高原冲击伤伤情特点的实验研究

目的 探讨高原冲击伤的伤情特点.方法 成年SD大鼠130只,雌雄各半,分别暴露于环境压力53.99、61.33、65.60、96.60kPa,然后用BST-1型生物激波管致伤,各组驱动段压力均为3.8MPa.观察现场至伤后6小时动物存活情况和大体形态学改变.结果 随环境气压降低,冲击波引起的大鼠死亡率明显增加,肺损伤程度明显加重.伤后6小时,53.99、61.33、65.60、96.60kPa暴露组的死亡率分别为40%、16.67%、0、0.肺出血和肺水肿的程度随环境气压降低而明显加重,平均肺体指数分别为1.17%、1.08%、0.92%、0.71%.结论 高原环境可降低动物对冲击波的耐受性,高原冲击伤的死亡率和肺损伤程度较低海拔地区更高.     

高原冲击伤救治研究

高原冲击伤是指生物体直接或间接受到高原环境下冲击波的作用而发生的损伤。高原大气压低,且随海拔升高而降低。随着环境压力的降低、氧缺乏加重等变化,动物对冲击波的耐受性下降,表现为冲击伤的伤情较平原和低海拔地区更重,死亡率增加。海拔4000m和5000m的冲击伤,伤情较平原地区重1—3级,死亡率增加25％和35％,其中,致伤／致死的主要靶器官依然为肺、肠等含气体的脏器;实质性器官如肝、肾等的损伤很少发生。高原冲击伤时肺脏的病理变化主要表现为肺出血与水肿。损伤区域的肺泡内出现明显的血液成分外溢;肺泡壁断裂并相互融合形成“大泡”结构;在超微结构上,肺泡壁I型上皮及毛细血管内皮的破坏均可严重影响肺的呼吸及屏障功能,     

大鼠冲击伤复合缺氧肺损伤特点

目的 探讨大鼠冲击伤复合缺氧时肺损伤的特点。方法 健康Wistar大鼠116只，随机分为正常对照组（NG）、单纯冲击伤组（BI）、冲击伤复合缺氧（12．5％O2）Ⅰ组（BHI）和冲击伤复合缺氧（10．0％O2）Ⅱ组（BHⅡ），动态观察大鼠伤后6h内的一般情况、死亡率、肺组织病理改变等。结果 BⅠ组、BHⅠ和BHⅡ组伤后6h的死亡率分别为2．8％，11．1％和41．7％，死亡均发生于伤后3h内。冲击伤后大鼠出现呼吸急促和轻度烦躁不安；当伴有缺氧时，呼吸困难和烦躁明显加重，肺出血、水肿明显重于单纯冲击伤组；这些均与缺氧程度有关。光镜下病理学改变主要为肺出血、中性粒细胞浸润、肺泡内大量红细胞和纤维渗出物，电镀下可见明显肺泡壁断裂、肺泡Ⅱ型上皮细胞板层小体减少等，这些改变均以冲击伤复合缺氧大鼠更为明显。结论 冲击伤复合缺氧后伤情明显加重，死亡率显著增加。主要表现为肺出血水肿、呼吸功能障碍，所伴缺氧程度越高，肺损伤越显著。对冲击伤复合缺氧者的救治首先要做到尽早脱离缺氧环境，同时高度重视肺出血、水肿的救治，尽快改善呼吸功能。     

大鼠模拟高原冲击伤早期伤情和血液流变学的变化

目的探讨高原冲击伤伤情和早期血液流变学的变化。方法用BST－Ⅰ型生物激波管和减压舱复制大鼠高原冲击伤模型。观察形态学和血液流变学的改变。结果形态学观察主要可见肺出血和肺水肿,伤后全血粘度明显升高,直至伤后6小时尚未恢复,血球压积在冲击伤暴露后有一过性升高。结论高原环境可使伤情加重和血液流变学改变     

高原冲击波致伤平台的建立及其初步应用

建立高原冲击波致伤平台和评价其性能.应用BST-Ⅰ型生物激波管提供激波源,添加一个附加段作为减压控制装置构建高原冲击波致伤平台.通过观察平台的机械性能、减压性能、冲击波波形和大鼠高原冲击伤试验,评价该平台的性能.该平台可模拟海拔3000～6000m的高原环境,产生典型的冲击波波形,可满足高原冲击伤实验研究的需要.     

高原冲击伤的损伤特点研究

冲击伤是核武器和常规武器战争中常见的一种损伤。我国高原地区边界线长 ,有着重要的战略地位。本研究利用生物激波管内置小型减压舱 ,复制大鼠高原冲击伤模型 ,探讨高原冲击损伤特点 ,为其早期救治提供一定的依据。作者将体重在 90 g～ 2 1 1 g ,雌雄不限的 90只Wistar大鼠分为四组 ,Ⅰ组 4 0只 ,暴露于环境大气压5 3.99kPa ;Ⅱ组 2 0只 ,暴露于环境大气压 6 1 .33kPa ;Ⅲ组 2 0只 ,暴露于环境大气压 96 .6 0kPa ;Ⅳ组 1 0只 ,暴露于 5 3.99kPa,将Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ组用BST -1型生物激波管致伤 ,冲击波超压峰值为 1 90 .4kPa。正压持续时间 1 …     

高原复合冲击伤伤情特点的研究

目的探讨猪高原复合冲击伤的伤情特点。方法将30只猪分为5组,每组各6只,于海拔3 500m处分别复制单纯冲击伤、15%体表面积Ⅱ°烧伤、一侧后肢高速弹片伤、烧冲复合伤和弹冲复合伤模型。用PCB公司生产的压力传感器测定冲击波的物理参数,观察伤后28小时动物活存情况和大体形态学改变。结果单纯烧伤组和单纯弹片伤组动物全部活存,均未见明显形态学改变。单纯冲击伤组可见中度肺出血和轻度肠道浆膜下出血,且动物均全部存活。烧冲复合伤组和弹冲复合伤组肺出血加重,半数动物(3/6)为重度肺出血,同时伴中度肺水肿,肠道未见加重效应。烧冲复合伤组2只动物分别于伤后16、10小时死亡,弹冲复合伤组1只动物于伤后3小时死亡。结论高原复合冲击伤与单纯冲击伤相比,具有伤情更重,死亡率更高的特点,加重效应的器官主要为肺脏,加重的程度大致为一个等级。     

发泡镍对肺冲击伤的防护效果及其机理研究

本研究采用激波管,探讨了发泡镍对肺冲击伤的防护效果和防护机理。结果表明,发泡镍可明显减轻肺冲击伤的程度,降低死亡率。发泡镍的防护作用可能与其降低冲击波超压峰值、延长正压上升时间和缩短正压作用时间有关。结果提示发泡镍是一种较为理想的冲击伤防护材料。     

模拟战场环境对大鼠脑冲击伤模型的影响

目的探讨模拟战场环境下的冲击伤对大鼠脑组织的影响。方法将SD大鼠置于炮弹弹着点附近使其承受冲击波、噪声及心理等多重战场因素影响,另外,采用改良Feeney's自由落体硬膜外撞击法制作大鼠脑冲击伤模型,观察大鼠行为变化。测试大鼠脑组织细胞在损伤及恢复过程中凋亡与增殖的情况,与未经历模拟战场环境的单纯采用改良Feeney's自由落体硬膜外撞击法制作的大鼠脑冲击伤模型进行对比。结果受模拟战场环境影响的复合伤模型大鼠与单纯冲击伤模型大鼠对比,伤后各时期运动减少、体质量降低幅度较大、水肿期过后恢复较慢;脑组织细胞免疫组化及电镜结果显示,复合伤组与单纯冲击伤组对比,其各时期凋亡加重(P<0.05)、增殖较慢(P<0.05)。结论在模拟战场环境下的冲击伤因受冲击波、噪声及心理等多方面影响,脑损伤程度较单纯冲击伤加重,且恢复较慢。     

高压氧、山莨菪碱和地塞米松对高原冲击伤大鼠的治疗作用

目的探讨高压氧、山莨菪碱和地塞米松对高原冲击伤的治疗作用。方法 SD大鼠清醒状态下置于高原冲击伤实验平台内,减压至海拔3500m维持6h,然后用BST-Ⅰ型生物激波管致伤,冲击波超压峰值为(343.5±4.176)kPa,伤后按下述分组处理:A组为对照组,不给予任何处理,B、C、D为处理组,分别于伤后0.5h和3h给予高压氧(2个标准大气压)、山莨菪碱(1mg/kg)和地塞米松(1mg/kg)、高压氧与山莨菪碱和地塞米松联合应用处理。观察大鼠伤后6h的死亡率、动脉血气变化和肺形态学改变。结果 A、B、C、D组的死亡率分别为40.7%、17.4%、24.0%和14.3%,D组与A组比较差异显著(P<0.05);PaO2分别平均为(65.250±11.311)、(82.286±5.908)、(72.625±11.783)和(85.125±7.322)mmHg,B组、D组与A组比较P<0.01;SaO2分别平均为(90.5±4.840)%、(95.429±1.339)%、(93.625±2.925)%和(95.750±0.661)%,B组、D组与A组比较P<0.01,C组与A组比较P<0.05;肺出血和肺水肿程度,B组、D组与A组比较有所减轻,C组与A组比较有所加重。结论高压氧、山莨菪碱和地塞米松及高压氧与山莨菪碱和地塞米松联合应用对高原冲击伤大鼠的治疗有效,其中以高压氧与山莨菪碱和地塞米松联合应用效果更好。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

The role of interventional radiology in trauma

Introduction Interventional Radiology has evolved into a specialty having enormous input into the care of the traumatized patient.In all hospitals,regardless of size,the Interventional Radiologist must consider their relationships with the trauma service in order to     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

Diagnóstico ecográfico del neumotórax

The ultrasonographic diagnosis of pneumothorax is based on the analysis of artifacts. It is possible to confirm or rule out pneumothorax by combining the following signs: lung sliding, the A and B lines, and the lung point. One fundamental advantage of lung ultrasonography is its easy access in any critical situation, especially in patients in the intensive care unit. For this reason, chest ultrasonography can be used as an alternative to plain-film X-rays and computed tomography in critical patients and in patients with normal plain films in whom pneumothorax is strongly suspected, as well as to evaluate the extent of the pneumothorax and monitor its evolution.     

Carbohydrate Supplementation during Exercise: Does It Help? How Much is Too Much?

KEY POINTS· Carbohydrate intake during exercise can delay the onset of fatigue and improve performance of prolonged exercise as well as exercise of shorter duration and greater intensity (e.g., continuous exercise lasting about 1h and intermittent high-intensity exercise), but the mechanisms by which performance is improved are different.