对Fe-Mn和Fe-Mn-Al合金组织和性能的影响

本文研究了Fe-Mn和Fe-Mn-Al合金的冷轧强化和应变诱导马氏体相变规律.定量地测定了合金经过不同冷轧变形后的相体积和力学性能.实验结果表明,在15～30％Mn范围内的Fe-Mn合金中,增加Mn含量可抑制α-马氏体相变.进一步添加Al含量又可以抑制ε-马氏体相变,从而在一定的合金成分下得到了冷轧后仍然具有稳定奥氏体组织的铁锰铝合金.     

退火温度对冷变形Ti_(50)Ni_(45)Cu_5形状记忆合金马氏体相变及力学性能的影响

使用透射电镜(TEM),动态热机械分析(DMA)以及示差扫描量热法(DSC)等测试方法对固溶态25%冷变形Ti_(50)Ni_(45)Cu_5合金400℃/1 h,500℃/1 h,600℃/1 h,700℃/1 h退火态的组织结构,马氏体相变特征以及力学性能进行分析,并在实验中对比使用DSC与DMA两种测试方法用于马氏体相变测试。结果表明,随着退火温度升高,Ti50Ni45Cu5合金的强度、硬度降低,塑性升高,400℃/1 h退火态合金有最高的强度和硬度,分别为996 MPa和HV 280,700℃/1 h退火态合金有最好的延伸率27.8%。随着退火温度升高,合金的马氏体相变温度因为合金内位错密度降低,孪晶晶界减少及内应力减少,逐渐从54.5℃下降至37.7℃。400℃/1 h,500℃/1 h,700℃/1 h退火态合金均发生B19-B19'马氏体相变,而600℃/1 h退火态合金由于Ti3Ni4相的析出B2-B19'马氏体相变转变为B2-B19-B19'两步马氏体相变。两步马氏体相变的B2-B19相变部分和B19-B19'相变部分均在DMA模式测试出,而DSC模式只检测出B2-B19相变部分,DMA模式更适合于本实验测试马氏体相变。     

β钛合金超弹性影响因素及其提高方法

β钛合金具有良好的力学性能、高耐蚀性以及优异的生物相容性,在生物医用材料领域备受关注.β钛合金的超弹性归因于应力诱发的β→α"马氏体相变及其逆转变.阐述了影响β钛合金超弹性的因素,归纳了提高合金超弹性的方法.通过添加合金元素调整相变温度和滑移临界应力使得应力诱发马氏体相变更易发生,延迟β相塑性变形的发生,能够获得更大的...     

Ni—Ti形状记忆合金中的相变

对近等原子 Ni-Ti 合金中的相变作了系统的综述,包括相变的顺序、无公度相变、R 相变、马氏体相变、合金成份及热循环对相变临界温度的影响、逆(?)变及沉淀。     

Ni-Ti形状记忆合金中的相变

根据作者的工作、并结合新近文献,对近等原子Ni-Ti合金中的相变作了系统的综述,包括:相变的顺序,无公度相变,R相变,马氏体相变,合金成分及热循环对相变临界温度的影响,逆相变及沉淀。     

退火马氏体基体TRIP钢拉伸过程中的残余奥氏体转变

研究了冷轧退火马氏体基体TRIP钢在不同预拉伸过程中残余奥氏体向马氏体的转变。为了使残余奥氏体转变充分,试验拉伸速度设定为1mm/min。对不同变形条件下的试样进行分析,通过XRD分析残余奥氏体转变的体积分数及残余奥氏体中的碳浓度,通过SEM观察拉伸断裂后的断口形貌。分析发现:残余奥氏体转变过程与应力-应变有十分密切的关系,在变形的初始阶段和试样断裂之前,残余奥氏体的转变率较均匀变形阶段要小很多;在均匀变形阶段,即在出现颈缩之前,残余奥氏体发生稳定的马氏体相变,其转变率达到最大值,此时可以有效地提高均匀伸长率;在出现颈缩之后,残余奥氏体继续发生马氏体转变,但其转变率要较均匀转变时稍低。在整个变形过程中,残余奥氏体中的碳浓度呈线性增加。在变形的始末,虽然是应力-应变的最大梯度,但奥氏体的转变率并不是最高,反而为最低。     

Nb-V-Ti微合金化高强度钢08MnCr连续冷却转变曲线和组织

利用ThermecMaster-Z热模拟实验机测定了一种Nb-V-Ti微合金化高强度钢08MnCr(S2)在910～1 200℃不变形(静态)和变形(动态)奥氏体0.05～30℃/s冷速下连续冷却转变(CCT)曲线,并分析和观察了对应的相变及组织。实验结果表明,提高轧后的冷却速度使Ar₃降低,导致钢的晶粒进一步细化;冷却速度大于10℃/s开始出现贝氏体转变。提高加热温度时相变温度降低,变形奥氏体相变温度较不变形奥氏体相变温度高。冷速较低时,铁素体晶粒呈多边形;冷速高时,铁素体晶粒多呈尖角形。     

In situ observation of austenite grain growth and transformation temperature in coarse grain heat affected zone of Ce-alloyed weld metal

Laser scanning confocal microscopy(LSCM) was used to study the inhibition of austenite grain growth by the inclusions and the effect of cerium on the trend of acicular ferrite(AF) and ferrite side plate(FSP) transformation temperature in coarse grain heat affected zone(CGHAZ) of Ce-alloyed weld metals. The results showed there were lots of tiny cerium oxides and sulfides inclusions in the CGHAZ of Ce-alloyed weld metals. When the concentration of Ce was 0.021%, the volume fraction of inclusions in weld metal CGHAZ was higher and the inclusion size was smaller, therefore austenite grain size was smaller with the increase of hightemperature residence time. Cerium tended to segregate at austenite grain boundaries, so FSP transformation temperature decreased and FSP transformation was suppressed. On the contrary, AF transformation temperature increased because AF transformation was promoted in CGHAZ of the Ce-alloyed weld metal, especially when the concentration of Ce was 0.021%.     

Transformation of retained austenite in carburized 4320 steel

A systematic study of stress-induced and thermal-induced transformation of retained austenite in carburized 4320 steel with an initial retained austenite of 35 pct has been conducted. The transformation was monitored by recording the change in volume of smooth fatigue specimens. Stress-induced transformation was studied by conducting monotonic and cyclic tests at temperatures in the range from 22 °C to 150 °C. The volumetric transformation strain was as large as 0.006 at 22 °C. The anisotropy of the transformation was such that the axial transformation strain component exceeded the diametral transformation strain component by a factor of 1.4. Thermal-induced transformation was investigated with temperature stepup tests in the range from 150 °C to 255 °C at constant stress (-500 MPa, 0 MPa, and 500 MPa) and with static tests where temperature was held constant at zero load. The maximum thermal-induced volumetric transformation strain of 0.006 was independent of stress. However, the anisotropy of the transformation strain components was dependent on stress direction and magnitude. An axial tensile stress increased the axial transformation strain relative to the diametral transformation strain. The influence of low-temperature creep(T = 150 °C) on the anisotropy of strains is noted. The differences between stress-induced and thermal-induced transformation mechanisms are discussed. Thermal-induced transformation primarily occurred at temperatures between 100 °C and 200 °C, with the rate of transformation increasing with temperature, while the stress-induced transformation primarily occurred at 22 °C, with the rate of transformation decreasing with increasing temperature. There was no stress-induced transformation above 60 °C.     

Transformation of mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome: clinical characteristics and prognosis

The occurrence of large cell transformation has been well documented in a subgroup of patients with mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome (MF/SS). However, because of the rarity of MF/SS, little is known about the influence of clinicopathologic features in predicting large cell transformation and about outcome in the transformed cases. We evaluated all patients with MF/SS who were registered in our clinic during the study period and for whom pathologic slides for review were available or could be obtained. Disease was classified as transformed if biopsy showed large cells (>/=4 times the size of a small lymphocyte) in more than 25% of the infiltrate or if they formed microscopic nodules. Twenty-six patients with transformation were identified from a total of 115 evaluable cases with a diagnosis of MF/SS. The actuarial cumulative probability of transformation reached 39% in 12 years. The median time from diagnosis of MF/SS to transformation was 12 months (range, 0 to 128 months). Thirty-one percent of all patients with stage IIB-IV disease at presentation eventually transformed versus 14% of those with stage I-IIA (P = . 03), with transformation being especially common in patients with tumors (T3), 46% of whom transformed. Combining elevated beta2 microglobulin and lactic dehydrogenase (neither elevated v one or both elevated) was also predictive for transformation (P = .009). The median survival from initial diagnosis of MF/SS for the transformed patients was 37 months versus 163 months for the untransformed group (P = .0029). The median survival from transformation was 19.4 months (range, 2+ to 138 months). The following characteristics were associated with an inferior survival in transformed patients: (1) early transformation (<2 years from the diagnosis v >/=2 years; P = .011) and (2) advanced stage (IIB-IV v I-IIA; 2-year survival, 23% v 86%; P = .0035). We conclude that MF/SS patients with stages IIB-IV disease and, in particular, those with tumors have a high incidence of large-cell transformation. Patients with transformation have a relatively poor survival, especially if transformation occurs early (within 2 years) in the course of disease or if they are staged as IIB or higher.     

Effect of Mo on the continuous cooling transformation behavior of Nb-Ti micro-alloyed low carbon steel

The effect of molybdenum on the continuous cooling transformation behavior of the micro-alloyed low carbon steel containing niobium and titanium was investigated by a Gleeble 3800 thermo-mechanical simulator.The phase transformation temperature of the steel at various cooling rates was detected.The microstructure was observed by optical microscope(OM) and scanning electronic microscope(SEM),and its Vickers hardness was tested.Based on these,its dynamic continuous cooling transformation(CCT) diagrams were determined.The results show that the transformation temperature from deformed austenite to acicular ferrite(AF) is decreased when Mo is added,and the formation of pro-eutectoid ferrite(F) and pearlite(P) is either inhabited or postponed.Mo can also enlarge the range of the cooling rate in forming AF,and refine the microstructure effectively.     

Stress-induced martensitic phase transformations in polycrystalline CuZnAl shape memory alloys under different stress states

The effect of different uniaxial and triaxial stress states on the stress-induced martensitic transformation in CuZnAl was investigated. Under uniaxial loading, it was found that the compressive stress level required to macroscopically trigger the transformation was 34 pct larger than the required tensile stress. The triaxial tests produced effective stress-strain curves with critical transformation stress levels in between the tensile and compressive results. It was found that pure hydrostatic pressure was unable to experimentally trigger a stress-induced martensitic transformation due to the large pressures required. Traditional continuum-based transformation theories, with transformation criteria and Clausius-Clapeyron equations modified to depend on the volume change during transformation, could not properly predict stress-state effects in CuZnAl. Considering a combination of hydrostatic (volume change) effects and crystallographic effects (number of transforming variants), a micromechanical model is used to estimate the dependence of the critical macroscopic transformation stress on the stress state.     

Muscle transformation of the sartorius muscle in a canine model: clinical impact for electrodynamic graciloplasty as a "neosphincter"

PURPOSE: Transformation of fast-twitching skeletal muscles to slow-twitching, slowly fatigable muscles has become of clinical interest in the recent past. Transposition and transformation of the gracilis muscle to use it as a substitute for a resected or defected anal sphincter (graciloplasty) have been reported as achieving promising results in the treatment of fecal incontinence caused by sphincter defects or following abdominoperineal anorectal excision for cancer. METHOD: This experimental study used a canine model and the sartorius muscle to evaluate the functional efficiency of two different configurations of the muscle loop to compare the presently applied transformation program (8 weeks) with a shorter (5 weeks) protocol. In six beagle dogs, both sartorius muscles were wrapped around two stomas, either in an alpha fashion or in the so-called split-sling technique. Muscle transformation was achieved by controlled neuromuscular stimulation either during eight (Program A) or five weeks (Program B). After completion of the transformation period, the function of the muscle slings was evaluated by manometry, and histomorphologic evaluation of the sartorius muscles was performed. RESULTS: It was shown that muscle transformation led to a slowly fatigable muscle that made it possible to perform continuos (tetanic) contraction, regardless of the configuration or the duration of the transformation. Median pressures created by these muscles also did not differ significantly. In accordance with these functional findings, the histologic evaluation showed the typical, significant increase of Type I fibers in both muscle slings and following both transformation protocols. Although the decrease of fast-twitching Type II fibers was more pronounced following the conventional (8 weeks) program, this finding did not influence the functional results. CONCLUSIONS: Results of our experiment indicate the possibility for using a shorter transformation protocol for transformation of the gracilis muscle during graciloplasty in the clinical setting. Furthermore, the efficacy and safety of the modified (split-sling) wrap technique was demonstrated.     

Mechanical Properties and Retained Austenite Transformation Mechanism of TRIP-Aided Polygonal Ferrite Matrix Seamless Steel Tube

 Through the comparison of microstructure for polygonal ferrite (PF) matrix transformation induced plasticity (TRIP) seamless steel tube at different positions before and after tensile rupture, the transformation behavior of retained austenite (RA) was studied. The results showed that there were no yield points in tensile process and the splendid elongation and tensile strength were contributed by the uniform ferrite/bainite grains and the transformation of RA. The stability of RA was to some extent in inverse proportion with the ability of transformation induced plasticity. The coarse retained austenite located in ferrite and ferrite/bainite laths were all transformed into martensite during the tensile process.     

Effects of Chromium,Vanadium and Austenite Deformation on Transformation Behaviors of High-strength Spring Steels

The phase transformation behavior during continuous cooling of high-strength spring steels containing dif-ferent amounts of Cr was studied.Furthermore,the effects of combining Cr with V as well as austenite deformation on the transformation kinetics were investigated in the method of dilatometry and metallography hardness.The re-sults showed that,with the increase of Cr,the pearlite transformation field was enlarged,the ferrite transformation field was narrowed,and the entire phase field shifted to the right.With the addition of V,the start transformation temperature of undercooling austenite (Ar3 )was gradually increased,but the ferrite and pearlite transformation fields were not affected.Besides,the minimum critical cooling rate of martensitic transformation was also reduced.In addition,the dynamic continuous cooling transformation (CCT)curve moves to the top left compared with the static CCT curve.The transformed microstructures showed that the addition of V and the deformation not only refined the overall transformed microstructures but also reduced the lamellar spacing of pearlite.The alloying elements Cr and V promoted the Vickers hardness.However,the effect of Cr on the Vickers hardness of martensite was stronger and the influence of V on that of pearlite was stronger.Moreover,the Vickers hardness affected by the austenite deform-ation was more complex and strongly depended on the transformed microstructures.