西湖凹陷平北地区烃源岩特征及生排烃史

为了综合确定平北地区的主力烃源岩，深化其油气成藏动力学过程研究，在烃源岩分布特征及有机质丰度、类型和成熟度分析的基础上，应用舍油气盆地数值模拟技术，定量恢复了研究区主要烃源岩层系的生排烃历史。研究表明，平北地区主要发育始新统平湖组、渐新统花港组两套烃源岩系，其中平湖组暗色泥岩为主力烃源岩，具较高的有机质丰度、成熟度、生排烃强度与排烃效率；以平湖组为源岩的油气系统应是本区油气勘探的主要目标。     

冀东油田南堡3号潜山烃源岩特征

通过综合运用有机地球化学方法,利用实测和收集到的烃源岩数据,对堡古2井的烃源岩进行分析,从有机质丰度、有机质成熟度、热解产率和排烃门限对区内烃源岩进行了评价,研究了该井的有机生烃特征,结果表明,南堡3号潜山发育丰富的烃源岩,有机碳含量高,有机质类型以Ⅱ1、Ⅱ2型为主,烃源岩已不同程度地进入成熟 高成熟阶段.综合分析表明,南堡3号潜山具备一定的生烃条件和油气勘探前景,可作为下一步的重要勘探和开发目标.     

东海丽水凹陷古新统非典型湖相烃源岩及油气特征

东海陆架盆地丽水凹陷主力烃源岩为古新统月桂峰组湖相泥岩,已发现油气以天然气为主,含少量凝析油,与以原油为主的中国东部典型断陷湖盆存在差异。对月桂峰组湖相泥岩进行了综合评价,发现其存在不能生烃的死碳,烃源岩的热演化成熟度与烃源岩形成石油的转化参数之间存在差异。月桂峰组有机质主要来源于陆源有机质,湖相水生生物来源的比例变化较大。烃源岩地球化学特征与典型湖相烃源岩存在差异。总结了湖盆类型对烃源岩的控制因素以及不同湖盆类型烃源岩形成油气的主要特征,并与月桂峰组湖相泥岩及已发现油气特征进行了对比,表明月桂峰组沉积期发育过补偿和平衡补偿湖盆。月桂峰组泥岩为非典型湖相烃源岩。     

东海西湖凹陷浙东中央背斜带烃源岩生排烃史研究

为了深化西湖凹陷浙东中央背斜带油气成藏过程的研究，优化勘探目标选择，在烃源岩特征分析的基础上，应用动态数值模拟技术，定量恢复了研究区主要烃源岩层系的生排烃历史，研究表明，浙东中央背斜带主要发育4套烃源岩系，其中始新统平湖组泥岩与煤层为主力烃源岩，具较高的有机质丰度=生烃强度与排烃效率，烃类排出具阶段性、多期次幕式排烃的特点汉平湖组为源岩的油气系统应是本区油气勘探的主要目标。     

东海盆地H地区花港组烃源岩特征

随着东海盆地H地区油气勘探的发现,花港组烃源岩的勘探潜力也日益受到重视。通过烃源岩岩石热解分析、稳定碳同位素分析、镜质体反射率测定以及干酪根组分分析,对烃源岩特征进行研究。结果表明:氯仿沥青"A"组分中饱和烃和芳烃组分的碳同位素组成特征和碳同位素CV值显示研究区花港组泥岩烃源岩存在海陆相有机质;花港组烃源岩镜质体反射率Ro值为0.76%～1.11%,热解最高峰温主体介于440～465℃,已进入烃源岩热演化成熟阶段;泥岩烃源岩干酪根类型指数主体0,热解氢指数150 mg/g,花港组烃源岩发育Ⅲ型干酪根;泥岩烃源岩有机碳TOC主体0.5%,热解生烃潜量S_1+S_2主体1 mg/g,氯仿沥青"A"主体0.05%,为差泥岩烃源岩。研究区花港组烃源岩煤岩样品热解生烃潜量S_1+S_2主体100 mg/g,氯仿沥青"A"主体1.5%,氢指数HI主体275 mg/g,主体为好煤岩烃源岩。总之,研究区煤岩烃源岩品质优于泥岩烃源岩,泥岩烃源岩发育海陆相有机质,且陆相有机质丰度优于海相有机质。     

南华北地区二叠系烃源岩分布及地化特征

南华北地区二叠系烃源岩主要发育于太原组、山西组、下石盒子组和上石盒子组,以煤系烃源岩为主.通过对各类烃源岩丰度、类型和成熟度的分析认为,煤系泥岩为主要的有效烃源岩,太原组、山西组和下石盒子组有机质丰度较高;母质类型以Ⅲ型(腐殖型)为主,也有少量Ⅱ2型(腐泥腐殖型);二叠系下统有机质处于过成熟-成熟阶段,中上统处于低成熟...     

东海陆架盆地丽水凹陷热演化模拟及现今地温场特征

东海陆架盆地丽水凹陷烃源岩埋深大、钻井少、油气发现少,至今对其生油气能力具有较大的争议。为明确烃源岩热演化史,从少量具备实测地层温度和镜质体反射率(Ro)资料的钻井出发,利用正演模拟方法,通过地温与地层深度相关性分析,将钻井地温研究结果外推到无井区。在恢复丽水凹陷探井岩石圈结构及其演化史的基础上,首次系统建立了丽水凹陷的区域地温场并分析其对烃源岩演化的作用。研究表明,古新统下段月桂峰组底界(T100)烃源岩大部分都已成熟,次洼中心局部过成熟;月桂峰组顶界(T90)烃源岩大部分处于低熟—成熟阶段,次洼中心局部高—过成熟;灵峰组顶界(T85)烃源岩处于未熟—低熟状态,西次洼中心有成熟烃源岩。烃源岩特征及演化分析表明,古新统下段月桂峰组烃源岩是丽水凹陷的主力生油气烃源岩。     

珠江口盆地文昌A凹陷油气差异分布特征

在烃源岩分布特征、有机质丰度、类型和成熟度分析的基础上,运用含油气盆地数值模拟技术,定量恢复了烃源岩热成熟演化史,探讨了油气差异分布特征。研究表明,文昌A凹陷各层系烃源岩分布广,厚度大,有机质丰度高;有机质类型文昌组偏Ⅱ1型,恩平组偏Ⅲ型,二者现今多处于高成熟—过成熟阶段。凹陷内烃源岩成熟时间早(文昌组约45.5Ma),现今成熟度高,以干气生成为主;凹陷边缘烃源岩成熟时间较晚(文昌组约30.0Ma),现今成熟度相对较低,以石油生成为主。凹陷现今油气差异分布的格局受制于有机质类型差异和热演化史不同,且下一步油气勘探方向,凹陷内以天然气为主,凹陷边缘以石油为主。     

波斯湾盆地烃源岩特征及对油气成藏的控制

波斯湾盆地油气地质条件优越,发育古生界志留系、中生界侏罗系、白垩系3套主力烃源岩,均沉积于海侵时期的陆架内盆地相闭塞环境。志留系烃源岩为Qusaiba段热页岩,具有高GR、高有机质含量的特点,整个中东均有发育,但非连续分布,整体处于高成熟—过成熟阶段。侏罗系烃源岩为中—上侏罗统沥青质灰岩与黑色页岩,有机质丰度高,发育3个烃源灶,目前主要处于生油阶段,局部生气。白垩系烃源岩为Kazhdumi组、Balambo组及Sulaiy组泥岩,有机质丰度高,主要发育于扎格罗斯褶皱带及波斯湾西北部,处于生油阶段。烃源岩对盆地的油气成藏具有显著的控制作用,主力烃源灶的发育范围决定了其对应含油气系统内油气藏的平面分布规律,热演化程度决定了油气藏的类型。     

祁连山冻土区烃源岩地球化学特征及天然气水合物气源分析

祁连山冻土区90个烃源岩样品测试分析的结果表明,侏罗系烃源岩基本处于成熟阶段;有机质为Ⅱ2型和Ⅲ型,主要来自陆相高等植物输入,为山间河湖沼泽相沉积;有机质丰度较高,是中等—好烃源岩。该区石炭系—三叠系烃源岩基本处于高成熟阶段;有机质主要为Ⅱ型,有机质来源为混源输入,为陆表海—滨海三角洲相沉积;有机质丰度较高,为中等—好烃源岩。天然气水合物主要为混合成因气。综合分析认为,侏罗系烃源岩正处于成熟阶段,有部分生气,而三叠系烃源岩处于主生气期,因此,推测三叠系和侏罗系烃源岩可能是该区天然气水合物的有利供气源岩。     

民和盆地侏罗系生烃潜力与油气勘探方向

从有机碳含量、可溶有机质含量及其转化率、热解参数、饱和烃的生物表示化合物特征、有机岩石学特征几个方面分析了民和盆地侏罗系烃源岩的有机质丰度、类型和成熟度,并进行了地球化学特征分析和生烃潜力评价。分析认为盆地发育湖相泥岩和煤系两大类烃源岩,有机质以较富含低等水生生物原始母质的腐泥腐殖型为主,主要分布于中侏罗统。通过对盆地石油地质条件的评价,结合各区带落实认识程度和资料品质条件认为：武家鼻隆构造带是最有利的勘探区带,万泉堡鼻状构造带具有良好勘探潜力,大庄构造带是寻找浅层次生油气藏的有利区带。永登凹陷面积大,资源丰富,勘探认识程度低,具有良好勘探前景。     

华北中新元古界海相碳酸盐岩烃源岩评价

Marine carbonate rocks are widespread and their sedimentary layers are huge and thick.Many oil seepages outcrops are found in the Middle-Upper Proterozoic of North China. Combined with previous data, the paper discusses the evaluation criteria of marine carbonate source rocks.Many factors,such as organic matter types of source rocks,thermal maturity,mineral and chemical composition,paleotemperature and source-reservioir relationship etc. Should be considered. Therefore,the abundance cutoff criteria of organic matters in North China especially in the Southern area,needs further.In this paper,North China is divided into the north area dn the south area,and the organic matter type,organic matter abundance and degree of thermal evolution of organic matter in the two areas in overall and both of them are high thermal evaluation level.Furthermore,the majority of the organic matters of the source rock have been in highly over matured phase.Source rock mature period of Liulaobei Formation and Xuhuai Group in the southern area ids equal to that of the lower Xiamalin Formation in the northern area,the hydrocarbon generation capacity of Chuanlinggou Formation,and different organic matter types obtained with different methods on source rock research in the south area of North China are also put forward.     

Petroleum source rock characterisation and hydrocarbon generation modeling of the Cretaceous sediments in the Jiza sub-basin,eastern Yemen

Cretaceous sedimentary rocks of the Mukalla, Harshiyat and Qishn formations from three wells in the Jiza sub-basin were studied to describe source rock characteristics, providing information on organic matter type, paleoenvironment of deposition and hydrocarbon generation potential. This study is based on organic geochemical and petrographic analyses performed on cuttings samples. The results were then incorporated into basin models in order to understand the burial and thermal histories and timing of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion.The bulk geochemical results show that the Cretaceous rocks are highly variable with respect to their genetic petroleum generation potential. The total organic carbon (TOC) contents and petroleum potential yield (S₁ + S₂) of the Cretaceous source rocks range from 0.43 to 6.11% and 0.58–31.14 mg HC/g rock, respectively indicating non-source to very good source rock potential. Hydrogen index values for the Early to Late Cretaceous Harshiyat and Qishn formations vary between 77 and 695 mg HC/g TOC, consistent with Type I/II, II-III and III kerogens, indicating oil and gas generation potential. In contrast, the Late Cretaceous Mukalla Formation is dominated by Type III kerogen (HI < 200 mg HC/g TOC), and is thus considered to be gas-prone. The analysed Cretaceous source rock samples have vitrinite reflectance values in the range of 0.37–0.95 Ro% (immature to peak-maturity for oil generation).A variety of biomarkers including n-alkanes, regular isoprenoids, terpanes and steranes suggest that the Cretaceous source rocks were deposited in marine to deltaic environments. The biomarkers also indicate that the Cretaceous source rocks contain a mixture of aquatic organic matter (planktonic/bacterial) and terrigenous organic matter, with increasing terrigenous influence in the Late Cretaceous (Mukalla Formation).The burial and thermal history models indicate that the Mukalla and Harshiyat formations are immature to early mature. The models also indicate that the onset of oil-generation in the Qishn source rock began during the Late Cretaceous at 83 Ma and peak-oil generation was reached during the Late Cretaceous to Miocene (65–21 Ma). The modeled hydrocarbon expulsion evolution suggests that the timing of oil expulsion from the Qishn source rock began during the Miocene (>21 Ma) and persisted to present-day. Therefore, the Qishn Formation can act as an effective oil-source but only limited quantities of oil can be expected to have been generated and expelled in the Jiza sub-basin.     

Petroleum retention in the Mandal Formation,Central Graben,Norway

Upper Jurassic organic matter-rich, marine shales of the Mandal Formation have charged major petroleum accumulations in the North Sea Central Graben including the giant Ekofisk field which straddles the graben axis. Recent exploration of marginal basin positions such as the Mandal High area or the Søgne Basin has been less successful, raising the question as to whether charging is an issue, possibly related to high thermal stability of the source organic matter or delayed expulsion from source to carrier.The Mandal Formation is in part a very prolific source rock containing mainly Type II organic matter with <12 wt.-% TOC and HI < 645 mg HC/g TOC but Type III-influenced organofacies are also present. The formation is therefore to varying degrees heterogeneous. Here we show, using geochemical mass balance modelling, that the petroleum expulsion efficiency of the Mandal Formation is relatively low as compared to the Upper Jurassic Draupne Formation, the major source rock in the Viking Graben system. Using maturity series of different initial source quality from structurally distinct regions and encompassing depositional environments from proximal to distal facies, we have examined the relationship between free hydrocarbon retention and organic matter structure. The aromaticity of the original and matured petroleum precursors in the Mandal source rock plays a major role in its gas retention capacity as cross-linked monoaromatic rings act on the outer surface of kerogen as sorptive sites. However, oil retention is a function of both kerogen and involatile bitumen compositions. Slight variations in total petroleum retention capacities within the same kerogen yields suggest that texture of organic matter (e.g. organic porosity) could play a role as well.     

构造生烃

生烃是岩石中所含的有机质产生流体有机化合物的化学反应。岩石有机质化学反应存在两种系统：封闭系统和开放系统，随着埋深加大，烃源岩越来越致密，岩石的化学反应逐渐由开放系统转变为封闭系统。目前的生烃理论仅仅是开放系统下烃源岩成熟与生烃理论，烃源岩成熟与生烃是不匹配的。封闭系统下烃源岩成熟与生烃是不匹配的，烃源岩成熟但不生烃，而是形成另外一种成熟的固体有机质。大多数情况是烃源岩为半封闭系统，烃源岩处于欠生烃状态。构造运动形成的断层和裂隙将烃源岩与疏导层沟通，烃源岩迅速由封闭、半封闭系统转变为开放系统。这种生烃系统的转变形成短时间内过量生烃，笔者将这种生烃作用命名为构造生烃，意味着构造运动期即为主生烃期，伴随着多次构造运动可以形成多个幕式生烃高峰。构造生烃理论开拓两个极其重要的勘探领域：第一，新构造勘探。以往认为已经过了生、排烃期的构造得以解放，如渤海湾郯庐断裂带第四纪圈闭不是过了主生烃期，而是正处于构造生烃的过生烃高峰期。以PL19-3为代表的油气运聚强度只有构造生烃能够解释；第二，超深勘探，特别是天然气勘探。深层勘探的下限将大大延伸，生烃门限，特别是生气门限将大大加深，仅生烃而言万米都不是天然气勘探的极限。     

Quantitative modelling of hydrocarbon expulsion and quality grading of tight oil lacustrine source rocks: Case study of Qingshankou 1 member,central depression,Southern Songliao Basin,China

The quality of source rocks plays an important role in the distribution of tight and conventional oil and gas resources. Despite voluminous studies on source rock hydrocarbon generation, expulsion and overpressure, a quality grading system based on hydrocarbon expulsion capacity is yet to be explored. Such a grading system is expected to be instrumental for tight oil and gas exploration and sweet spot prediction. This study tackles the problem by examining Late Cretaceous, lacustrine source rocks of the Qingshankou 1 Member in the southern Songliao Basin, China. By evaluating generated and residual hydrocarbon amounts of the source rock, the extent of hydrocarbon expulsion is modelled through a mass balance method. The overpressure is estimated using Petromod software. Through correlation between the hydrocarbon expulsion and source rock evaluation parameters [total organic carbon (TOC), kerogen type, vitrinite reflectance (R_o) and overpressure], three classes of high-quality, effective and ineffective source rocks are established. High-quality class contains TOC >2%, type-I kerogen, R_o >1.0%, overpressure >7Mpa, sharp increase of hydrocarbon expulsion along with increasing TOC and overpressure, and high expulsion value at R_o >1%. Source rocks with TOC and R_o <0.8%, type-II₂ & III kerogen, overpressure <3Mpa, and low hydrocarbon expulsion volume are considered ineffective. Rocks with parameters between the two are considered effective. The high-quality class shows a strong empirical control on the distribution of tight oil in the Songliao Basin. This is followed by the effective source rock class. The ineffective class has no measurable contribution to the tight oil reserves. Because the hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of source rocks is controlled by many factors, the lower limits of the evaluation parameters in different basins may vary. However, the classification method of tight source rocks proposed in this paper should be widely applicable.     

New perspective of Miocene marine hydrocarbon source rocks in deep-water area in Qiongdongnan Basin of northern South China Sea

Drilling wells reveal that the organic matter abundance of Miocene marine source rocks in shallow water area of the Qiongdongnan Basin is relatively low with poor hydrocarbon generation poten- tial. However, in some drilling wells of deep water area close to the central depression belt, Miocene marine source rocks with better organic matter abundance and hydrocarbon generation have been found, which have achieved better source rock standard based on the analysis of geochemical charac- teristics. Although there are no exploratory wells in deep water area of the research region, through the comparative analysis of geochemical data of several typical exploratory wells respectively from shallow water area in the basin, central depression belt margin in deep-water area of the basin and Site 1148 of deep sea drilling in the South China Sea Basin, it reveals that the tendency of the quality of source rocks becomes positive gradually from delta to bathyal environment, which then becomes negative as in deep oceanic environment. Owing to the lack of terrestrial organic matter input, the important controlling factors of Miocene marine source rocks in the Qiongdongnan Basin are ocean productivity and preservation conditions of organic matter. The element geochemistry data indicate that the tendency of the paleoproductivity and the preservation conditions of organic matter become positive as water depth increase from shallow area to bathyal area close to central depression belt. So it is speculated that there must exist high quality source rocks in the central depression area where the preservation conditions of organic matter are much better. Besides, in theory, in oxygen-poor zone of oceanic environment at the water depth 400-1 000 m, the preservation conditions of organic matter are well thus forming high-quality marine source rocks. The result- ing speculation, it is reasonable to consider that there are high hydrocarbon generation potential source rocks in bathyal environment of the Qiongdongnan Basin, especially at the water depth 400- 1 000 m.