锁骨上神经陷入综合症的解剖学研究

解剖、观察了256具(男217,女39)尸体的锁骨上神经的走行及变异情况。见17例锁骨上神经的分支(主要是中间支)穿通锁骨,出现率为6.6±1.6%。文内讨论了此种变异的成因及临床意义。     

左半肝Glisson系统的应用解剖学研究

目的 解析左半肝Glisson系统的立体空间解剖结构及三级分支走行分布情况,为左半肝实施精准肝切除术提供解剖学基础。方法 对20例10%甲醛固定的成人尸体无病变肝脏标本进行应用解剖观察,重点对左半肝Glisson系统的立体空间解剖位置进行形态学观察,采集并分析左半肝Glisson系统各区域三级分支数目及走行数据。结果 左半肝Glisson系统主干(G_左主)呈弓型走行,长度为(3.10±0.76)cm;右半肝Glisson系统主干(G_右主)与G_左主的夹角为175.70°±11.54°,G_右主与肝十二指肠韧带(G_肝总)的夹角为107.60°±13.82°,G_左主与G_肝总的夹角为76.70°±17.36°。左半肝Glisson系统的Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ段区域三级分支总的数目呈3～8支不等,其中3支型、8支型各占1/20、4支型和6支型各占4/20、7支型占2/20,5支型占8/20;但Couniaud 八段S2区域的分支有且只有1支。结论 左半肝Glisson系统立体空间解剖位置、各区域三级分支数目及走行并不完全符合Couinaud 八段之描述,且存在着明显的个体差异。术前掌握左半肝Glisson系统的内部立体解剖结构,特别是三级分支数目及走行,是实施精准肝切除术的基础。     

锁骨下肌变异一例

作者在解剖一具老年男性尸体时,发现其左侧锁骨下肌止点异常,现报道如下：该例左侧锁骨下肌起于左侧锁骨内侧端的下方和左侧第1肋软骨的上面,肌束沿锁骨下方外行,约在锁骨的中、外1／3交界处逐渐转向后方,跨过臂丛止于左侧肩胛骨的上缘、肩胛舌骨肌止点的外侧。该肌全长10．67cm,其中肌腹长8．34cm,中部宽0．87cm,中部厚0．58cm。根据其起止点或可将该肌命名为“肩胛锁骨肌”。     

锁骨上神经穿锁骨伴斜方肌止点异常一例

在解剖1具成年男尸过程中见其右侧斜方肌止点异常伴锁骨上神经穿锁骨骨孔.报道如下. 男尸身长159.0 cm,其右侧斜方肌一部分异常肌束止于锁骨中部.抵止部长6.47 cm,内侧端距锁骨胸骨端内侧缘5.75 cm,外侧端距肩峰端外侧缘5.32 cm.在距锁骨胸骨端内侧缘9.02 cm处,该肌束与锁骨上缘形成一卵圆形空隙,其长轴1.09 cm,短轴0.47 cm,颈外静脉及锁骨上中间神经从中穿出.该肌束后缘与斜方肌中部前缘及锁骨上缘形成1个三角形间隙,内有锁骨上外侧神经穿出.     

除皱术中防止眶上神经损伤的解剖学基础

目的:为除皱术中防止眶上神经损伤提供解剖学依据。方法:10例防腐固定标本和5例新鲜标本,解剖观察眶上神经的走行、分布及毗邻,分析其分布特点及预防损伤的手术方法。结果:①按分布区域和解剖层次,眶上神经可分为外侧支(深支)、内侧支(浅支);②外侧支包含眶上神经主干和多数分支,以2-3支从眶上孔发出,或以单一束支从眶上孔发出,在走行过程中逐渐发出2-3支。67.7％的内侧支为细小分支,22.3％为单一束支;③眶上神经外侧支的外侧边界可走行在上颞线上,外侧支主干分布在上颞线及其内侧(1.6±0.2)cm范围内。结论:(1)眶上神经位于眶上孔与同侧额结节、上颞线连线间的区域内;(2)在额部除皱术中,合理设计切口,避免在上述区域内的腱膜下疏松结缔组织层分离可预防眶上神经损伤。     

右侧腋动脉及其分支变异1例

腋动脉分支的类型和数目变异较为常见,国内外专著一般将腋动脉的分支描述为典型的6支型。我们在解剖一具女性尸体标本(身长约150 cm,83岁)时,见其右腋动脉分支为2支型,除从主干发出1支细小的胸外侧动脉外,只发出1支动脉干,这种变异较为少见,为积累解剖学资料并为临床工作提供形态学依据,现报道如下:该例腋动脉自第1肋续于锁骨下动脉,行于臂丛内侧束的前     

膝关节神经支切断术的解剖学基础

目的：为膝关节神经支切断术治疗膝关节疼痛性疾患提供解剖学基础。方法：在３５侧常规防腐成人下肢标本上,对股内侧肌支和上关节支进行解剖观测。结果：股内侧肌支在股骨内上髁上１３．３±４．２ｃｍ处延续为膝关节支,在股骨内上髁后０．５±０．４ｃｍ、上２．８±１．２ｃｍ处分支,分布于膝关节内侧及前面内侧半;上关节支在股骨外上髁后１．３±０．５ｃｍ、上２．４±０．６ｃｍ处分支,分布于膝关节外侧及前面外侧半。结论：手术切断股内侧肌支膝关节支和上关节支治疗膝关节疼痛性疾患具有可行性。     

桡神经肱骨肌管段血供的解剖学研究及临床意义

目的:明确桡神经在肱骨肌管内血供的解剖学特征,为临床肱骨干骨折伴桡神经损伤手术提供解剖学基础.方法:对15例(30侧)经锁骨下动脉灌注乳胶-氧化铅的成人上肢新鲜标本进行巨微解剖,观测桡神经营养血管在肱骨肌管内段的走行、分布及其发出点到肱骨外上髁的距离和到达神经外膜的长度.结果:桡神经在肱骨肌管段的营养血管主要来自前外侧的桡侧副动脉和后内侧的中副动脉.桡侧副动脉在距肱骨外上髁(9.67±0.52)cm处发出分支,行于桡神经的背侧,到神经外膜长(1.26±0.17)cm.中副动脉在距肱骨外上髁(16.52±0.65)cm处发出第1分支,到神经外膜长(1.52±0.21)cm;在距肱骨外上髁(13.47±0.62)cm处发出第2分支,到神经外膜长(0.56±0.16)cm.两支均行于桡神经的腹侧,各营养支均有吻合.结论:桡神经在肱骨肌管段营养血管丰富且相互吻合.肱骨肌管中上段手术时要注意保护后内侧的中副动脉分支,下段手术时要注意保护前外侧的桡副动脉分支.     

胸锁乳突肌锁骨头锁骨瓣修复下颌骨缺损的应用解剖

目的:为带胸锁乳突肌锁骨头为蒂锁骨瓣移位术提供解剖学基础。方法:在40侧成人尸体标本上,解剖观察胸锁乳突肌的形态,血供来源,分布特点及其与锁骨的关系;2例新鲜标本上作模拟术式。结果:胸锁乳突肌血供丰富,其锁骨头的主要血供为甲状腺上动脉胸锁乳突肌支,外径1.52±0.1mm,其入肌点相当于胸锁乳突肌前缘中下1/3交界处;锁骨内侧端主要血供由甲状腺上动脉胸锁乳突肌支(82.5%)的骨膜支及其与颈横动脉(10%)或肩胛上动脉的锁骨支(2.5%)构成的丰富吻合支供血。结论:以胸锁乳突肌锁骨头带半片锁骨瓣转位修复下颌骨缺损是可行的。     

锁骨后方软组织侵袭性肿瘤的手术治疗分析

目的 探讨锁骨切开入路手术治疗锁骨后方侵袭性肿瘤的可行性、安全性及其临床应用价值。方法 回顾性分析2014年1月—2017年1月复旦大学附属肿瘤医院骨软组织外科收治的12例锁骨后方软组织侵袭性肿瘤患者的临床资料,其中男5例、女7例,年龄18~74岁;黏液纤维肉瘤4例,侵袭性纤维瘤4例,肌纤维母细胞瘤2例,骨外骨肉瘤1例,高级别梭形细胞肉瘤1例。肿瘤长径为4~12 cm(中位数为8 cm)。均行锁骨切开+软组织肿瘤切除+锁骨复位钢板螺钉内固定术治疗,术中锁骨劈开位置均位于锁骨中1/3段,术后三角巾制动4~6周。手术并发症按T94分级系统评价,手术前后患肢功能以肌骨肿瘤学会(MSTS)评分标准进行评价。结果 本组12例患者肿瘤均得以完整切除,切缘R0为10例、R1为2例,未见手术相关并发症发生。术后均获随访,随访时间12~38(中位数为24)个月。术前患肢功能MSTS评分中位数为28分,术后6个月时评分中位数为28分。局部复发2例(分别为术后2个月和3个月复发),其中1例骨外骨肉瘤患者复发同时发现了脑转移,术后20个月死亡。结论 锁骨切开入路可安全应用于锁骨后方软组织侵袭性肿瘤的切除,术后患侧肢体功能良好,肿瘤控制满意。     

Revisiting the genital and femoral branches of the genitofemoral nerve: Suggestion for a more accurate terminology

The genitofemoral nerve is a branch of the lumbar plexus originating from the ventral rami of the first and second lumbar spinal nerves. During routine dissections of this nerve, we have occasionally observed that the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve gave rise to the femoral branch, and the femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve gave rise to the genital branch. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the aforementioned distributions of the genitofemoral nerve in a large number of cadaveric specimens. Twenty‐four sides from fourteen fresh‐frozen cadavers derived from nine males and five females were used in this study. For proximal branches of the genitofemoral nerve, that is, as they first arise from the genitofemoral nerve, the terms “medial branch” and “lateral branch” were used. For the final distribution, the terms “genital branch” and “femoral branch” were used. On eight sides (33.3%) with nine branches, one or two branch(s) from either the medial or lateral branch became coursed as the femoral or genital branches (five became femoral and four became genital branches). Our study revealed that the distribution of the genitofemoral nerve is more complicated than previously described. The “medial branch” and “lateral branch” that we have used in the present study for describing the proximal branches of the genitofemoral nerve are more practical terms to describe the genitofemoral nerve. Clin. Anat. 32:458–463, 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Anomaly of the supraclavicular nerve: case report and review of the literature

We report a male cadaver found to have his right intermediate branch of the supraclavicular nerve piercing the clavicle. No other anomalies were found in this specimen. Following a review of the literature, it appears that symptoms related to this finding are rare but do occur most commonly involving the intermediate branch of the supraclavicular nerve. Symptoms may be alleviated with surgical decompression of the entrapped nerve. Although rare, the clinician should include entrapment of the supraclavicular nerve within the clavicle in their differential diagnosis of shoulder pain.     

Anatomical relationships of the cleidoatlanticus muscle. Interpretation about its origin

An unusual muscular variation, the cleidoatlanticus muscle, was observed on the right-hand side of the lateral cervical region. The upper third of the muscle was concealed by the sternocleidomastoid muscle. There was a loop of nerves surrounding the muscle, formed by an anastomosis between the transverse cervical nerve and the greater auricular nerve. A fine vascular-nervous pedicle (formed by a small branch from the transverse cervical artery and by a branch from the medial supraclavicular nerve) entered the deep surface of the muscle at the junction of its middle and lower thirds. Taking into account the relationships that presented with the superficial branches of the cervical plexus, we consider that the cleidoatlanticus muscle is derived from the sternocleidomastoid muscle.     

Topographic distribution area of the infraorbital nerve

The infraorbital nerve (ION) supplies the skin and mucous membranes of the middle portion of the face. This nerve is vulnerable to injury during surgical procedures of mid-face. Severe pain and loss of sense are noted in patients whose infraorbital nerve is either entirely or partially lost after these surgeries. We investigated the distribution area and topography of the ION, about which little is currently known, by dissecting 43 hemifaces of Korean cadavers. The ION produced four main branches, the inferior palpebral, internal nasal, external nasal, and superior labial branches. The inferior palpebral branch was generally bifurcated, giving off a medial and a lateral branch (58.1%). The internal nasal branch ran superior to the depressor septi muscle, along the ala of the nose. It supplied the skin of the philtrum and gave off a terminal branch that supplied the nasal septum and the vestibule of the nose. The external nasal branch was distributed diversely supplying areas between the root and the ala of the nose. The superior labial branch was the largest branch of the ION produced the most subbranches. These subbranches were divided into the medial and lateral branches depending upon the area that they supplied.     

桡神经浅支皮下段的解剖学特点及临床意义

目的报道桡神经浅支皮下段的解剖学特点及临床意义。方法选用福尔马林固定的成人上肢标本42例,解剖观察桡神经浅支的走行及分支分布特点。结果桡神经浅支距桡骨茎突(8.33±1.16)cm处自肱桡肌深层浅出,沿肱桡肌和桡侧腕屈肌之间于皮下前行,在桡骨茎突近端(4.58±1.06)cm处分为内、外侧支。外侧支在桡骨茎突掌侧面前行至拇指桡背侧成为拇指的感觉神经,内侧支则在桡骨茎突的近侧段绕向背侧,于桡骨茎突远侧(1.32±0.26)cm处在1、2掌骨中段水平分为第1、2掌背皮神经,进而成为手背桡侧半的感觉神经。桡神经浅支浅出处和肱桡肌的夹角为(20.7±3.16)°,桡神经浅支分为内、外两侧支间的夹角为(18.0±4.4)°,桡骨茎突水平内、外侧支的间距为(1.4±0.23)cm。结论(1)根据桡神经浅支的解剖学特点,在不同的损伤平面进行修复,以最大限度的恢复手部的感觉;(2)在应用含有桡神经浅支的皮瓣修复创面时,尽可能以神经为轴线,将神经置于皮瓣中央位置,以提高皮瓣的成活率和手术的质量。     

Origin and make up of the human sural nerve

Abstract The dissection of 37 cadavers has shown that in only a third of cases, the sural nerve comes from the communication between the medial cutaneous nerve, derived from the tibial nerve, and the communicating branch of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the leg which comes from the lateral popliteal nerve. The communication is most often at the junction between the proximal two-thirds and distal third of the leg, on average 2 mm below the transverse crease of the popliteal fossa. The medial cutaneous nerve was absent in only one case. On the other hand, in 11 cases the lateral cutaneous nerve or its communicating branch was missing. In 12 cases without any anastomoses, the route of the sural nerve was followed by the medial cutaneous nerve of the leg in 9 cases and by the lateral cutaneous nerve in 3 cases. The majority of branches to the proximal half of the calf came from the lateral cutaneous nerve. In the lower part of the leg, the sural nerve and/or the medial cutaneous nerve gave numerous branches to the Achilles’ tendon and to the integuments of the lateral aspect of the heel and lateral malleolus.     

Study of variant anatomical structures (bony canals, fibrous bands, and muscles) in relation to potential supraclavicular nerve entrapment

Since the definition of supraclavicular nerve entrapment syndrome by Gelberman et al. (Gelberman et al. [1975] J. Bone Joint Surg. Am. 57:119) a number of clinical cases of this specific entrapment neuropathy have been reported. In all these cases, the nerve injury has been attributed to the location of the supraclavicular nerve branch in a narrow canal in the clavicle. However, in the anatomical literature, variations in the course of the supraclavicular nerves have not only been ascribed to bony canals but also to abnormal fibrous and muscular structures. Considering the fact that the existence of a narrow site with rigid walls along the course of a nerve is essential for the development of an entrapment neuropathy, our study examines all the variant anatomical structures with a possible role in supraclavicular nerve entrapment. We describe three groups of anatomical structures with close relation to the course of the supraclavicular nerves-transclavicular canals, fibrous bands, and unusual muscular structures. Based on the characteristics of the variations found, for the first time, we suggest that in addition to the bony canals through the clavicle certain fibrous and muscular structures could also be an anatomical basis for supraclavicular nerve entrapment syndrome.     

Anatomy of the human thoracolumbar Rami dorsales nervi spinalis

Medial, lateral, and intermedial ramifications have been described for the dorsal branch of the human spinal nerve (R. dorsalis n. spinalis, (RDNS)). Further branching has not been described. We report a ventral approach for dissecting the nerves around the thoracolumbar vertebral column to visualise the spreading of the nerves within the dorsal muscles and towards the skin. We defined three compartments of the deep back muscles in the thoracolumbar region: (A) the origin from the (1) transverse, (2) accessory, and (3) mammillary processes in the lumbar segments, (B) from the (1) ribs, (2)transverse and, (3) articular processes in the thoracolumbar segments. Each compartment was supplied by a ramification of the RDNS. The medial muscle compartment was reached by the descending medial branch of the RDNS. The lateral iliocostal compartment was innervated by an ascending lateral branch of the RDNS, and also by the descending distal branches of an intermedial branch of RDNS. This is a long nerve of the intermedial branch of the RDNS extended to the dorsal–caudal area, where the lateral and the intermedial nerve connected. This nerve, termed as the dorsal intermedial branch of the RDNS, innervated the skin in a more caudal region. Such nerve divided the lateral and the intermediate compartments. A short intermedial branch entered the intermediate segmental compartment from the ventral side. This is a ventral intermedial branch of the RDNS. The dorsal branches were often connected by a connecting branch of the RDNS. The lateral compartment represented the Iliocostalis. The medial and intermediate compartments comprised the Longissimus, part of the Iliocostalis, and additional dorsal muscles.