不同O2浓度对土壤微生物生物量碳的影响

[目的]研究特定的O2培养条件下土壤微生物生物量碳（SMBC）的动态变化规律。[方法]通过室内模拟试验,研究了玉米秸秆分解期间SMBC对不同O2浓度的响应。[结果]土壤添加玉米秸秆后,激发了土壤微生物生长,在培养第1天各处理SMBC达到了整个培养期最高峰后迅速下降,90d后SMBC下降趋势趋于平缓。在不同浓度的O2培养条件下,0～15d短期培养期间,各处理SMBC间差异不显著,O2浓度为0的SMBC一直保持较高数量。长期培养期间（30～270d）,SMBC随着O2浓度的升高而增加,各处理间差异显著。[结论]各处理SMBC分别与土壤有机碳、腐殖物质、富里酸和胡敏素间均呈显著正相关。O2浓度为21％的SMBC与土壤可溶性有机碳呈正相关（r=0．649,P〈0．05）,表明正常大气条件更有利于土壤微生物的活性。     

不同二氧化碳浓度对玉米秸秆分解期间土壤微生物生物量碳的影响

通过室内模拟试验,研究了不同二氧化碳浓度对玉米秸秆分解期间土壤微生物生物量碳(SMBC)的响应。研究结果表明:土壤添加玉米秸秆后,激发了土壤微生物的生长,在培养第1 d各处理SMBC达到了整个培养期的最高峰后迅速下降,90 d以后SMBC的下降趋势趋于平缓。在不同浓度的二氧化碳培养条件下,0～15 d短期培养期间,各处理SMBC间差异不显著。30～270 d长期培养期间,SMBC随着二氧化碳浓度的升高而减少,各处理之间差异显著。通过相关性分析,各处理的SMBC分别与土壤有机碳、腐殖物质、富里酸、胡敏素间均呈显著正相关。二氧化碳浓度为0.03%的SMBC与土壤可溶性有机碳呈显著正相关(r=0.649,P<0.05),表明正常大气条件更有利于土壤微生物的活动。     

水分胁迫诱导的离体蚕豆叶片与保卫细胞脱落酸积累

研究了蚕豆离休叶片失水10％后,叶片与其气孔保卫细胞脱落酸含量的变化及其与叶龄的关系。未受胁迫叶片脱落酸含量在成熟叶片中高于幼嫩叶片,保卫细胞中脱落酸含量均在很低的水平。在叶片自然失水10％的10min内,叶片的脱落酸含量几乎无变化,但保卫细胞的脱落酸含量增加5倍以上。4h后,叶片脱落酸含量也显著增加,从最幼嫩叶片到成熟叶片分别达到处理前的25,26,17,10和6倍。因是离休叶片,排除了脱落酸的其他来源,说明叶片在失去膨压时合成并积累脱落酸;所有保卫细胞脱落酸含量都增加30倍以上,以第2,3片完全展开叶片的保卫细胞最为敏感,其脱落酸含量增加40倍以上。失水处理后保持湿润恢复膨压的叶片和其保卫细胞的脱落酸含量没有增加。分析了在水分胁迫下保卫细胞中增加的脱落酸的可能来源。     

小白菜叶内叶绿素和抗氧化系统对芘胁迫的动态响应

通过盆栽试验,研究了土壤中芘胁迫对小白菜叶内叶绿素及抗氧化系统动态变化的影响.结果表明,芘胁迫对小白菜叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a+b和类胡萝卜素的动态影响基本一致,都是在第18 d苗期时随着芘浓度的增加显著降低,25 d开始各处理的含量差异不显著.小白菜叶片的CMP、MDA和AsA均随种植时间的延长呈现先升高再降低的过程,39 d时CMP达到最高值,施芘处理显著高于对照;MDA在32 d时上升至最高值,且随着芘浓度的增加而增大,39 d以后急剧下降并维持在较低水平,各个处理问差异不显著;46d时AsA含量达到峰值,高浓度芘处理极显著高于对照.游离脯氨酸在25 d时随芘浓度的增加而急剧增加,32 d以后逐渐下降,各处理间差异不显著.小白菜叶片的CAT活性在种植期间呈下降趋势,39 d时随芘浓度的增加有所提高;与CAT活性的变化趋势相反,POD活性随种植时间的延长呈上升趋势,39d和46d时高浓度处理的POD活性显著高于对照.     

钙胁迫对枇杷小苗叶片活性氧代谢及膜系统的影响

枇杷小苗钙营养液沙培试验结果表明:与0.4 mmol/L对照处理相比,小苗培养60 d时,0.01 mmol/L、3.2 mmol/L胁迫处理枇杷小苗叶片细胞膜透性增大、MDA含量增加,处理间差异极显著,膜透性和MDA含量显著正相关;O2净产生速率降低、H2O2含量升高;SOD酶活性下降,CAT、POD酶活性间处于动态平衡状态;Vc和GSH含量下降,其中胁迫处理的GSH含量及0.01 mm01/L处理的Vc含量与对照间差异显著.培养至90 d时,3处理的叶片细胞膜透性、MDA含量均有所下降,只有0.01 mmol/L处理的细胞膜透性与对照间差异极显著;钙胁迫处理小苗叶片O2净产生速率上升、H2O2含量下降,SOD酶活性增大、CAT酶活性上升(CK处理CAT酶活性略有下降)、POD酶活性下降,GSH和Vc含量有一定增加,处理间差异显著,其中0.01 mmol/L处理的Vc含量与对照间差异极显著.     

柑橘黄龙病菌对沙田柚田间性状和果实品质的影响

【目的】明确柑橘黄龙病菌对沙田柚Citrus maxima (Burm.) Merr. cv. Shatian Yu田间性状和果实品质的影响。【方法】结合田间调查和室内试验系统研究沙田柚感染黄龙病菌后叶片症状、果实内外品质和风味感官品质的变化,及病菌浓度和树龄对病程发展的影响。【结果】沙田柚嫁接病芽后,黄龙病菌浓度保持在较低水平(Ct28)时,植株叶片的黄龙病症状表现不明显,老叶轻微斑驳黄化,新叶轻微均匀黄化,抽梢正常。与健康植株(Ct35)相比,低黄龙病菌浓度(28Ct32)的植株,叶片症状、果实产量和各品质指标均无显著变化;随着发病程度的加深,高黄龙病菌浓度(Ct26)的柚树叶片出现典型斑驳黄化症状,单株柚果总产量和总结果数显著降低,果实变小变轻,着色不均匀,可食率、出汁率、可溶性固形物含量、甜味度、果肉饱满度和综合风味显著下降,酸味度和异味度反而显著提高,失去食用价值。【结论】沙田柚黄龙病病程进展较慢,但随着发病程度加深,其经济价值受到严重影响。本研究可为评价柑橘黄龙病对沙田柚品质的影响提供科学依据,为解析柚类植物的黄龙病耐性机理提供理论支撑。     

不同光强对美国红栌叶片结构的影响

对美国红栌进行了为期35 d不同光照强度的处理,处理结束后,分别测定美国红栌比叶鲜质量与叶片栅栏组织、叶片海绵组织和叶片厚度。结果表明,不同光照强度处理下的叶片结构呈明显差异;在自然光照条件下,比叶鲜质量、叶片及其栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度最高;在相对光强为60%的条件下,叶片厚度、叶片栅栏组织厚度和海绵组织厚度极显著小于对照,比叶鲜质量也极显著低于对照;在相对光照强度为30%的条件下,叶片厚度、叶片栅栏组织厚度、海绵组织厚度与比叶鲜质量的下降更为显著。     

重金属复合污染对青菜生长和生理生化指标的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了不同浓度的重金属复合污染对青菜生长及其生理生化指标的影响,结果表明:(1)随着污染浓度的增加,青菜的叶面积呈逐渐下降的趋势,2倍国标处理显著低于其他处理;2倍国标处理的株高显著低于其他处理;对照的地上部分鲜重显著高于其他处理,0.5倍国标和1倍国标处理显著高于1.5倍国标和2倍国标处理。(2)在重金属复合污染下,青菜维生素C含量有一定的下降,但随着污染浓度的增加而呈逐渐升高的趋势,且各处理之间差异不显著。(3)随着污染浓度的增加,青菜的过氧化氢酶活性呈逐渐下降的趋势,对照组显著高于复合污染处理组,0.5倍国标处理显著高于1.5倍国标处理。(4)青菜的脯氨酸含量随着污染浓度的增加而呈先增加后下降的趋势,但是各处理之间的差异不显著。     

水分胁迫对水稻叶片可溶性糖和游离脯氨酸含量的影响

在营养液培养条件下,测定了水稻品种金优402幼苗叶片中可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸和游离氨基酸的含量。结果表明,经50g/L PEG-6000处理5d的植株,其叶片可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸和游离氨基酸总量均增加。PEG处理1d,可溶性糖和游离氨基酸总量上升到最大值,并分别达到对照的1.6倍和1.98倍;PEG处理3d,游离脯氨酸上升到最大值,达到对照的1.6倍,游离脯氨酸维持较高值的时间比可溶性糖多2d。可溶性糖、游离脯氨酸和游离氨基酸总量的累积在水分胁迫前期均表现为急剧上升的趋势,达到峰值后开始下降,下降的趋势为先剧烈后缓慢,最后在胁迫解除2d后减少到接近对照的水平。试验期间,水稻叶片中游离脯氨酸占游离氨基酸总量的百分数在处理与对照间无明显差异,两者均在4%左右。     

烯效唑对小麦叶片生长发育的调节研究

以小麦品种川麦 30、川麦 - 10 7为材料 ,研究了烯效唑拌种后对小麦生育期间叶片生长的调节作用 ,结果表明 :烯效唑处理降低了中、下部叶片的叶长和叶面积 ,其抑制效应随浓度增大而增强 ;烯效唑的抑制效应至倒二叶时发生逆转 ,倒二叶和旗叶的长度及面积得到了不同程度的提高 ,品种间和浓度间有差异 ;烯效唑处理的旗叶与倒二叶的叶面积之和显著高于对照 ;烯效唑处理后叶片出叶速度加快 ,总叶片数增加 ,品种间的药效有差异 ;烯效唑低浓度处理的主茎总叶面积与对照差异不显著 ,品种间略有不同     

Ca(NO_3)_2 canopy spraying during physiological fruit drop period has a better influence on the tree character and fruit quality of Newhall navel orange(Citrus sinensis Osbeck)

This study aimed to provide a theoretical basis for adopting suitable cultivation measures to tackle calcium(Ca) deficiency in citrus leaves. The Newhall navel orange(Citrus sinensis Osbeck) canopy was sprayed with 20.0 mmol L~(-1) of Ca(NO_3)_2 during physiological fruit drop period, fruit expanding period, and fruit maturing period on 30, 90, and 210 days after full bloom(DAFB), respectively, and its effects on leaf gas exchange parameters and leaf mineral nutrition and fruit quality were analyzed. The results showed that:(1) The photosynthetic rate(ACO_2) at 9:00 a.m. and 16:00 p.m. of fruit expanding period with 30 and 90 DAFB Ca(NO_3)_2 treatments slightly or significantly improved mainly by decreasing stomatal limitation and nonstomatal limitation, respectively.(2) Compared with control(CK), the Ca concentration in leaves with 30, 90, and 240 DAFB Ca(NO_3)_2 treatments increased by 127.16, 97.53, and 33.33%, respectively, and the leaf magnesium concentration also increased by more than 32.26%. However, Ca(NO_3)_2 canopy spraying on 30 DAFB significantly reduced the leaf potassium concentration, by 22.14% compared with CK.(3) Ca(NO_3)_2 canopy spraying on 30 DAFB decreased the second fruit drop rate by 30.55% and increased the weight per fruit by 25.04%, thus resulting in a significant increase in citrus yield.(4) Spraying Ca(NO3) on 30 DAFB mainly affected the metabolism of titratable acid(TA) to improve the maturity of citrus fruits. Whilst it improved the external quality and the coloring of citrus fruit significantly. Therefore, Ca(NO_3)_2 canopy spraying during physiological fruit drop period has a better influence on the tree character and fruit quality of Newhall navel orange(Citrus sinensis Osbeck).     

青霉素喷施防治柑橘黄龙病试验初报

柑橘黄龙病是世界性分布的柑橘毁灭性病害,严重制约着柑橘产业的发展．为探究青霉素对柑橘黄龙病的防治效果,本试验采用喷施的方式对柑橘黄龙病病树进行处理,同时结合实时荧光定量ＰＣＲ技术对病树内黄龙病菌量进行动态监测,确定青霉素对柑橘黄龙病的相对防效．结果表明连续喷施４次青霉素３个月和７个月后病树中黄龙病菌含量均出现不同程度的上调,相对防效分别为－１７０.１６％和－６３.９６％．以上结果表明喷施的方式进行青霉素处理黄龙病病树对柑橘黄龙病并不能取到防治效果．     

A rapid multiplication system for ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ through regeneration of axillary buds in vitro

‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas)’, which causes citrus Huanglongbing (HLB) disease, has not been successfully cultured in vitro to date. Here, a rapid multiplication system for CLas was established through in vitro regeneration of axillary buds from CLas-infected ‘Changyecheng’ sweet orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck). Stem segments with a single axillary bud were cultured in vitro to allow CLas to multiply in the regenerating axillary buds. A high CLas titer was detected in the regenerated shoots on an optimized medium at 30 days after germination (DAG). This titer was 28.2-fold higher than in the midribs from CLas-infected trees growing in the greenhouse. To minimize contamination during in vitro regeneration, CLas-infected axillary buds were micrografted onto seedlings of ‘Changyecheng’ sweet orange and cultured in a liquid medium. In this culture, the titers of CLas in regenerated shoots rapidly increased from 7.5×10⁴ to 1.4×10⁸ cells μg^–1 of citrus DNA during the first 40 DAG. The percentages of shoots with >1×10⁸ CLas cells μg^–1 DNA were 30 and 40% at 30 and 40 DAG, respectively. Direct tissue blot immunoassay (DTBIA) indicated that the distribution of CLas was much more uniform in regenerated plantlets than in CLas-infected trees growing in the greenhouse. The disease symptoms in the plantlets were die-back, stunted growth, leaf necrosis/yellowing, and defoliation. The death rate of the plantlets was 82.0% at 60 DAG. Our results show that CLas can effectively multiply in citrus plantlests in vitro. This method will be useful for studying plant-HLB interactions and for rapid screening of therapeutic compounds against CLas in citrus.     

基于光谱信息的柑橘黄龙病无损检测及分级模型构建

柑橘黄龙病(Huanglongbing,HLB)是世界柑橘生产上最具毁灭性的病害,给果农和相关产业造成了巨大的损失.以柑橘叶片为载体,利用高光谱图像技术采集柑橘叶片表面的高光谱图像,用ENVI4.7进行图像处理,提取感兴趣区域(Region of Intest,ROI),统计感兴趣区域平均光谱数据,并进行相关植被植物的运算,最后通过PLS-DA(Partial Least Squares Discrimination Analysis)判别法进行鉴别并分类.结果表明:基于平均光谱值和植被指数的PLS-DA判别模型都能对健康、缺锌和HLB叶片进行鉴别.其中基于平均光谱值的PLS-DA模型鉴别健康柑橘叶片样品的灵敏度为100％,特异度为100％,准确度为100％;鉴别缺锌柑橘叶片样品的灵敏度为80.6％,特异度为91.7％,准确度为88.9％;鉴别HLB叶片的灵敏度为89.3％,特异度为88.3％,准确度为88.9％.基于植被指数的PLS-DA判别模型鉴别健康柑橘叶片样品的灵敏度为100％,特异度为100％,准确度为100％;鉴别缺锌柑橘叶片样品灵敏度为92.5％,特异度为89.3％,准确度为90.1％;鉴别HLB叶片的灵敏度为86.4％,特异度为95.3％,准确度为90.1％.识别正确率较高,说明利用高光谱进行柑橘黄龙病病情分类是可行的.     

Detection of citrus canker in citrus plants using laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy

Citrus canker is a serious disease caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri bacteria, which infects citrus plants (Citrus spp.) leading to a large economic loss in citrus production worldwide. In Brazil citrus canker control is done by an official eradication campaign, therefore early detection of such disease is important to prevent greater economic losses. However, detection is difficult and so far it has been done by visual inspection of each tree. Suspicious leaves from citrus plants in the field are sent to the laboratory to confirm the infection by laboratory analysis, which is a time consuming. Our goal was to develop a new optical technique to detect and diagnose citrus canker in citrus plants with a portable field spectrometer unit. In this paper, we review two experiments on laser induced fluorescence spectroscopy (LIF) applied to detect citrus canker. We also present new data to show that the length of time a leaf has been detached is an important variable in our studies. Our results show that LIF has the potential to be applied to citrus plants.     

柑桔粉虱座壳孢菌生物学及其应用研究

移挂柑桔粉虱座壳孢菌(Aschersonia aleyrodis Webber)防治柑桔粉虱(Dialeurodes citri Ashmoad)和寡刺长粉虱(Bemisia giffardi Young),方法简便且防效高。挂枝一次,该菌即可定居柑桔国内,其感染率平均为75.46%,流行高峰期达90%以上;挂枝8个月后,柑桔园中有74%植株上的柑桔粉虱感病。粉虱座壳孢菌全年有两个流行高峰期:4～6月份和8～11月份。其疾病流行期为4～12月份。高湿和降雨为流行的必要条件,气温15℃以上对流行影响不大。因此,柑桔园中移挂粉虱座壳孢菌,以柑桔粉虱第一代若虫发生高峰期前10～14天较为适宜。本菌在室温28℃条件下,潜育期9～14天,田间潜育期一般为10～15天。分生孢子在23～28℃时萌发较好,最适温度为27℃;15℃以下或33℃以上,对孢子萌发有不良影响;0℃则不萌发。常用杀菌剂对孢子萌发有抑制作用。     

气象条件对台州和衢州柑橘生产的影响研究

[目的]比较气象条件对台州和衢州柑橘生长的影响差异。[方法]利用2000~2010年台州市和衢州市的柑橘种植面积和产量,选取常山、龙游、三门、天台这4个亩产较高的城市作为研究对象;引用气象产量这一概念,并运用Pearson相关法分析了4个城市柑橘气象产量与平均气温、降水、日照时数之间的关系。[结果]不同的气象要素在不同生长时期对柑橘的气象产量具有不同的影响。[结论]柑橘的种植要结合各个城市的气象特点,这样才能提高柑橘的产量和品质。     

Development of a sensitive and reliable droplet digital PCR assay for the detection of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'

Citrus Huanglongbing(HLB, yellow shoot disease) is one of the most serious citrus diseases worldwide. To better improve the detection sensitivity, a droplet digital PCR(ddPCR) assay was developed for the rapid detection of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'(Las), the putative causal agent of HLB. The detection of sensitivity comparison using positive plasmid indicated that dd PCR was superior to quantitative PCR(qPCR) for detecting and quantifying Las at low concentrations. The Las detection of 40 field samples also showed that six of 13 asymptomatic samples(46.15%) with high Ct value(35) were positive by dd PCR. This methodology showed great potential for early HLB infection diagnosis.     

臭氧对柑橘果实青霉菌的抑菌效果

以柑橘品种"清见"果实分离出的青霉菌Penicillium italium为对象,以抑菌率为指标,研究不同浓度、不同时间臭氧处理的平板抑菌效果。结果表明:臭氧处理对"清见"果实青霉菌具有一定的抑制作用,最大的抑菌率达到30.18%。相同臭氧浓度下,3种处理时间对青霉菌的抑制情况总的表现为:30 min>20 min>10 min;而相同处理时间下,3种臭氧浓度处理对青霉菌的抑制情况表现为:200 mg/m3>150 mg/m3>100 mg/m3。     

胡柚上柑橘衰退病毒的分子检测

胡柚是我国东部地区重要的柑桔栽培品种.近年来,一种以叶片黄化为主要症状的新病害在胡柚种植区暴发流行.通过血清学和分子生物学检测,研究首次从黄化的胡柚叶片中检测到柑橘衰退病毒.系统进化分析表明,分离的CTV CS-7分离物与P09.18、NZRB-TH30等分离物具有较近的进化关系,而与T30等强毒株系有较大的遗传距离,...